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7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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2008The McGraw-Hill Companie
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What Is Anthropology?
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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2008The McGraw-Hill Companie
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Overview
How we originated. How we have changed.
How we are changing still.
Anthropology confronts basic !estions
of h!"an e#istence and s!rvival.
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2008The McGraw-Hill Companie
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Anthropology is holistic
%ast& present& and f!t!re 'iology
(ociety
)ang!age *!lt!re
Interested in the whole of the h!"an
condition
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2008The McGraw-Hill Companie
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,o!r s!bfields
Cultural anthropology e#a"ines
c!lt!ral diversity of the present and
recent past.
Archaeology reconstr!cts behavior
by st!dying "aterial re"ains
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2008The McGraw-Hill Companie
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Biological anthropology st!dy of
h!"an fossils& genetics& and bodily
growth and nonh!"an pri"ates
,o!r s!bfields
Linguistic anthropology considers
how speech varies with social factors
and over ti"e and space
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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2008The McGraw-Hill Companie
H!"an Adaptability
Culture traditions& c!sto"s and
innovationsthat govern behavior andbeliefs
/istinctly h!"an
0rans"itted thro!gh learning
Society organied life in gro!ps
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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Adaptation& 3ariation& and *hange
Adaptation process by which
organis"s cope with environ"ental
forces and stresses H!"ans adapt !sing biological and
c!lt!ral "eans
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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,oraging sole basis of h!"an s!bsistencefor "illions of years
Only too5 few tho!sand years for food
prod!ction c!ltivation of plants anddo"estication 6stoc5breeding7 of ani"als
Adaptation& 3ariation& and *hange
8ate of change accelerated d!ring the
past 19&999 years
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;ore recently& spread of ind!strialprod!ction profo!ndly affected h!"an life
0oday
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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0able 1.1 ,or"s of *!lt!ral and 'iological
Adaptation 6to High Altit!de7
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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=eneral Anthropology
(ocioc!lt!ral 6c!lt!ral anthropology7Archaeological
'iological
)ing!istic
Acade"ic discipline of anthropology
incl!des>
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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,o!rfield Approach
/eveloped in @.(.
arly A"erican anthropologists st!dying
native peoples of Borth A"erica co"binedst!dies of c!sto"s& social life& lang!age&
and physical traits
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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=eneral Anthropology
(o!nd concl!sions abo!t Ch!"an
nat!reD cannot be derived fro" st!dying
a single nation& society& or c!lt!ral
tradition
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*!lt!ral ,orces (hapeH!"an 'iology
*!lt!re 5ey environ"ental force indeter"ining how h!"an bodies grow
and develop *!lt!ral standards of attractiveness and
propriety infl!ence participation andachieve"ent in sports
Biocultural incl!sion and co"bination 6to solve a co""on proble"7 of
biological and c!lt!ral perspectives and approaches
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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*!lt!ral Anthropology
Ethnography ,ieldwor5 in a partic!lar
c!lt!reE provides acco!nt of that
co""!nity& society& or c!lt!re
Ethnology cross c!lt!ral co"parisonE
the co"parative st!dy of ethnographic
data& of society and of c!lt!re
/escribes& analyes& interprets& and
e#plains social and c!lt!ral si"ilarities
and differences
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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0able 1.2 thnography and thnology 0wo/i"ensions of *!lt!ral Anthropology
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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Archeological Anthropology
Artifacts 6e.g.& potsherds& Fewelry& and tools7
=arbage
'!rials
8e"ains of str!ct!res
(t!dy of h!"an behavior and c!lt!ral
patterns and process thro!gh "aterial
re"ains
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Archeological Anthropology
Archaeological record provides !ni!e
opport!nity to loo5 at changes in social
co"ple#ity over ti"e
Archaeologists !se paleoecological
st!dies to establish ecological and
s!bsistence para"eters within whichgiven gro!ps lived
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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1:
Archeological Anthropology
Historical archaeology co"binesarchaeological data and te#t!al data to
reconstr!ct historically 5nown gro!ps
8athFe
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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'iological Anthropology
(t!dy of h!"an biological variation in
ti"e and space
Incl!des evol!tion& genetics& growth anddevelop"ent& and pri"atology
/raws on biology& oology& geology&
anato"y& physiology& "edicine& p!blichealth& osteology& and archaeology
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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'iological Anthropology
(pecial interests>
Paleoanthropology h!"an evol!tion as
revealed by the fossil record H!"an genetics
H!"an growth and develop"ent
Human biologicalplasticity 'ody
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Historical linguists reconstr!ct ancientlang!ages and st!dy ling!istic variation
thro!gh ti"e
Sociolinguistics investigates
relationships between social and ling!isticvariation Ganthropological linguistics>to
discover varied perceptions and patterns of
tho!ght and practicein different c!lt!res
)ing!istic Anthropology
(t!dy of lang!age in its social andc!lt!ral conte#t across space and ti"e
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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Anthropology andOther Acade"ic ,ields
(yste"atic field of st!dy or body of
5nowledge that ai"s& thro!gh e#peri"ent&observation& and ded!ction& to prod!ce
reliable e#planations of pheno"ena with
reference to the "aterial and physical
world
Anthropology is a science
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Anthropology and
Other Acade"ic ,ields
nco"passes st!dy of and crossc!lt!ral
co"parison of lang!ages& te#ts&philosophies& arts& "!sic& perfor"ances&
and other for"s of creative e#pression
,or" of 5nowledge is often
inters!bFective
Anthropology is an art
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2008The McGraw-Hill Companie
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Anthropology and OtherAcade"ic ,ields
(hare an interest in social relations&
organiation& and behavior
Originally& sociologists foc!sed on
ind!strial West
Anthropology and %sychology
;alinows5i contended that c!lt!ral conte#t
"olds individ!al psychology
*!lt!ral Anthropology and (ociology
2
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(cience& #planation&and Hypothesis 0esting
#plains how and why the thing to be
!nderstood 6the e#plicand!"7 is related to
other things in so"e 5nown way
Associations observed relationships
between two or "ore "eas!red variables
(cientists strive to i"prove !nderstanding
by testing hypotheses that s!ggest
e#planations of things and events
2
7/17/2019 Lecture 2, Intro to Anthropology
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(cience& #planation&and Hypothesis 0esting
#planatory fra"ewor5& containing a series
of state"ents& that helps !s !nderstandwhy 6so"ething e#ists or happens in a
partic!lar way7
0heories s!ggest patterns& connections&
and relationships that "ay be confir"ed bynew research
A theoryis "ore general
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(cience& #planation&and Hypothesis 0esting
0heories cannot be provedE we eval!ate
the" thro!gh the "ethod of falsification
0heories that are not disproved areaccepted beca!se the available evidence
see"s to s!pport the"
Associations !s!ally state probabilistically
with two or "ore variables that tend to be
related in a predictable way& b!t there are
e#ceptions