Lecture 2Lecture 2 Part 1: Paper Part 1: Paper

Part 2: ReformattingPart 2: Reformatting

The BasicsThe Basics

►All materials are either:All materials are either:

Organic- composed of plant or animal Organic- composed of plant or animal materialsmaterials

Inorganic- composed of rock or mineral Inorganic- composed of rock or mineral compositioncomposition

OrganicOrganic

►PaperPaper►LeatherLeather►Plastic (extracted from plant and Plastic (extracted from plant and

animal animal

sources)sources)►TextilesTextiles

InorganicInorganic

►StoneStone►GlassGlass►CeramicCeramic►MetalMetal

Source: http://www.antiquehelper.com/item/316963

Early Writing SurfacesEarly Writing Surfaces

►Clay tabletsClay tablets►Basalt slatBasalt slat►PapyrusPapyrus►LeatherLeather►Paper typesPaper types Source:

http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Arts/2011/1116/Dead-sea-scrolls-come-alive

A scrap of parchment or papyrus from the scrolls is from ‘The Book of War.’

Israel Antiquities Authority

Clay and Basalt:Clay and Basalt:

►Clay Tablets:Clay Tablets: MesopatamiaMesopatamia

►Granite:Granite:►Basalt: Basalt: ► Issues:Issues:

Very stable but . . . Very stable but . . . If left to elements, information can erode If left to elements, information can erode

away.away.

Papyrus:Papyrus:

►Primarily EgyptPrimarily Egypt►Thick paper-like material produced Thick paper-like material produced

form the Papyrus plant.form the Papyrus plant. Paper-like = cellulose in naturePaper-like = cellulose in nature

►Has the advantage of being relatively Has the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce.cheap and easy to produce.

►Amatl or amate Amatl or amate Organic material used by Meso-Organic material used by Meso-

Americans, especially Mayans.Americans, especially Mayans.

Papyrus (continued):Papyrus (continued):

►Papyrus is made form the stem of the Papyrus is made form the stem of the plantplant The outer rind is first stripped off and the The outer rind is first stripped off and the

sticky fibrous inner pith is cut lengthwise sticky fibrous inner pith is cut lengthwise into thin strips.into thin strips.

The strips are then placed side-by-side on a The strips are then placed side-by-side on a hard surface with their edges overlapping. hard surface with their edges overlapping. Another layer of strips is laid on top at a Another layer of strips is laid on top at a right angle. Strips are soaked in water.right angle. Strips are soaked in water.

While still moist, the two layers are While still moist, the two layers are hammered together into a single sheet. hammered together into a single sheet.

Preservation Concerns with Preservation Concerns with Papyrus:Papyrus:

► In a dry climate like Egypt, papyrus is In a dry climate like Egypt, papyrus is stable, formed as it is of highly rot-stable, formed as it is of highly rot-resistant cellulose.resistant cellulose.

►Storage in humid conditions can result Storage in humid conditions can result in molds or bugs destroying the in molds or bugs destroying the material.material.

► Is fragile and susceptible to both Is fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness.moisture and excessive dryness.

►Went out of use, especially as writing Went out of use, especially as writing took off in moisture-rich climates.took off in moisture-rich climates.

Skin Materials:Skin Materials:

► Includes leather and parchmentIncludes leather and parchment

►Type of animal and processing method Type of animal and processing method determine the quality of the skin determine the quality of the skin materialmaterial

►Leather is stable in a slightly acidic Leather is stable in a slightly acidic environmentenvironment

Leather:Leather:► Leather:Leather:

Produced in Egypt since 4Produced in Egypt since 4thth dynasty dynasty Writing on one sideWriting on one side

► Parchment:Parchment: Writing on both sides of leather Writing on both sides of leather Thin almost opaque.Thin almost opaque. Became the staple writing material of the Became the staple writing material of the

Middle Ages.Middle Ages. Made from sheep, goats, calves, deer, any Made from sheep, goats, calves, deer, any

mammal.mammal.

Leather:Leather:► Types Commonly Used in Books:Types Commonly Used in Books:

Calf- A delicate, often decorated, leather used Calf- A delicate, often decorated, leather used until the end of the 18until the end of the 18thth Century. Century.

Goat-Goat-

Levant- Leather from goat, sheep and Levant- Leather from goat, sheep and seal skins with a characteristic shrunken grain seal skins with a characteristic shrunken grain pattern produced during tanning. pattern produced during tanning.

Morocco- A vegetable-tanned goatskinMorocco- A vegetable-tanned goatskin

Suede- A leather finish produced by separating Suede- A leather finish produced by separating the fibers, giving the leather a nap by abrading the fibers, giving the leather a nap by abrading with sandpaper or emery wheel.with sandpaper or emery wheel.

Other: Pigskin, SheepskinOther: Pigskin, Sheepskin

Preservation Concerns with Preservation Concerns with LeatherLeather

►Red Rot- Red Rot- (as defined by National Archives (as defined by National Archives UK) UK) Red rot is a type of deterioration of Red rot is a type of deterioration of the surface of tanned leather occurring the surface of tanned leather occurring when certain (usually vegetable) when certain (usually vegetable) tannins degrade to a fine red powder.tannins degrade to a fine red powder.

Source: Source: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/preservahttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/preservation/faq/redrot.htmtion/faq/redrot.htm

Preservation Concerns with Preservation Concerns with LeatherLeather

►Leather is naturally acidicLeather is naturally acidic

►Leather produced in the 17Leather produced in the 17thth Century Century may have residual sulphuric acid may have residual sulphuric acid

Parchment:Parchment:

►Parchment tends to be alkaline (as Parchment tends to be alkaline (as opposed to acidic)opposed to acidic)

►Skin of sheep or calfSkin of sheep or calf

►Not as expensive as vellumNot as expensive as vellum

Vellum:Vellum:

►Finest parchmentFinest parchment

►Skin of calves and kidsSkin of calves and kids

►Skin of unborn animalsSkin of unborn animals

►ExpensiveExpensive

Source: http://ashermorris.wordpress.com/2010/02/22/vellum

Preservation Concerns with Preservation Concerns with Vellum:Vellum:

►Should typically be stored in a stable Should typically be stored in a stable environmentenvironment Constant temperature and 30% RHConstant temperature and 30% RH

► If stored in an environment with less If stored in an environment with less than 11% humidity, it becomes fragile, than 11% humidity, it becomes fragile, brittle, and susceptible to mechanical brittle, and susceptible to mechanical stressesstresses

► If RH higher than 40%, the material If RH higher than 40%, the material becomes vulnerable to fungus or mold becomes vulnerable to fungus or mold growth as well as gelationgrowth as well as gelation

PaperPaper““I write down everything I want to remember. I write down everything I want to remember.

That way, instead of spending a lot of time That way, instead of spending a lot of time trying to remember what it is I wrote down, I trying to remember what it is I wrote down, I spend the time looking for the paper I wrote spend the time looking for the paper I wrote

it down on.”it down on.”

Beryl PfizerBeryl Pfizer

Paper:Paper:

► Invention of paper, as we know it today, is often Invention of paper, as we know it today, is often credited to Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese court officialcredited to Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese court official

► Dated 104 or 105 ADDated 104 or 105 AD

► The product Lun created was a precursor of the The product Lun created was a precursor of the cotton and linen rag paper that dominated cotton and linen rag paper that dominated Europe and America before the Industrial Europe and America before the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

► He used raw materials from a variety of sources He used raw materials from a variety of sources

Precursors to Today’s book?Precursors to Today’s book?

► Prior to 5Prior to 5thth century – rolls (papyrus) century – rolls (papyrus)► CodexCodex

1313thth century century Monastic scribesMonastic scribes

► 1515thth Century – Block Books. Century – Block Books. Papermaking first reached Europe in the 12Papermaking first reached Europe in the 12thth

century.century. Demand really took off with the invention of the Demand really took off with the invention of the

printing press.printing press. Movable type allowed for mass production.Movable type allowed for mass production. Example: Gutenberg Bible (1455)Example: Gutenberg Bible (1455)

Prior to 17Prior to 17thth Century: Century:

►Paper made primarily from cotton ragsPaper made primarily from cotton rags

►Paper was free from impurities, strong, Paper was free from impurities, strong, and long lastingand long lasting

►Made by hand, however, it was time Made by hand, however, it was time consuming and expensiveconsuming and expensive

1919thth Century: Century:►More mechanization in the creation of paperMore mechanization in the creation of paper

► 1860’s wood pulp paper1860’s wood pulp paper ► Stress from the machines produced less Stress from the machines produced less

stable paper with a considerably shorter life stable paper with a considerably shorter life than the previous productsthan the previous products

► ► First use of wood pulp dates to 1872:First use of wood pulp dates to 1872:

logs are turned to pulp, bleached, pressed, logs are turned to pulp, bleached, pressed, and coated with acidand coated with acid

Acids lead to the destruction of the paperAcids lead to the destruction of the paper

Organic Nature of Paper:Organic Nature of Paper:

►The study of paper degradation is The study of paper degradation is primarily a study based on the study primarily a study based on the study of the deterioration of celluloseof the deterioration of cellulose

Cellulose MoleculeCellulose Molecule

Source: https://chempolymerproject.wikispaces.com/Cellulose-D-TPNR

Paper (continued)Paper (continued)

Paper Degradation Paper Degradation (continued)(continued)

► The modern standard is cellulose derived The modern standard is cellulose derived from woodfrom wood

► Requires aggressive processing to liberate Requires aggressive processing to liberate cellulosecellulose

► Suffers damage in the process and becomes Suffers damage in the process and becomes less stableless stable

►Other factors which contribute:Other factors which contribute:

AdditivesAdditives MetalsMetals Types of InkTypes of Ink

Paper (continued)Paper (continued)

► Is it handmade vs. machine made paper?Is it handmade vs. machine made paper?

► When/what era in which the paper was When/what era in which the paper was made?made?

► What kind paper is it and what was used to What kind paper is it and what was used to make it?make it?►GroundwoodGroundwood►ChemicalChemical►RecycledRecycled►PermanentPermanent

Coated Paper:Coated Paper:

This is a multi-layer coated paper.

Image showing three distinct layers on coated paper. The bottom layer is the paper substrate, the middle layer (21.0µm) a spray coating, and the top layer a final gloss finish (9.39µm). The large holes in the center are indicative of a faulty deposition in the coating process. http:// www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2231

Source: http://webworld.unesco.org/safeguarding/en/txt_grap.htm

Causes of Causes of Deterioration:Deterioration:

Cellulose is degraded by three primary Cellulose is degraded by three primary mechanisms:mechanisms:

HydrolysisHydrolysis

OxidationOxidation

EliminationElimination

Causes of Causes of Deterioration:Deterioration:

HydrolysisHydrolysis

►Caused by contact with acidCaused by contact with acid

►Most dominant reactionMost dominant reaction

►Responsible for most degradation of Responsible for most degradation of paperpaper

Causes of Causes of Deterioration:Deterioration:

OxidationOxidation

►Becomes relevant when cellulose Becomes relevant when cellulose comes into contact with metals or comes into contact with metals or pollutants such as iron gall ink or ozonepollutants such as iron gall ink or ozone

Causes of Causes of Deterioration:Deterioration:

EliminationElimination►Triggered by exposure to high pHTriggered by exposure to high pH

►Generally not relevant in the care of Generally not relevant in the care of collectionscollections

►Becomes a factor when considering Becomes a factor when considering conservation treatmentsconservation treatments

Metals:Metals:

► Inorganic materialsInorganic materials

►Form salts with nonmetalsForm salts with nonmetals

►RustRust

►Some metals, especially iron, copper, Some metals, especially iron, copper, and platinum react with cellulose and platinum react with cellulose causing deteriorationcausing deterioration

Adhesives:Adhesives:

►Substances used to cause one Substances used to cause one material to adhere to anothermaterial to adhere to another

►Can be naturally derived, such as Can be naturally derived, such as wheat starch paste or synthetically wheat starch paste or synthetically derived, such as polyvinylalcohol.derived, such as polyvinylalcohol.

Cloth:Cloth:

►Can be made of natural or synthetic Can be made of natural or synthetic materialsmaterials

►Not responsible for many problems in Not responsible for many problems in generalgeneral

Inks:Inks:► Inks tend to bleed into paperInks tend to bleed into paper

►May cause oxidizationMay cause oxidization

► Iron gall ink is made of iron particlesIron gall ink is made of iron particles

►Black and white photographs generally Black and white photographs generally have a metallic imaging compounds have a metallic imaging compounds and paper supports.and paper supports.

Brittle Paper:Brittle Paper:

In the 1840s a manufacturing process In the 1840s a manufacturing process was discovered that could produce was discovered that could produce paper more cheaply from a variety of paper more cheaply from a variety of sources including wood pulp. However, sources including wood pulp. However, this process left an acidic content in this process left an acidic content in the paper. This acid gradually breaks the paper. This acid gradually breaks down the fibers from which the paper is down the fibers from which the paper is made. And, with sufficient time, this made. And, with sufficient time, this paper will become so brittle that it will paper will become so brittle that it will break when the pages are turned. break when the pages are turned.

Brittle Paper (continued)Brittle Paper (continued)

►Degree of brittleness also depends upon Degree of brittleness also depends upon geography and environmental conditionsgeography and environmental conditions

► Testing for brittleness:Testing for brittleness: Abbey pen Abbey pen Double Fold Double Fold

►Development of standards for permanent paperDevelopment of standards for permanent paper

Example: In 1990, the federal government mandated Example: In 1990, the federal government mandated the use of permanent paper for its official documents.the use of permanent paper for its official documents.

Hopeless Cases and Hopeless Cases and Indentification:Indentification:

►Books that require an unreasonable Books that require an unreasonable amount of work to repairamount of work to repair

►Knowing you options:Knowing you options: ReplacementReplacement ReformattingReformatting

Replacement:Replacement:

►Activities that result in the receipt of a Activities that result in the receipt of a duplicate of the irreparable volume duplicate of the irreparable volume through routine acquisition and gift through routine acquisition and gift processingprocessing

►This can include in-print vendors, This can include in-print vendors, antiquarian, e-bay, microform publisher antiquarian, e-bay, microform publisher

Reformatting:Reformatting:

►Activities that involve special efforts to Activities that involve special efforts to have the text transferred to another have the text transferred to another medium in order to preserve the textmedium in order to preserve the text

►Transfer to paper, microfilm and digital Transfer to paper, microfilm and digital imagesimages

Brittle Books Programs:Brittle Books Programs:

►Programs are based on a couple of Programs are based on a couple of questions:questions:

Based upon the library’s collecting policy.Based upon the library’s collecting policy. Must the book be considered in its original Must the book be considered in its original

format as a rare book or artifact?format as a rare book or artifact?

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

►What treatment decisions should be What treatment decisions should be made?made?

►Who should make the decisions?Who should make the decisions?►Should preservation staff play a role in Should preservation staff play a role in

the decision. the decision. ►All answers dependent upon type of All answers dependent upon type of

organization.organization.►Base our decisions on a Search Results Base our decisions on a Search Results

sheet.sheet.

What about Copyright?What about Copyright?► Law allows for preservation of copyrighted Law allows for preservation of copyrighted

works, “solely for the purposed of works, “solely for the purposed of preservation and security.”preservation and security.” Section 108Section 108

► Include a notice or disclaimer indicating Include a notice or disclaimer indicating copycopy

► Reformatting is NOT to be used as Reformatting is NOT to be used as acquisitionacquisition

► Archives – Donor restrictionsArchives – Donor restrictions

Overview of MicrofilmOverview of Microfilm

Why Microfilm?Why Microfilm?►Was used as an important part brittle Was used as an important part brittle

books programsbooks programs

►Predicted long life of up to 500 yearsPredicted long life of up to 500 years

►Huge infrastructure developed for the Huge infrastructure developed for the creation and viewing of microfilmcreation and viewing of microfilm

► In 1989, Congress authorized NEH to In 1989, Congress authorized NEH to implement a 20 year initiative to implement a 20 year initiative to preserve intellectual content via preserve intellectual content via microfilming. This ended in 2009microfilming. This ended in 2009

Why microfilm? (continued)Why microfilm? (continued)►No matter how you feel about No matter how you feel about

microformats it is important to microformats it is important to understand the procedures and understand the procedures and development of microfilming and development of microfilming and preservation facsimiles:preservation facsimiles:

►Because:Because: As in the case of facsimiles, many patrons As in the case of facsimiles, many patrons

still prefer to have a copy in their hands.still prefer to have a copy in their hands. Libraries & archives must deal with microfilm Libraries & archives must deal with microfilm

and any continuing projects in their and any continuing projects in their collection.collection.

Microfilm:Microfilm:

►Adhere to RLG standardsAdhere to RLG standards

►Creation of three generationsCreation of three generations Preservation copy or archival copyPreservation copy or archival copy Duplicate Duplicate Use or service copyUse or service copy

Microfilm (continued):Microfilm (continued):

►Silver Halide – silver gelatin microfilm Silver Halide – silver gelatin microfilm with a polyester basewith a polyester base Stable metal Stable metal Image on silver film is metallic silverImage on silver film is metallic silver Tested lifespan 500 yearsTested lifespan 500 years Scratches easily Scratches easily Archival copyArchival copy

Microfilm (continued)Microfilm (continued)

►Diazo Film:Diazo Film: Intended for service copiesIntended for service copies Polyester basePolyester base Life expectancy of up to 50 years because Life expectancy of up to 50 years because

of possible fadingof possible fading Chemical duplication using AmmoniaChemical duplication using Ammonia Blue Black image is producedBlue Black image is produced

Microfilm (continued)Microfilm (continued)

►Vesicular FilmVesicular Film Also intended for service copiesAlso intended for service copies Polyester base Polyester base Life expectancy 10 – 20 yearsLife expectancy 10 – 20 years Not vulnerable to fungal growthNot vulnerable to fungal growth Duplication by heat and emulsion to Duplication by heat and emulsion to

emulsion contactemulsion contact White image on blue backgroundWhite image on blue background

Microfilming Process:Microfilming Process:

►Decisions:Decisions: Outsourced or in-house?Outsourced or in-house? Contracts and RFP’sContracts and RFP’s

►Vendor Question Examples:Vendor Question Examples: What are the costs?What are the costs? Do you allow for visits to the facility?Do you allow for visits to the facility? Preservation guidelines?Preservation guidelines? Type of film?Type of film?

Preparation of Material for Preparation of Material for Microfilming:Microfilming:

►Bibliographic searchingBibliographic searching

►Database searching – record keepingDatabase searching – record keeping

►CollationCollation

►Reel programmingReel programming

MicrofilmMicrofilm

►Typically get 600 – 900 frames in a reelTypically get 600 – 900 frames in a reel

►With books, tend to get 2 pages per With books, tend to get 2 pages per frameframe

►With oversized documents, 1 page per With oversized documents, 1 page per frameframe

Evaluation and Quality Evaluation and Quality ControlControl

►Methylene blue tests to check amount Methylene blue tests to check amount of residual thiosulfates on filmof residual thiosulfates on film 33rdrd party party

►Technical – cannot allow for scratches Technical – cannot allow for scratches unless it is on leader - 6 splices are unless it is on leader - 6 splices are allowedallowed

►Quality Index- at what level do you see Quality Index- at what level do you see the “e” and its relation to the linepairthe “e” and its relation to the linepair

►Bibliographic – Targets are in orderBibliographic – Targets are in order

Filming Process:Filming Process:►Reduction ratio desired:Reduction ratio desired:

Desired is 12:1 or 14:1Desired is 12:1 or 14:1

►Microfiche – 16 mm, 24:1Microfiche – 16 mm, 24:1

►Density – degree of blacknessDensity – degree of blackness

► Image presentation:Image presentation:

Cine or comic modeCine or comic mode

DigitizationDigitization

►The more popular reformatting choiceThe more popular reformatting choice

►Many projects that used to be done on Many projects that used to be done on microfilm have evolved to become microfilm have evolved to become digitization projectsdigitization projects

►More grants are now issued for digital More grants are now issued for digital projectsprojects

Reformatting: Reformatting: Digitization vs. MicroformatDigitization vs. Microformat

►Still need to collate the itemsStill need to collate the items►Still need to adhere to current best Still need to adhere to current best

practices and standardspractices and standards►Still need to consider access to the Still need to consider access to the

surrogatesurrogate►Still need bibliographic controlStill need bibliographic control► If the items aren’t unique, investigate if If the items aren’t unique, investigate if

someone else has already done the work someone else has already done the work