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Lecture 2
Social research
strategiesWednesday 24 July
Lesing 2
Sosiale navorsing-
strategie
Woensdag 24 Julie
Departement Sosiologie en Sosiale Antropologie
Department of Sociology and Social AnthropologyS364 - Sosiale Navorsing (2013)
S364 - Social Research (2013)
Dr Lloyd Hill
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]7/30/2019 Lecture 2 Strategies
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Overview / Oorsig
What is theory?
What is research?
Role of theory
Ontologicalconsiderations
Epistemological
considerations
What is a researchstrategy?
Wat is teorie?
Wat is navorsing?
Rol van "teorie"
Ontologiese oorwegings Epistemologiese
oorwegings
What is n navorsing-
strategie?
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What is theory?Wat is teorie?
Etymology: Greek a looking at, viewing,contemplation, speculation, theory, also a sight,
a spectacle [OED]
view/spectacle... mental view/conception
'n uitsig/skouspel... verstandelike siening/begrip ... system of ideas or statements (stellings)
Key distinction: theory vs practice (praktyk)That department of an art or technical subject which consists in
the knowledge or statement of the facts on which it depends, orof its principles or methods, as distinguished from thepractice of
it.
1795 C. Hutton Math. & Philos. Dict. (at cited word), To be
learned in an art, &c., the Theory is sufficient; to be a master of it,
both the Theory and practice are requisite.
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Theory and research
Theory as existingknowledge (eg inbooks)
Theory as formalexplanation of
observed regularities Distinguished frompractice in generaland specifically
Practices associated
with generating newknowledge, i.e. themost common sense ofresearch
Teorie as bestaandekennis (bv in boeke)
Teorie as formeleverklaring vanwaarneembare
relmatighede teorie onderskei vanpraktyk in diealgemeen en in diebesonder
praktyke verbonde metdie ontwikkeling vannuwe kennis, dws dwsdie mees algemenegebruik van "navorsing"
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Teorie en navorsing
Key theoretical issues in
Social research practice:
Relationship between
theory and research- deductive
- inductive
Types of theory
- Grand theories- Middle range
theories (see below)
Hoof teoretiese kwessies
in sosiale navorsings-
praktyk:
Verwantskap tussenteorie en navorsing
- deduktief
- induktief
Teorie soorte
- Groot teorie
- Middelrang teorie
(sien hieronder)
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Relationship between theory &
research
Inductive
data gathering &interpretationgenerates theory
inferences fromobservations
e.g. grounded
theory (Glaser andStrauss)
Deductive
Induktief data-insameling en
interpretasiegenereer teorie
afleidings uitwaarnemings
bv. grounded
theory (Glaser andStrauss)
Deduktief
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Relationship between theory &
research
Deductive
theory formulationbefore datagathering
data used to testtheory
e.g. explicit
hypothesis to beconfirmed orrejected
Deduktief
teorie stelling voordata insameling
data word gebruikom n teorie te toets
bv eksplisietehipotese word
bevestig of verwerp
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Hypothesis //Hipotese Assuming a hypothetico-deductive (positivist?)
model of science (epistemology)
What is the etymology of hypothesis?
hypo + thesis (of hipo + tese)
less than a theory
So why is a hypothesis less than a theory?
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See Bryman, page
10 & 11 (3rd Ed.)
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Teoriesoorte (Merton)
grand theories highly abstract
(theoretical vocabulary &style)
e.g. Bourdieus theory ofsocial capital
middle range theories limited domain (defended
on grounds of empirical
evidence) e.g. labelling theory
(Becker 1963)
Observable regularities
Groot teorie hoogs abstrak (teoretiese
woordeskat en styl)
Bv. Bourdieu se theoryvan sosiale kapitaal
Middelrang teorie beperkte domein
(simboliese gebied)(verdedig op grond van
empiriese bewys) Bv. labelling teorie(Becker 1963)
Waarneembarerelmatighede
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Research issues
Why do we call thismodule socialresearch?
Implicit distinctionbetween social andnatural (science)research Ontological and
epistemologicalissues
Hoekom verwys onsna sosiale navorsing(bv. Naam vanmodule)?
Implisiete onderskeittussen sosiale ennatuurlike(wetenskap) navorsing
Ontologies enepistemologiesekwessies
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Ontological considerations
Ontology (Gk. ontos =
being) what kinds of objects
exist (in the socialworld)?
are there natural (vssocial) objects (orclasses of objects?
do social entities existindependently of ourperceptions of them?
is social reality externalto social actors orconstructed by them?
Ontologie (Gk. ontos =
wese) watter soorte objekte
bestaan (in die sosialewreld)?
Is daar natuurlike (vssosiale) objekte (ofklasse van objekte? Bvtale & spesies)
Bestaan sosiale entiteite
onafhanklik van onspersepsie daarvan?
Is sosiale realiteit buitesosiale rolspelers of worddit deur hulle gebou?
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Objectivist (naturalist) ontology
social phenomena
confront us as externalfacts
individuals are born intoa pre-existing social
world social forces and rulesexert pressure on actorsto conform
e.g. culture existsindependently of socialactors who aresocialized into its values
Sosiale verskynsels as
eksterne feite Individue word gebore in
n reeds-bestaandesosiale wreld
Sosiale magte en relsoefen druk uit oprolspelers om tekonformeer
Bv kultuurbestaanonhafhanklik van sosialerolspelers wat in kultuurse waardesgesosialiseer is.
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Constructionist (subjectivist)
ontology social phenomena and
their meanings areconstructed by socialactors
continually accomplishedand revised
researchers accounts ofevents are alsoconstructions - manyalternative interpretations
language andrepresentation shape ourperceptions of reality
Sosiale verskynsels enhulle betekenis wordgekonstrueer deur sosialerolspelers
Voortdurend voltooi enhersien
Navorsers se weergawevan gebeure is ookkonstrukte baiealternatiewe
interpretasies Taal en representasie
vorm ons persepsies vanrealiteit
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E.g. ontology in language (use)Ontological assumptions
are frequently evident inanalogies (usually
implicitly) drawn
between classes of
phenomena E.g. can languages
die (i.e. become
extinct)?
An implicit analogybetween languages
and biological
organisms (and
species)
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Epistemological considerations
Epistemology = logic ofknowing
How do we justify
beliefs as knowledge?
Can the social world bestudied scientifically?
Is it appropriate to
apply the methods of
the natural sciences tosocial science
research?
Epistemologie = logikavan weet
Hoe regverdig ons
oortuigings as kennis?
Kan die sosiale wreldwetenskaplik
bestudeer word?
Is dit gepas om
metodes vannatuurwetenskappe toe
te pas op navorsing in
sosiale wetenskappe?
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Positivist (naturalist) epistemology
Application ofnatural
science methods to social
science research (Comte
positive, Mill exact)
Phenomenal ism:
knowledge via the senses
Distinction between
scient i f ic and normat ive
statements
Object ive, value-free
researcher
Toepassing van
natuurwetenskaplike
metodes op sosiale
wetenskaplike navorsing
(Comte, Mill)
Fenomenalisme: kennis
deur die sintuie
Onderskeid tussen
wetenskplike ennormatiewe stellings
Objektief, waarde-vrye
navorser
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Interpretivist epistemology
Interpretive methods
(from theology,
philosophy, literature)
rather than natural
science methods
e.g. Phenomenology:
subjective logics of social
phenomena
e.g. Weber: verstehen =interpretative under-
standing of social action
(vs. explanation)
Interpretatiewe metodes
(van teologie, filosofie,
letterkunde) eerder as
natuurwetenskaplike
metodes
bv. Fenomenologie:
subjektiewe logika van
sosiale veskynsels
bv. Weber: verstehen =verstaan; interpreteer (?);
verklaar => explain
(nuanse)
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Realist epistemology Similarities to positivism:
external (social) realityexists independently of ourperceptions
Empirical (nave?)realism (positivism?) close correspondence
between reality and termsused to describe it
direct knowledge of thesocial world
Critical realism
theoretical terms mediateour knowledge of reality
underlying structuresgenerate observableevents
E.g. Language? (deep
structures?)
Ooreenkomste met
positivisme: Eksterne realiteit bestaan
onafhanklik van onspersepsies
Empiriese (naewe?)realisme (positivisme?) Naby ooreenstemming
tussen realiteit en termewat dit beskryf
Direkte kennis van diesosiale wreld
Kritiese realisme Teoretiese terme bemiddelons kennis van realiteit
Onderliggende strukturegenereer observeerbaregebeure
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What is a research strategy?
useful introductory way ofclassifying methods ofsocial research
two distinctive clusters of
research strategies:quantitative and qualitative
these strategies differ interms of their:
general orientation tosocial research
ontological basis
epistemologicalfoundations
Nuttige inleidende manier ommetodes van sosiale navorsingte klassifiseer
Twee afsonderlike groepenavorsingstrategie:
Kwantitatief en kwalitatief Hierdie strategie verskil in
terme van hulle: Algemene orintasie tot sosiale
navorsing
Ontologiese basis
Epistemologiese grondslagte
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Breaking down the Quantitative vs
Qualitative research distinction
What about numbers (numerical data) vs words
(verbal data) a fourth dimension of difference?
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Quantitative research
measurement of socialvariables
common researchdesigns: surveys andexperiments
numerical and statisticaldata
deductive theory testing
objectivist view of realityas external to socialactors (?!)
positivist epistemology (?)
Meet van sosialeveranderlikes
Algemenenavorsingsontwerpe:opnames en eksperimente
Numeriese en statistiesedata
Deduktiewe teorie-toetsing
Objektivistiese siening van
realiteit as ekstern totsosiale rolspelers (?!)
Positivistieseepistemologie (?)
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Qualitative research
common methods:interviews, ethnography
data are words, texts andstories
inductive approach: theory
emerges from data social constructionist
ontology (?!)
understanding thesubjective meanings held
by actors (interpretivistepistemology) (?)
Algemene metodes:onderhoude, etnografie
Data is woorde, tekste enstories
Induktiewe benadering:
teorie ontstaan uit data Sosiale konstruktionistiese
ontologie (?!)
Begrip van die subjektiewebetekenisse van rolspelers
(Interpretatiewe episte-mologie) (?)
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Choosing a strategy
A choice between aquantitative OR aqualitative strategy?
Yes: for practicalpurposes there arerelatively distincttraditions and skill-sets
No => lecture 22bridging the divide
n Keuse tussen nkwantitatiewe OF nkwalitatiewestrategie?
Ja: vir praktiesedoeleindes is daarverskillende tradisiesen vaardigheidstelle
Nee => lesing 22:oorbrug die gaping
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Quantitative
methods
Qualitativemethods
Mixed
methods
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Practical issues influencing both
quantitative & qualitative research
Researcherinterests(2 senses) & valuestime
cost/funding available
how much priorliterature exists
topic (sensitive issuesmay be more suited toqualitative research)
all social research is acompromise betweenthe ideal and thefeasible
Navorser se belange enbelangstelling; waardes,tyd
Koste/befondsingbeskikbaar
Hoeveel literatuurbestaan reeds
Onderwerp (sensitiewekwessies miskien meer
gepas vir kwalitatiewenavorsing)
Alle sosiale navorsing isn kompromis tussen dieideale en die uitvoerbare