Lecture 2

What id Development and

Evolving Definitions

There is noautomatic linkbetween economicgrowth and humanprogress

Social spending,directed towardsthe poor, mustcompensate foruneven IncomeDistributionUNDP 1990

Social expendituresmust berestructured tobenefit the many,rather than a few

What role designers or design professionals play in this process? Or changing of this mindset

End of poverty

• From universal poverty to varying degrees of prosperity has happened rapidly in the span of human history. Jeffry Sachs

• Chart: World Population

• World per capita income

• GDP per capita by region

• (The end of poverty page 27-28-29)

THE MILLENNIUM PROMISE

We will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected.

- Millennium Declaration, September 2000

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS1 End Poverty and Hunger2 Universal Education3 Gender Equality4 Child Health5 Maternal Health6 Combat HIV/AIDS7 Environmental Sustainability8 Global Partnership

What is poverty?• Economic poverty: below a minimum level

• Poverty of basic goods and assets: UN (housing, water, schooling, sewage, occupied area, etc)

• World Bank definition: Little or no capacity of choice (choice as a factor of well being). 3 levels:

• - security (vulnerability)• - Inclusion (empowerment); individual vs. institutions• - Opportunities (capacities; individual vs. society)

• - Thus, segregation, exclusion:

• Exclusion:

• Poor: a person that does not have the means to:

• Participate in the social activities of the community

• Reach the quality of life of the majority.

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR 2015

1. Cut extreme poverty and hunger by 1/2

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment, especially in education

4. Reduce child mortality by 2/3

5. Cut maternal mortality by 3/4

6. Reverse HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Cut the proportion of people without safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 1/2

8. Establish a global partnership for development

Scope of Millennium Development Goals and TargetsGoal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger• Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day.• Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.Goal 2:Achieve universal primary education• Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling.Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women• Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality• Reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate among children under five years’ old.Goal 5: Improve maternal health• Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio.Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases• Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.• Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability• Integrate the principles of sustainable development within country policies andprogrammes; reverse loss of environmental resources.• Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.• Achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development• Develop further an open-trading and financial system that is rule based, predictable and non-discriminatory. This includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction – nationally and internationally.• Address the least developed countries’ special needs. This includes tariff-free and quota-free access for their exports; enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries; cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous officialdevelopment assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction.• Address the special needs of landlocked and small-island developing states.• Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt problems through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term.• In cooperation with the developing countries, develop decent and productive work for youth.• In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.• In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of newtechnologies – especially information and communications technologies.

Vulnerability

• Vulnerability may be defined as the probability of an individual, a household or a community falling below a minimum level of welfare (poverty line).

• Concept could be better understood via a “risk chain:” elements of risk, risk response and outcome

• Chronic vulnerability, contextual vulnerability and periodic ones

• UN HABITAT, 2009,

GLOBAL MAP OF EXTREME POVERTY: INFANT MORTALITY AND % UNDERWEIGHT

Source: UN Millennium Project/CIESIN, 2005

NUMBERS OF EXTREME POOR BY REGION

Source: Chen and Ravallion 2008

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

World

E Asia & Pacific (incChina)

E Europe and C Asia

Latin America andCaribbean

Middle East and NorthAfrica

South Asia (incl India)

Sub-Saharan Africa

After: M. Marmot and Chen & Ravallion 2008

Number of poor (millions) living under $2.5, $2 and $1.25 a day Sub-Saharan Africa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005

Sub-Saharan Africa $1.25 a day Sub-Saharan Africa $2 a day

Sub-Saharan Africa $2.5 a day

After: Marmot and Chen & Ravallion 2008

ECOLOGICAL FACTORS CONDUCIVE TO MALARIA

Source: Kiszewski et al., AJTMH, 2004

Source: B NoseworthyAfter John McArthur

REGIONAL PER CAPITA FOOD PRODUCTION: 1961-2004

050

100

150

200

250

300

Inde

x o

f Fo

od P

rod

uctio

n P

er

Cap

ita (

1961

=100

)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean

South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: World Bank 2008; as presented in McArthur 2008

JUNE-OCTOBER PRECIPITATION VARIATION ACROSS THE SAHEL, 1898-2004

Source: Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean, 2007

Global Actions and Results

Lift-Off Since 2000 in Global Financing for Health(yet still only 1/3 of recommended levels)

Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee

Number of Patients on ARVs in Sub-Saharan Africa

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Year

Mill

ion

s

Source: UNAIDS 2009

Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV.

ITNS & LLINS

• Insecticide Treated Bednets• Long Lasting Impregnated Nednets

• Bednets are common. I grew up with them• Concerted effort to spread them• Combined with insecticide treatment• PermaNet Designed by: Vestergaard

Frandsen S.A. Switzerland

http://www.redcross.ca/malariabites/

Cost of malariabites program

• It’s never been easier to save a life. A $7 donation to Malaria Bites covers:

• purchase of a net • shipping and distribution to families • training volunteers in Africa on malaria

prevention • malaria prevention education that ensures

families hang and properly use the net

Source:Canadian Redcross

Canadian Redcross

MALAWI FOOD PRODUCTION

Millennium Villages

Source: JW McArthur

HEALTH SYSTEMS

Bicycle Ambulance

 NOW

Ambulance &

C-section

BEFORE

DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER

EDUCATION

BeforeBefore AfterAfter

Source: MVP 2007

Receptive vocabulary scores of children, age 5, by household

income levels, who were or were not read to daily, Canada

80

85

90

95

100

105

110 Not read to daily

Read to daily

Sco

re

Below LICO LICO to less than2 times LICO

2 times LICO to less than 3 times LICO

3 times LICO or above

Household income level

After: Marmot and Source: Thomas 2006,Statistics Canada: National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth 2002/2003

* LICO: Low-income cut-off

SCHOOL MEALS

More than 80,000 children in the Millennium Villages now receive daily school meals

Enrollments have increased 20% and more across the sites

NET ODA PER SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN(net of debt relief)

0

10

20

30

40

50

6019

60

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Year

Do

lla

rs p

er

pe

rso

n (

co

ns

tan

t $

20

07

)

After: John McArthur

CURRENT GLOBAL INVESTMENTS

Source: OECD – DAC 2009

Canada will host the G8/G20 Summit in 2010

How and if Canada will lead?

Government

Business

Non-profit

Design Professionals