Lecture 24: Anti-Terrorism of Southeast Asia

16th April 2003 (Wednesday)

Structure of Lecture 24: Introduction to Southeast Asia and Islam Southeast Asian Response to 911 The Bali Night Club Terrorist Attack (The “1012

Incident”) The Australian Dream and the Iraqi War Conclusion:

The Four Interpretations of Southeast Asian Terrorism

PART IIntroduction to Southeast Asia

and Islam

Universal Vs Regional Religions

Universal Religion: A Religion Aims at Converting the

Whole World with a set of Universal Values

e.g. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Regional Religion:

A Religion Exclusively Belonging to a Certain Region/ Ethnic Group

Concept of the “Chosen Citizens by God”

e.g. Judaism, Shitoism

Islam as a Universal Religion

Misconception: Islam = Middle East = Radical?!

Muslims in Places Outside the Middle East Muslims in China (Huizu) and the

Meaning of its Chinese Translation

Muslims in Southeast Asia Muslims in the West (Gilles Kepe

l, Allah in the West, Stanford University Press, 1997)

The Roles of Religion in theSoutheast Asian History

Islam from Middle East to Southeast Asia (1400AD)

Religion as a Unifying Tool against External Threat Islam and Roman Catholicism

SE Asia Vs Imperialism Philippine Vs Spain and USA Indonesia Vs Netherlands Malaysia and Singapore Vs

Britain

Independence of Southeast Asia

Independence of the Philippines as a Secular Republic (1946)

Independence of Indonesia as an Islamic Republic (1949)

Independence of Malaysia as a Federal Nation (1957)

Independence of Singapore as an Authoritarian Republic (1963)

Correlation between State Religion and Terrorism?

Southeast Asia: the “Second Front of Anti-Terrorism”

Catholic Nil Islam

Support for US’s Anti-Terrorism

PART IISoutheast Asian Response

towards 911

The Internal Dilemma

To Side with USA: Pros: An External Helper against

Local Islamic Fundamentalism as a Rival to the Regime

Cons: Losing Islamic Support Locally

To Side against USA: Pros: Gaining Islamic Support

Locally Cons: Islamic Fundamentalism

Challenging the Regime

The External Dilemma

Side with USA: Pros: Become an American

Protectorate against Other External Threats

Cons: National Interests Tie Hand-in-hand with the American Interests; Antagonizing anti-American countries; Sacrificing National Sovereignty to USA

Side against USA: Pros: Retaining International

independence; Maintaining Strategic Importance in the World

Cons: Possibly the Next Target of Anti-terrorism (Bush Doctrine II)

The Choice of the Philippines

The Philippines as a Catholic Country

The Profile of the Post-Ferdinand Marcos Philippines

President Gloria Arroyo American-Philippine Alliance

Philippines as an Ex-American Colony

American army Stationed at Manila Whole-hearted Support of Anti-

terrorism

The Choice of the Philippines (II)

Motivations: Abu Sayyaf (Moro Islamic Lib

eration Front) – as a Separatist Threat instead of a Terrorist Threat

Philippines in the Economic Hierarchy of Southeast Asia

“Yes Mom Diplomacy” – the Diplomacy of Filipino Maids and the Iraqi War

The Choice of Malaysia Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad Malaysia as a Neglected Economic Drag

on? Malaysia’s Odd Disappearance in the An

ti-Terror Coalition (together with Iran, Iraq and North Korea)

Concerns: Less Separatist/ Terrorist Threats than the P

hilippines/ Indonesia “Western Conspiracy” against Mahathir in the

Asian Financial Crisis – the Suharto Precedence

Use “Anti-Terrorism” as an Excuse to Strengthen the Dictatorial Rule of Mahathir

The Choice of Indonesia

Significance as the Most Populated Islamic Country of the World

President Megawati Sukarnoputri The Megawati Trip to Washington after

911 Internal Anti-American Protests Concerns:

Separatism after the Independence of East Timor

Radical Islam as a Political Competitor Importance of Readmittance into the Interna

tional Community after ex-President Mohamed Suharto

PART III The Bali Night Club

Terrorist Attack (12th October 2002)

“1012” after “911” Target: Western Tourist-oriented

Night Club at Bali Island, Indonesia

Death: 216 (!) The Hong Kong Rugby Team

Western Media: “the wake-up call” Wake-up call for Southeast Asi

a Anti-Terrorism Wake-up call for USA to Furthe

r its Anti-Terrorist Effort …

Message of the “Second Front of Terrorism”

Analyzing the Target – The “Proxy Attack”

Regional Second Front: Southeast Asia Vs Middle East/ “Homeland”

Psychological Second Front: Entertainment Business/ Tourism Vs Financial Business The Lang Kwai Fong Mania

Ability of USA to Fight Two-front/ Multi-front Wars in the Future?

Southeast Asian Radical Muslims and Al-Qaeda?

Suspect of the Bali Bombing: Jemaah Islamiah (JI, Islamic Prayer Group) Spiritual Leader: Priest Abu Bakar Bashir

Islamic Fundamentalist in the Philippines: Abu Sayyaf Leader: Al Haj Murad

Their Linkages to Al-Qaeda and Laden: Afghanistan as the Social Club of “Future Terro

rists” in the 1980s The Provision of Monetary Funds by Al-Qaeda In Exchange for the Provision of Shelters by So

utheast Asian Terrorists The Common Religious Agenda

The Pan-Islamic Country Proposal,Southeast Asia Version?

The Supposed “Proposal of Jemmah Islamiah”— Indonesia

From Moderate Islam to Radical Islam A Step-stone to “Convert” Australia

The Philippines North/South Division between Catholicism and Islam

Incorporation of the South

Malaysia From Federal Union to Islamic Federal Union

a Great Economic Union a Settlement of Territorial Disputes a Great Islamic Nation in Southeast Asia! a Strong Alliance to the United Middle East!

Southeast Asia Vs Middle East

The Cohabitation of Christianity with Islam

The Introduction of Democracy to Authoritarianism

The Complexity of Ethnic Conflict The Encirclement of Superpower

Candidates Are Islamic Radicals Possible

to Player Larger Roles in the Region?

Assigned Readings Main Text: Amitav Acharya:

“State-society Relations: Asian and World Order after September 11” (B&D P.194-204)

Supplementary Text: BBC News: In Depth Bali http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/asia_pacific/2002/bali

PART IV The Australian Dream

The Three Alignments in theAustralian History (20th Century)

Australia as a Hardcore Commonwealth Member (1900-1945) Number 3 Power in the Anglophone

Australia as a Second-class American ally (1945-1991) Minor Member in the Pan-Anglo-Saxon Alliance

Australia as a Self-proclaimed Leader of the Booming Asian-Pacific Region (1991-2001) Number 1 Power in “Australasia”?

The Post-911 World Order?

John Howard’s Pre-911 Excitement in the East Timor Crisis (1999) Australia as the Major Source of

United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Indonesia (1999)

Australia behind the Independence of East Timor

Willingness of East Timor to Become an Australian “Protectorate”

John Howard as the Guardian of East Timor Democracy “Godfather of Peace of Southeast Asia”

“Operation Enduring Freedom”

Alliance of Traditional American Allies in Southeast Asia after 911

Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan

An Encirclement of Whom? Indonesia, Malaysia,

Vietnam, China…

John Howard’s Post-911 Excitement

Australian Investigation of the Bali Attack

Australia as the “Big Three” in the War against Iraq (USA, Britain, Australia)

DREAM: To Merge the Accented

American Power after 911 with its Asian-Pacific Agenda

The “United States” of the Asia-Pacific Region

The American Custodian of the Southeast Asian World Order

George W Bush on Howard:

“With Global Visions; Can really Foresee the Danger of Terrorism”;

“A Very Close Friend of Mine”;

“One of the Very Few People that I will Listen to his Opinions”;

…

PART V Conclusion – The Four Interpretations of

Southeast Asian Terrorism

Identifying the Nature of the “Terrorist Attacks”

Separatism? Ache of Indonesia; Moros of the Phi

lippines … Universalism?

Radical Islam and the Islamic Nation Proposal …

Anti-totalitarianism? “Global Terrorism”?

Democracy and Terrorism Lack of Democracy = Warming-bed of Terrorism? Authoritarian States = States “Containing" the Opp

osition by Pressure Democratic States = States Incorporating the Opp

osition in Open Elections and Power Sharing Terrorism = One of the Different Measures Used b

y Suppressed Opposition to Challenge against the Incumbent Government Only the Opposition Lobbies in Authoritarian States

are “Suppressed“ Symbiotic Relationship between Terrorism and O

pposition Lobby in Authoritarian States Only

Authoritarianism = Less Effective Anti-Terrorism?

War of Anti-Terrorism of Authoritarian States = War of Anti-Opposition = “War against Freedom”

War of Anti-Terrorism of Democratic States = War Fighting on Behalf of t

he Whole Nation against an External Enemy

Who are the Gainers of Labeling “Global Terrorists” Worldwide?

Defining the Attacks as Separatism/ Universalism/ Anti-Totalitarianism: Still within the Domain of Domestic

Politics Terrorism, in Capital Letter…

Out of Scope of Domestic Politics Providing Legitimate Rationales

for Other Countries to Intervene Increasing Possibilities to Create

/ Reinstate New Regional Hegemons (e.g. Australia, India…)

~~The End~~

Thank you for attending