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Lecture 3 Humanistic
Approaches & Person-
CenteredTherapyIntroduction to Counselling Module
Kevin Standish
Review of behaviourism
Video• Fully functioning person: 2.5 min• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZwMz-807uE
Learning objectives1.Define and describe the central concepts in Humanistic approach
2.Describe the core conditions used in the client -therapist relationship
3.Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of humanism
1. BACKGROUND TO THE APPROACH
Carl Rogers was the driving forcePhenomenology and existentialismThird force PsychologyMaslow hierarchy of needs
Carl Roger's was the driving force1. Rogers based the approach from a
psychological point of view2. Used the scientific method for
object of measurement3. Was a reaction against the
psychoanalytic and behaviourism4. His aim was to study the effect on
the client of directive vs nondirective behaviour
Question: 2 minutes•What are the characteristics of directive therapy?
•What are the characteristics of non-directive therapy?
Phenomenology and existentialism
1. Philosophical movement that emphasizes worth of the individual and the centrality of human values
2. Human capacity to overcome hardship & despair
3. The subjective experience of the person is central
Third force Psychology1. Third force in psychology:
Humanism2. Main players: • Maslow-hierarchy of needs• Allport- the psychology of the
demobbed• Fritz Perls- Gestalt psychology
The Humanistic Tradition:The Motive to Self-Actualize
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Needs are hierarchically organized
Needs must be satisfied at the lower levels before we proceed to satisfy the higher needs
Lower needs are more powerful and pressing
Maslow’s Theory
“We each have a hierarchy of
needs that ranges from "lower"
to "higher." As lower needs are
fulfilled there is a tendency for
other, higher needs to emerge.”
Maslow’s Theory
Maslow’s theory maintains that a person does
not feel a higher need until the needs of the
current level have been satisfied.
Question: Reflect on how you have met your
own needs at each level. Write these down.
Maslow's basic needs are as follows:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Esteem needsachievement, status, responsibility, reputation
Self-actualization personal growth and fulfilment
© design Alan Chapman 2001-7, based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNot to be sold or published. More free online training resources are at www.businessballs.com. Alan Chapman accepts no
liability.
Belongingness and Love needsfamily, affection, relationships, work group, etc.
Safety needs protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
Biological and Physiological needsbasic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
Physiological Needs
• Food
• Air
• Water
• Clothing
• Sex
Basic Human Needs
Safety Needs
Protection
Stability
Pain Avoidance
Routine/Order
Safety and Security
Social Needs
Affection
Acceptance
Inclusion
Love and Belonging
Esteem Needs Self-Respect
Self-Esteem
Respected by Others
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Achieve full potential Fulfillment
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Safety
Belonging
Physiological
Summary
2. EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC TRADITIONGESTALT THEORY
Existential-Humanistic TraditionGestalt Theory
History: Founded by Fritz Perls• Believed looking at the whole was more important
than looking at the parts.• Motivated to perfect a theory as different from
Freud’s as possible.Basic Tenets• The Here and Now• Personal Awareness• Personal Responsibility• Unfinished Business• Becoming more fully alive
”
Gestalt Techniques
• The Here and Now: Everything important happens in the present.
• Unfinished Business: Things from the past, haunt us in the present.
• Channels of Resistance: Blocks people use to prevent themselves from having contact with others.
• Choices of Language: Client’s aren’t allow to overgeneralize.
Impact of Gestalt Therapy
3. ROGERS CORE CONCEPTS
The Actualising TendencySelf-concept: Sense of selfCore conditions for therapy
Video • 13 elements (4 min)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WWSm8FLid9c&feature=related
the notion of the actualising tendency
• the tendency to develop more complex organisations,
• to fulfil potential in being human• to actualise the self• Overall described as the formative
tendency: the capacity to grow and develop.
Self-concept• Innate process by which a person tends
to grow spiritually and realize potential• Through self-exploration and integrating
various psychic forces to become a “whole” person
• Feelings, thoughts and behaviours accepted by significant others are integrated into the self concept
• Conditions of worth: conditional and unconditional positive regard
Conditional/Unconditional worth
Congruence/incongruent self
Question (3 minutes)• Briefly reflect on an encounter with
another person where you felt deeply understood and accepted by that person.
• List some of the qualities that allowed for that understanding to occur
• How did acceptance occur?• How did it make you feel to be so deeply
understood?
Core conditionsBased on conditions of worth1. Congruence - genuineness or realness, in relationship between therapist & client -being oneself in the therapeutic relationship with client2. Unconditional positive regard- acceptance and caring, but not approval of all behaviour3. Accurate empathic understanding – understanding of client’s frame of reference, ability to deeply grasp the client’s subjective world & communicate this back to the client
Therapy Relationship
• Based on the actualising tendency
• The client is the expert on themselves
• In other words: The Client Knows Best
• This influences all aspects of therapy
“It is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried" Rogers 1961
Six conditions necessary and sufficient for change
1. Two persons are in psychological contact2. The first, the client, is experiencing incongruency, is
vulnerable and anxious3. The second person, the therapist, is congruent or
integrated in the relationship4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard
or real caring for the client5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client’s
internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client
6. The client perceives, to a minimal degree, this unconditional positive and imperfect understanding by the therapist.
3. THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
Therapeutic Process1.The therapist does not attempt to
solve the problem2.The therapist trusts the actualising
tendency of the client3.Through a trusting relationship
where they are understood and accepted, the actualising tendency motivates the person towards health
Therapeutic Process
4. It is a collaborative relationship: the therapist and client on a therapeutic journey together5. The therapist communicates empathy, Checks understanding with the client, and in the process discloses a non-judgemental attitude.
Person Centred therapy in action• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ew8CAr1v48M• 5min
4. EVALUATION OF HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Strengths • The greatest strength has been
attention to the therapeutic relationship• The relationship is the curative factor in
and of itself• Diagnostic categories become a
description of dis-ease• The introduction of concept of the client
rather than patient
Weaknesses• Overly focused on the therapy relationship excludes
other factors that may cause psychological distress• The theory separates and isolates individual from
society: the individual can heal himself?• The assumption that disturbances are the result of
individual's personal history rather than their social context: e.g. Poverty, oppression, racism etc
• "pitfall of reducing the political to the person" Chantler
• It is dependent upon the ability and talent of individual practitioner fufilling the core conditions. There are no techniques or interventions to fall back on.
5. NEW DEVELOPMENTS
http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx
Positive psychology• Positive psychology is a recent branch of
psychology whose purpose was summed up in 2000 by Martin Seligman
• "We believe that a psychology of positive human functioning will arise that achieves a scientific understanding and effective interventions to build thriving in individuals, families, and communities.“
• Positive psychologists seek "to find and nurture genius and talent", and "to make normal life more fulfilling", not simply to treat mental illness
3 Areas of Positive psychology
1. Pleasant Life, or the "life of enjoyment“: how people optimally experience positive feelings and emotions of normal and healthy living (e.g. relationships, hobbies, interests, entertainment, etc.).
2. The Good Life, or the "life of engagement“: the beneficial affects of individuals feel when optimally engaged with their primary activities: when there is a positive match between a person's strength and the task they are doing
3 Areas of Positive psychology
3. The Meaningful Life, or "life of affiliation“: individuals derive a positive sense of well-being, belonging, meaning, and purpose from being part of and contributing back to something larger and more permanent than themselves (e.g. nature, social groups, organizations, movements, traditions, belief systems).
Positive Psychology Website
•http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/
Readings & Resources1. McLeod J. (2009) An Introduction to Counselling. Chap 62. Corey, G. (2009) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Chap 73. Colledge, R (2002) Mastering Counselling. Chap 5 & 9.4. Dryden, W ( 2007) Dryden’s Handbook of Individual therapy (5th ed). Chap 65. Cave, S (1999) Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology, chap 6Advanced Reading1. Rogers (1961) On Becoming a Person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy2. Kirschenbaum & Hendersonn (1990) The Carl Rogers Reader. 3. Wilkins (2010) Person-centred Therapy: 100 key points4. Feltham ( 2010) Chap 1 the pros and cons of UPR; chap 24 Limitations of person centred approach; chap 43 is counselling non directive and value free?5.Dryden (2007) chap 6 , 9,