Lecture 4

Organisational Information Systems

(Unit 2)

Transaction processing systems (TPS)

Sandeep and Ashwini• Good introduction

• Benefits to organisations

• Drawbacks

Starts with an example which demonstrates what transaction processing is

Decision Support Systems

Eric, Sravanthi, Phalgun, Pratik

Starts with the history, different types, benefits, gives a snap shopt of an interface toa DSS.

Decision Support Systems

Kolitha, Caroline, and Thet

A very good definiton, some of the components, different problem types, different types, analytical capabilities

Something missing in both are examples.

DSS support management decision making by integrating:

• Company performance data

• Business rules based on decision tables

• Analytical tools and models for forecasting and planning

Decision Models

• Statistical Models

• Financial and Accounting Models

• Production Models

• Marketing Models

• Human Resource Models

Summary statistics, trend projections, hypothesis testing, etc.

Cash flow, internal rate of return, other investment analysis

Examples of Model driven DSS

• Voyage estimating system, Chapter 2, pages 46

• DaimlerChrysler’s transportation efficiency support system, Chapter 13, pp 457-8

Updated

Data driven DSS

• Make use of OLAP and data mining to extract useful information.

• With OLAP uses need to have a good idea of what information they are looking for.

• OLAP allows data to be viewed from different perspectives, i.e. the same data is viewed in different ways using multiple dimensions.

Data driven DSS

• Data mining is more discovery driven.

• Finds hidden patterns and relationships.

• Data mining can yield associations, sequences, classifications, clusters, and forecasts.

The DSS used in Harrah’s hotel, page 466 of Laudon and Laudon.

A number of examples are given in Laudon and Laudon, pp 471-474

Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)

• Computer-based systems that enhance group decision making and improve the flow of information among group members.

Some of the common additional features:

• Electronic questionnaires

• Electronic brainstorming tools

• Idea organisers

• Voting tools

GDSS Alternatives

[Figure 10.14]

Stair & Raynolds

Decision Room

– Decision makers are located in the same building or geographic area.

– Decision makers are occasional users of the GDSS approach.

Decision room alternative

Stair & Raynolds

Local Decision network

Schultheis & Sumner

Teleconferencing alternative

GDSS Alternatives

-Location of group members is distant.

-Decision frequency is low.

-Group meetings at different locations are tied together

Teleconferencing

video cameras

chairs

table

terminals

public screen

Robert Schulthesis and Mary SumnerSchultheis & Sumner

Wide area decision network

– Location of group members is geographically remote.

– Decision frequency is high.

– Virtual workgroups• Groups of workers located

around the world working on common problems via a GDSS

Wide area decision network

Stair & Raynolds

The Executive Support System

• Gajendran – given a text description, introduction, characteristics, benefits and drawbacks

• Khaled, – similar, only the benefits and drawback

• Avanish, sumit, Ahmed, bankie

The Executive Support System (ESS)

• An IS that is focused on meeting the strategic needs of the organisation

• Designed explicitly for the purposes of senior management

• Used by senior management without technical intermediaries Easy to use, easy to learn

• Use state-of-the-art integrated graphics, text, and communication technology

Web browsing, e-mail, groupware tools, DSS and Expert System capabilities

• Also known as an Executive Information System (EIS)

The Executive Support System (ESS)

• Require a greater proportion of information from outside the business

Competitors, government, trade associations, consultants, etc.

• Are linked with value added business processes

ESS Support:• defining an overall vision

• strategic planning

• strategic organising and staffing

• strategic control

• crisis management

Laudon and Laudon, pp480-482, for examples

Intelligent Support Systems

• Systems that augment a manager’s intelligence and expertise – Expert Systems (ES)

– Artificial intelligence• Natural Language processing• Neural networks• Fuzzy Logic• Intelligent agents

Artificial Intelligence

Cognitive Science Applications

Robotics Applications

Natural Interface Applications

Expert systems Learning systems Fuzzy Logic Genetic Algorithms Neural Networks Intelligent Agents

Visual perception Tactility Dexterity Locomotion Navigation

Natural languages Speech recognition Multisensory interfaces Virtual reality

The major application areas of AI (O’Brien, 2002:223)

Expert Systems

Knowledge Based Information System (KBIS)

Expert System (ES):–A KBIS that uses its knowledge about a specific area to act as an expert consultant to the end user

Expert Systems

Mmayuran, Praveen, Ajay, Srujan –Covers all important aspectsPlenty of examples

USER

IF… and IF … and IF … and IF … THEN

QUERY

EXPERT ADVICE

Inference Engine

INPUT

OUTPUT

User Interface Programs

User Interface Programs

Expert System Software

Fact… Fact… Realtionship … Fact … Realtionship … Realtionship …

Knowledge Base

Expert System

Knowledge Acquisition programme

Knowledge Engineering

THE EXPERT and/or THE KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER

Expert System Development

Components of an Expert System, and the components involved in building the knowledge base.

(Adapted from O’Brien (2004:293) and Oz(2006:333))

Whale Watcher

http://www.aiinc.ca/demos/whale.html

Expert Systems Applications in Business

Chapter 11, Minicase 2, Page 501-502 of Turban etal.

Pages 438-439, Laudon and Laudon

http://www.exsys.com/exsys.html - Case Studies

Expert Systems Applications in Business

CLUES (Countrywide’s Loan Underwriting Expert Systems)

Intelligent help desk - IBM, Microsoft, Compaq

CADS (Consumer Appliance Diagnostic System) - Whirlpool

Web-based Expert Systems

Disseminating knowledge and expertise

Transferring ESs over the Net to human users and other computerised systems

Also supports the spread of multimedia-based ES (intellimedia systems)

Executive support systems

(ESS)

Decision support systems

(DSS)

Management Information

systems (MIS)

Transaction processing

systems (TPS)

Knowledge systems (ES and office systems)

Laudon & Laudon, p47