Breast Milk IgA ( a type of antibody) and monocytes.
Colostrum contains bifidus factors, antibodies that protect the
newborn gastrointestinal tract.
IgG a type of antibody that is transplacental and protects the
infant up to 3 months.
4. C. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Immunity provided by vaccination.
Examples include:
(DTP) Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis
(MMR) Measles Mumps Rubella
Polio
(HIB) Haemophilus Influenzae type B
Chicken Pox
(HBV) Hepatitus B Virus
5. D. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY
The method of collecting IgG from an infected immune person,
and transferring this immunity to an unprotected person. Sometimes
given to infants who are not producing enough antibodies.
GA sp07
6.
7. II. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
A. PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Bone Marrow hematopoietic stem cells produce leukocytes,
thrombocytes, and erythrocytes.
Thymus specialized lymphocytes called T- cells are made in this
glandular structure present in young vertebrates at the base of the
neck.
8.
9.
10. Formation of B and T Cells
11. B. SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Lymph nodes hundreds of small finger tip sized structures that
contain lymph. Loaded with T cells and Follicular Dendritic
Cells.
Spleen mostly B cells. Recovers materials from old
erythrocytes.
Liver mostly fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells)
Adenoids and Tonsils mostly B cells
12.
13. Bovine lymph node
14. Spleen
15. Kupffer cells (phagocytes in the liver)
16. Kupffer cells phagocytizing ink (Rabbit liver) Central vein
Hepatic or Liver cells Kupffer cell GA F 07
17. Tonsils / Adenoids They in effect act as lymph nodes
capturing microbes and processing them.
18.
Humoral Immunity
Definition - the production of specific antibodies against
foreign cells or substances.
19. B. What is antibody?
Antibody is produced in response to antigens. Antibody (
immunoglobulin ) protects against bacteria, exotoxins and viruses.
Antibody is circulating in blood plasma, lymph or mucus.
20. C. What is the main function of antibody?
1. To neutralize viruses and toxins
2. To agglutinate and prevent adherance of bacteria
3. To enhance phagocytosis (opsonization)
4. To activate complement (most notably, C3a for inflammation,
C3b to enhance phagocytosis and C5a for chemotaxis.
21. GA sp6
22. D. The Five Classes of Antibodies
1. IgG gamma globulin, 75% of all antibody in blood.
Responsible for secondary immune response. Variety of
functions.
2. IgM 10% of antibody in blood. Responsible for primary immune
response. Pentamer in structure. Effective at clumping
antigen.
3. IgA 15% of antibody in blood. Effective in secretions with
lysozyme. Found in mucus, colostrum, tears and saliva.
4. IgD- < 1% in blood. Found on surface of B cells. Triggers
humoral immunity.