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7/25/2019 Lecture-4_Energy Efficiency in Buildings
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2Energy Use in Buildings
How to use Energy Efficiently?
Daylighting and Solar Techniques
AR L2418 DESIGN OF GREEN BUILDINGS
A lecture by Ar. Sachin Harry
5Cooling Techniques
1What is ‘Energy’ & ‘Efficiency’?
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
•• What is Energy?What is Energy?
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but can be transformed from oneform to another.
• Energy sources are –
– Renewable and Non-Renewable
– Non-Renewable sources cause pollution
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
•• What is Efficiency?What is Efficiency?• CAMBRIDGE Advanced Learners’ Dictionary states –
• when someone or something uses time and
energy well, without wasting any.
• SPECIALIZED the difference between the amountof energy that is put into a machine in the
form of fuel, effort, etc. and the amount that
comes out of it in the form of movement.
ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGSENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS
• An estimated two-thirds of the commercial and
high-rise residential structures that will be
standing in India in 2030 have yet to be built*.
• Buildings already consume 30% of India’s energy.
• That puts India at a critical juncture as it seeks
new ways to power its growing economy, and
resolve its existing, chronic energy shortages.
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ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGSENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS
• The Indian government is looking for answers
everywhere, planning hundreds of new coal-fired
power plants, nuclear power plants*, hydroelectric
dams, and expanding solar power^ and other
renewable energy sources~.
• But the cheapest, cleanest, and fastest way for India tobring power to people who need it is energy efficiencyenergy efficiency.
• According to McKinsey & Company, India can save $42
billion every year just by reducing energy waste in
buildings.
ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGSENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS
40%
30%
30%
Distribution of Energy Use in Buildings
Electric Lighting Heating and Cooling Other
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ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGSENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS
HOW TO USE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY?HOW TO USE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY?
•• Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency is “using less energy to
provide the same service”.
• Major use of energy in buildings are through
Lighting, Heating and Cooling.• Therefore, in order to use energy efficiently it
is important to design the building climate
responsive and also incorporate new as well
as time-tested solar techniques.
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HOW TO USE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY?HOW TO USE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY?
• Some passive design strategies has to be adopted to
optimise building design that controls heat gain and
allows maximum natural light –
– Optimum orientation;
– Internal space arrangement (thermal buffer zone);
– Allocation of building openings (least insolation*);
– Sizing of openings (limitation of window-wall-ratio and
skylight-roof-ratio);
– Appropriate shading design (facade shading and
fenestration shading); and
– Adequate daylighting.
* Insolation= Incident Solar Radiation
• Energy Efficiency in buildings –
– Daylighting
– Solar techniques
• Active Solar
• Passive Solar
– Cooling Techniques
• Active Cooling
• Passive Cooling
HOW TO USE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY?HOW TO USE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY?
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DAYLIGHTINGDAYLIGHTINGThe daylighted area is the daylight
illuminated floor area under horizontal
fenestration (skylight) or adjacent to
vertical fenestration (window).
BASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESBASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
1. Orientation
– For daylighting,
• when winter heat
is desirable, use
south-facing
glazing.
• when winter heat
not desirable, usenorth-facing
glazing.
• without summer
overheating or
severe glare,
avoid east and
west glazing.
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BASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESBASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
CLERESTORY
2. Lighting through the roof – Except for the use of light wells, only one storey or the top floor of multi-
storey buildings can use overhead openings.
– Advantages
• Uniform illumination over very large interior areas, while windows it ’s 15 ft. limit.
• Horizontal openings receive more light than vertical openings.
– Disadvantages• It can trap heat in summers.
• Shading horizontal openings is more difficult than vertical openings.
BASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESBASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES2. Lighting through the roof
– Therefore, it’s more appropriate to use vertical
openings on the roof in the form of clerestory
windows, monitors, or saw tooth arrangements.
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3. Form
– The form of the
building not only
determines the mix of
vertical and horizontal
openings that is
possible, but also how
much of the floor areawill have access to
daylighting.
BASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESBASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
BASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESBASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES4. Space Planning
– Open space planning is
very advantageous for
bringing light to the
interior.
– Glass partitions can furnish
acoustical privacy without
blocking the light.
– When visual privacy is also
needed, venetian blinds or
translucent materials could
be used.
– Alternatively, the
partitions can have glass
above eye level only.
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BASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESBASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
5. Colour
– Light coloured facades
are important not only
to reduce heat gain but
also to increase the
availability of daylight.
– Light coloured interiors
will not only reflectlight farther into the
building, but also
diffuse it to reduce
dark shadows, glare,
and excessive
brightness ratios.
BASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIESBASIC DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
6. View and Daylighting
– Use separate openings for view and daylighting.
– Use high windows, clerestories, or skylights for excellent
daylighting, and use low windows at eye level for view.
– High glazing should be clear or spectrally selective to maximise
daylight.
– The view glazing can be tinted or reflective to control heat gain.
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BASIC WINDOW STRATEGIESBASIC WINDOW STRATEGIES
• Guidelines –
– Windows should be high on the wall, widely
distributed, and of optimum area.
– If possible, place windows on more than one wall.
– Place windows adjacent to interior walls.
– Splay walls to reduce the contrast between windows
and walls.
– Filter daylight by using trees or by trellises* and
screens.
– Shade windows from excess sunlight in summer.
– Use movable shades.* a light frame made of bars of wood or metal crossed over each other, fixed to a wall for plants to grow up.
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SOLAR TECHNIQUESSOLAR TECHNIQUES
• Active Solar Techniques include –
– Solar electricity,
– Solar water heating
• Passive Solar techniques include –
– Direct gain (Greenhouse),
– Indirect gain (Trombe Wall), and
– Combination of the both (Sunspace, Conservatory)
PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUESPASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUES
Greenhouse effect in buildings
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PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUESPASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUES
Trombe Wall
PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUESPASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUES
Sunspace
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PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUESPASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUES
Conservatory
PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUESPASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUES
Conservatory
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PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUESPASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUES
Conservatory
PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUESPASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQUES
Conservatory
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COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
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COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
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COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect)
COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect)
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COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect)
– Evaporative Cooling• Direct (Desert coolers)
• Indirect (Roof ponds)
COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect) – Evaporative Cooling
• Direct (Desert coolers)
• Indirect (Roof ponds)
Evaporative coolers
(swamp coolers)
Indirect Evaporative Cooling(Roof Pond)
Wind Tower
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COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect)
– Evaporative Cooling• Direct (Desert coolers)
• Indirect (Roof ponds)
– Stack Effect (Solar Chimney)
COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect) – Evaporative Cooling
• Direct (Desert coolers)
• Indirect (Roof ponds)
– Stack Effect (Solar Chimney)
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COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect)
– Evaporative Cooling• Direct (Desert coolers)
• Indirect (Roof ponds)
– Stack Effect (Solar Chimney)
– Earth Cooling (Earth sheltering, Earth Tunnels)
COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect) – Evaporative Cooling
• Direct (Desert coolers)
• Indirect (Roof ponds)
– Stack Effect (Solar Chimney)
– Earth Cooling (Earth sheltering, Earth Tunnels)
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COOLING TECHNIQUESCOOLING TECHNIQUES
• Passive Cooling techniques include –
– Cooling with ventilation
• Hot & Dry Climate (Wind scoops, Wind towers, “Mashrabiya”, Small and
Deep courtyards, high mass walls, etc.)
• Warm & Humid Climate (Large windows, Large overhangs, High ceilings,
Low mass walls, Large and shallow courtyards, Deep verandahs, etc.)
– Radiant Cooling (Roof Insulation – Direct & Indirect)
– Evaporative Cooling• Direct (Desert coolers)
• Indirect (Roof ponds)
– Stack Effect (Solar Chimney)
– Earth Cooling (Earth sheltering, Earth Tunnels)
– Dehumidification with a ‘Desiccant’ (Drying agent like silica gel, natural
zeolite, calcium chloride, etc.)
THOUGHT FOR THE DAYTHOUGHT FOR THE DAY
BE GENEROUS AND SHAREBE GENEROUS AND SHARE
YOUR FOOD WITH THE POOR.YOUR FOOD WITH THE POOR.
YOU WILL BE BLESSED FOR ITYOU WILL BE BLESSED FOR IT..
-- PROVERBS 22:9, THE HOLY BIBLEPROVERBS 22:9, THE HOLY BIBLE
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Go Green…
Save our planet