Date post: | 13-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | alexandrina-mason |
View: | 215 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Lecture #5 - Anatomical Structure of Softwoods, part I
Forestry 280Iowa State University
Cross-Section of Eastern White Pine
Cell Types of Coniferous WoodsLongitudinal Cells
Tracheids – Tracheids conduct water/solutes and provide mechanical support.
Two Types: Longitudinal
Tracheids Strand Tracheids
XS
Radial Section (RS)
Longitudinal Tracheids (LTs) Elongated cells with
thickened walls and tapering, pointed ends
Closed at the ends, i.e., are “imperforate” as opposed to the vessel elements found in hardwoods.
Side walls of tracheids contain pits.
Longitudinal Tracheids, continued
Mature-wood softwood tracheids are typically between 3-5 mm long and have a l/d ratio of about 100; thus, the average diameter of such cells would be 30-50 micrometers in (tangential) diameter.
The radial diameter of LTs decreases from earlywood to latewood.
LTs typically comprise 90 to 94% of softwood volume.
Strand Tracheids (STs)
Strand tracheids are short cells that are arranged in longitudinal strings or “strands”
STs have one or two “square ends”
They contain bordered pits. They are usually found near a resin canal.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma conduct and store food and other substances. Longitudinal Parenchyma Epithelial Cells
Longitudinal Parenchyma Relatively thin-walled
cells Have simple pits Form strands with
tapered ends May contain darkly
staining substances When present,
longitudinal parenchyma are not abundant.
Epithelial Cells Epithelial cells form
the periphery of a structure called a resin canal (RC)
May be thin- or thick-walled
Collectively, they are called “epithelium”
They excrete resin into the RC
Epithelial Cells, continued “Normal” resin canals are found in four
domestic genera, namely Pinus (pines), Picea (spruces), Larix (larches), and Pseudotsuga (Douglas fir)
“Traumatic” resin canals (i.e., those arising in response to an injury to the tree) may be found in these and other coniferous genera. Longitudinal only.
Transverse Cells Ray Tracheids Ray Parenchyma Epithelial cells
Transverse Section of Sugar Pine
Ray Tracheids Have bordered pits Relatively thick-
walled cells Interior walls are
either smooth or dentate
Not universally present (i.e., not found in all genera).
Ray Parenchyma Universally present
in all genera Have simple pits Generally thin-
walled, but some may have relatively thick, lignified walls
End-walls may be smooth, nodular or indentured
Epithelial Cells These surround
transverse resin canals
May be thin- or thick-walled
Are part of a composite structure known as a “fusiform ray”