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FOUNDATIONS OF RATIO AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Free Cash flow Valuation• It is a measure of financial
performance calculated as operating cash flow minus capital expenditures.
• Free cash flow (FCF) is actually the cash that a company is able to generate after laying
out the money required to maintain or expand its asset base. It allows a company to
work on opportunities that enhance shareholder value.
Free Cash flow Valuation• Cash is the sole resources to develop new
products, make acquisitions, retire debt, announce dividends etc
• FCF is calculated as: • EBIT(1-Tax Rate) + Depreciation & Amortization -
Change in Net Working Capital - Capital Expenditure
• It can also be calculated by taking operating cash flow and subtracting capital expenditures.
Ratio analysis
• Ratio analysis: Comparative measurement of risk and return, facilitating intelligent investment and credit decisions. It is simply the quantitative analysis of the financial statements information.
• Focus of users: minimize risk, ensure that resources are available to assure payment of interest and principal obligations.
RATIOS: CAUTIONARY NOTES• Economic assumptions: eliminate size
differences across firms and over time• Benchmarks: just useful for intra-industry
analysis but not for inter-industry analysis• Timing and window dressing• Negative numbers• Accounting methods: accounting methods
can affect income and balance sheet accounts
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
• Describe the relationship between the firm’s level of operations and the assets needed to sustain the activity.
• Higher ratio more efficient the firm’s operations
• Used to forecast a firm’s capital requirements and to assess the firm’s ability to acquire the assets needed to sustain the forecasted growth.
COMPONENTS
• Short term activity ratios• Long term activity ratios
SHORT TERM ACTIVITY RATIOS
inventory Average
sold goods ofCost urnoverInventoryt
• The inventory turnover ratio
• The average number of days inventory
turnoverInventory
360 tockventoryinsberofdayinAveragenum
sreceivable Average
Sales Re urnoverceivablest
turnoversreceivable
360 tan dingareoutseceivablesberofdaysraveragenum
• The receivable turnover ratio
• The average numbers of days that receivables are outstanding
• The working capital turnover ratio
capital workingaverage
sales eritalturnovworkingcap
payables tradeAverage
Purchases rnoverPayablestu
ratio turnover Payables
360 esysofpayablNumberofda
LONG TERM INVESTMENT ACTIVITY RATIOS
assets totalAverage
Sales turnoverTotalasset
Fixed asset turnover = SALES / AVERAGE NET FIXED ASSETS
• SaleSale
• Fixed asset turnover = -------------------------------------Fixed asset turnover = -------------------------------------
• Average net fixed assetsAverage net fixed assets
• SaleSale
• Fixed asset turnover = -------------------------------------Fixed asset turnover = -------------------------------------
• Average net fixed assetsAverage net fixed assets
LIQUIDITY ANALYSIS
• Is used by short term lenders such as suppliers and creditors to assess the risk level and ability of a firm to meet its current obligations.
5 CATEGORIES OF CURRENT ASSETS
4
5
•Inventories
•Prepaid expenses
3 CATEGORIES OF CURRENT LIABILITIES
• Current assets
• Current ratio = -------------------------
• Current liabilities
• Current assets
• Current ratio = -------------------------
• Current liabilities
WORKING CAPITAL RATIOS
Current assets - InventoriesQuick ratio = ------------------------------------- Current liabilities
Current assets - InventoriesQuick ratio = ------------------------------------- Current liabilities
• Cash + Marketable securities
• Cash ratio = -------------------------------------
• Current liabilities
• Cash + Marketable securities
• Cash ratio = -------------------------------------
• Current liabilities
• Cash flow from Cash flow from operations
• operation ratio = -------------------------------------
• Current liabilities
• Cash flow from Cash flow from operations
• operation ratio = -------------------------------------
• Current liabilities
LONG TERM DEBT AND SOLVENCY ANALYSIS
• Examines the firm’s capital structure in terms of the mix of its financing sources
• Examines the ability of the firm to satisfy its longer term debt and investment obligations.
COMPONENTS
1. Debt ratios2. Interest Coverage Ratios
CAPITALIZATION TABLE AND DEBT RATIOS
Total debt
• Debt to total capital = -------------------------------------
Total capital
or equivalent
Total debt
• Debt to equity = -------------------------------------
Total equity
Total debt
• Debt to total capital = -------------------------------------
Total capital
or equivalent
Total debt
• Debt to equity = -------------------------------------
Total equity
INTEREST COVERAGE RATIOS
EBIT
• Times interest earned = --------------------------
• Interest expense
EBIT
• Times interest earned = --------------------------
• Interest expense
Earnings before fixed charges
and taxes
• Fixed charge coverage = -----------------------------
• Fixed charges
Earnings before fixed charges
and taxes
• Fixed charge coverage = -----------------------------
• Fixed charges
Average total assets
• Financial leverage = ----------------------------------
• Average total equity
Average total assets
• Financial leverage = ----------------------------------
• Average total equity
PROFITABLITY ANALYSIS
• Measures the net income of the firm relative to its revenue and capital
• Gross profit = Net sales – COGS• Operating profits = earnings before interest
and taxes or EBIT• Net income = earnings after taxes but before
dividends• Total capital = long term debt + short term
debt + common and preferred equity• Total capital = total assets
Net income
• Net profit margin = ----------------------------
Revenue
Net income
• Net profit margin = ----------------------------
Revenue
Gross profit
• Gross profit margin = ----------------------------
Revenue
Gross profit
• Gross profit margin = ----------------------------
Revenue
EBT
• ROS = -------------------------------------
Sales
EBT
• ROS = -------------------------------------
Sales
EBT
• ROA= -------------------------------------
Average total assets
EBT
• ROA= -------------------------------------
Average total assets
EBT
• ROE = -------------------------------------
Average total equity
• ( Return on Equity)
EBT
• ROE = -------------------------------------
Average total equity
• ( Return on Equity)
DUPONT SYSTEM OF ANALYSIS
• Be used to analyze return on equity (ROE)• Uses basic algebra to break down ROE into a
function of different ratios analyst can see the impact of leverage, profit margins, turnover on shareholder returns.
ROE
ROE = (net profit margin) x (asset turnover )x (leverage ratio)
= (net income / sale) x ( sale/ assets) x (assets / equity)
ROE = (net profit margin) x (asset turnover )x (leverage ratio)
= (net income / sale) x ( sale/ assets) x (assets / equity)