Lecture 7 Design for Sustainability

8/14/2019 Lecture 7 Design for Sustainability

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Design for Sustainability


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Design for

Sustainability

Designing to improve the quality of life

today, without compromising the quality of

life of tomorrow


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Importance of Design

for SustainabilityDesign for Sustainability aims:

to take all global and regional socio-economic

concerns into account in products and services,

meeting the needs of society now and in the future,moving from a product to a service oriented

system.

In order to design sustainable products and

services, innovation, creativity and new ideas are

required by designers.


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Repair -> Rethink

Adapted from:

[Thompson and

Sherwin, 2001]

Sustainability

Benefits


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Using Recycled Materials

Using recycled materials instead of virgin materialssignificantly reduces the environmental impact of aproduct.

Guidelines for designing with recycled plastics:

Specify thicker walls or features that enhancerigidity in a design where increased strength mustcompensate for reduced strength in material.

Select applications where color is not critical whenrecycled plastics come with a variety of colorants.Additional colorants may mask the original color ofthe material.


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Design for Recyclability

Product design can make a significant contribution

to recyclability. Use materials which can be easilyrecycled.

Reduce the quantity of different types of materials. Select materials that are in mutually compatible

groups, e.g. for plastics ABS, PET or PVC To aid recycling, avoid materials which are difficult

to separate such as laminates, fire-retardants andfiberglass reinforcements.

Avoid polluting elements such as stickers thatinterfere with recycling, or glues.


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Design for DisassemblyTo ensure easy accessibility for inspection, cleaning,

repair and replacement of vulnerable/sensitive sub-assemblies or parts.

Use fasteners such as snap, screws/smart screws

or bayonet, instead of welded, glued or soldered

connections.

Position joints so that the product does not need to

be turned or moved for dismantling.

Indicate on the product how it should be opened non-

destructively, e.g., where and how to apply leveragewith a screwdriver to o en sna connections.


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Design for Light-weight This strategy focuses on optimising the volume

and weight of materials so less energy is usedduring production, transport and storage.

Products are often deliberately designed to beheavy or large in order to project a quality image.

For Example:

Use reinforcing ribs instead of using thick-walledcomponents.

Reduce the volume in transportation: Considerfoldable or stackable designs and final productassembly at the retail location or by the end-user.


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Re-manufacture &

Re-furbishing Considerations Design a modular product structure so that each

module can be detached and re-manufactured inthe most suitable way.

Design parts/components to facilitate ease ofcleaning/repair and retrofitting prior to re-use.

Indicate parts/components that must be lubricatedor maintained in a specific way through color

coding or integral labels. Consider the tooling requirements for re-manufacturing in the physical design ofparts/components.


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Life Cycle Assessment


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What is LCA It is a technique used for the evaluation of the

environmental/ecological impact during all thestages of a products life.

It involves:

Design and functionality of the Product

The extraction and processing of materials

The processes used in manufacturing

Packaging and distribution

How the product is used Recycling, reuse and disposal


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Where & Why is LCA used?

Designers use LCA in the development stages Used by manufacturers at production stage

Used to re-design/ re-engineer existing products

Used in the comparative analysis of products

Reduce costs throughout a life-cycle

Improve efficiency

Reduce environmental impact

Compliance with environmental legislation

Product Marketing (eco-labelling)


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Energy/Eco Labels

examples

The Flower is the symbol of

the European Eco-label, and is

a guide to greener products

and services.

Washing

Machine


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Relationship of Activities

Activities

Activities(Product design,

manufacture

and use)

Energy

(total LC)

Raw materials

Wastes

(material,

emissions

etc.)


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Stages in PLC

Block diagram of PLC activities

Energy Raw

materials

Chain

Supply

Materials

production

Product

manufacture

Product

in use

Product

end of life

ReuseRecycleDisposal

Product

Design


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Scope of a LCA

From www.envirowise.co.uk
http://www.envirowise.co.uk/


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Stages of a LCA

Identify and Quantify the environmental loads(energy and raw materials used, and emissions

and wastes consequently released).

Assess and evaluate their potential impacts.

Assess the opportunities available to bringabout improvements.


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Elements in a LCA

Goal & Scope

Definition

Inventory

Analysis

Impact

Assessment

Interpretation


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LCA Elements Explained

Purpose & System Boundaries

What Product is the LCA going to deal with?

Single Product or Product Comparison?

Any impinging criteria e.g. Quality Concerns?

Goal & Scope

Definition

Energy & Materials (inputs)

Waste & Emissions (outputs)

A listing of the quantities of all the above

areas over the entire life-cycle, from cradle to

grave.

InventoryAnalysis


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LCA Elements Explained

Classification, Characterisation & Valuation

What is the significance of potential

environmental impacts?

An iterative process of reviewing goals andscope determining if objectives are been met.

Impact

Assessment

Interpretation

Conclusions & Recommendations

What is the significance of potential

environmental impacts?

Must be consistent with the goal of the study.


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Use less material

Use materials with less environmental impact

Use fewer resources

Produce less pollution and waste

Reduce the impacts of distribution

Optimise functionality and service life

Make re-use and recycling easier

Reduce the environmental impact of disposal

Key environmental considerations


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Create a list of all the materials used

Look at the environmental impacts

of these materials

Identify alternatives

- use fewer materials

-only use materials that can berecycled

- use materials containing recyclates

- obtain from more sustainable sources

- talk to suppliers/customers

Examine the materials used in the

product


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Is the process energy

intensive?

Does it produce a lot of waste?

Are natural resources (eg water

and fossil fuels) used?

Can resource use be reduced?

How is the product manufactured?


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Talk to consumers to find out if they

have developed product habits

Do customers feel that anycomponents or functions are

unnecessary?

How is the product used?


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Does the product typically go to landfill?

Could the recycling potential be increased?

- material selection- stamping and labelling

Can modules or parts be re-used?

Service potential

What happens at the end of the

products life?


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Life Cycle of a Light Bulb

Available

World

Resources

Extraction

Exploration

Production

Processing

Glass

Plastic

Electronics

Aluminimum

Copper/ Brass

Steel

Mercury

Phospors

Energy

Other

Packaging

Energy

Emissions &

Waste

Pre-Production

Lamp

Manufacture

Energy

Emissions &

Waste

LAMP

Packaging

&

Transport

Energy

Emissions &

Waste

Production Distribution

Lighting Bulb

Incandescent

Tungsten Halogen

Compact fluorescent

Fluorescent Strip

Emissions &

Waste

Energy

Use

Disposal

Process

Disposal

Emissions &

Waste


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Pre-Production: Obtaining the raw materials from which the

various components that make up a light bulbare manufactured.

The Manufacture of Components. The transport to the manufacturing site.

Production:

Further processing of materials and theassembly of components to produce the finishedlight bulb.


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Distribution: The packaging of the light bulb and theirtransport from the place of manufacture toretail outlets.

Utilization: The use of the light bulb in domestic or

commercial settings to provide light.

Disposal: The throwing away of the light bulb at the endof its life.


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From carrying out the LCA of a Light Bulb it hasbeen identified that the greatest environmental

impact comes from the Utilization phase.

The Disposal phase of a Light Bulb is restricted

as it cannot easily be reused or recycled.

Could it be possible to repair/ reuse Light Bulbs?

The major environmental impact arises from theIn Use stage of a Light Bulb.


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LCA ConclusionsProduct Life Cycle Analysis:

Evaluates the environmental + ecological impact

during all the stages of a products life cycle

It becomes obvious that the greatest influence

on the life cycle energy usage is at the designstage of a product

Forward planning at the design stage will

reduce the environmental impact of the product.At this stage 70/80% of costs are determined.

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Lecture 7 Design for Sustainability

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