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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
History of Architecture-II (AP-313)
REGIONALISM in INDIA&
SEARCH FOR INDIAN-NESS
LECTURE 7
Nipesh P Narayanan
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
WHAT IS REGIONALISM?
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BERNARD RUDOFSKY ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS
• 1964– Exhibition at MoMA (NY)
– Revival/ curiosity of vernacular– Appreciation for understanding the vernacular
Hyderabad, Pakistan
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
PAUL OLIVER SHELTER SIGN & SYMBOL
“Cultivated the theoretical grounds of Vernacular Architecture”
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1977
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
HASSAN FATHY VERNACULAR PRACTICE
“Fathy devoted more than half a century of his professional life to bringing back to the vernacular mode building tradition endangered by extinction due to the massive post war building activity”
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Mosque, Luxor, Egypt (1948)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
HASSAN FATHY VERNACULAR PRACTICE
Craterre International Centre On Earthen Architecture (1984)
Development Workshop (1973)
ADAUA Association pour le Développement d'une Architecture et d'un Urbanisme Africains (1975)
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM – TOURISM & CULTURE
• Modern Comfort
• Traitional Craft
Modernism/Internationalism Vs Regionalism
“The polarity between internationalism which demands a global relevance for its existence and regionalism which seeks meaning and
content under specific local conditions”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
HOW TO DEFINE AN ARCHITECTURE FOR INDIA?
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
SYMBOLIC CLEANSING OF COLONIAL IDENTITY
Renaming RoadsRemoval of Statues
Napoleon V to MKG
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
SYMBOLIC CLEANSING OF COLONIAL IDENTITY
Renaming RoadsRemoval of Statues
King George V
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – HOW?
• Post-Independence India– Nehruvian vision of a modern India
• Modernism in India– Le Corbusier, Otto Königsberger etc.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
• Mahatma Gandhi– Romance of the village– “India lives in its villages”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
• Mahatma Gandhi– Romance of the village– “India lives in its villages”
• Revival of literature– Sanskrit and the Vedas
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
• Mahatma Gandhi– Romance of the village– “India lives in its villages”
• Revival of literature– Sanskrit and the Vedas
• Nehruvian Nation building – Glory to the past to revive the spirit
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM – IN INDIA – Neo Traditionalism
• Study of Desert Cities– Jaisalmer
• Study of Spatial Qualities of Vernacular Buildings– Fatehpur Sikri
• Revival of Shilpaic Tradition– Craftsman’s active participation with architect
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
• Understanding the local building techniques and reinventing them
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – LAURIE BAKER
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – LAURIE BAKER
• Use of refined brick masonry• On-site Laying of buildings• Extensive mason interaction• Low Cost• Innovation
– Filler Slab– Rat Trap Bond
“ Proposition of a Gandhian life-style”
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
Concrete & Abstract*
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*REF: Suha Ózkan. Introduction: Regionalism within Modernism.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL
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Jaisalmer 1982 Asian Games Village
CONCRETE
Morphology
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL
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Jaisalmer 1982 Asian Games Village
CONCRETE
Terraces
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL
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Jaisalmer 1982 Asian Games Village
CONCRETE
Street
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
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Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
CONCRETE
Cluster
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
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Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
CONCRETE
Cluster
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
CONCRETE
Cluster
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REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
ABSTRACT
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REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
ABSTRACT
Space
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
ABSTRACT
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
ABSTRACT
Space
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
WHAT IS INDIAN ARCHITECTURE?
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)
– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure– 2nd – Industrial Development
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)
– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure– 2nd – Industrial Development
• Modernizing India– Technical & Higher Education
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)
– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure– 2nd – Industrial Development
• Modernizing India– Technical & Higher Education
“We were all impregnated with opportunities that lay ahead, and with the idea that not only could you shape that form of the physical environment, but also influence social life”
~ Joseph Stein
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration– Housing and Infrastructural needs
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration– Housing and Infrastructural needs
• Decentralized Industries– Industrial Towns
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration– Housing and Infrastructural needs
• Decentralized Industries– Industrial Towns
• Higher Education Policies– New Campuses
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration– Housing and Infrastructural needs
• Decentralized Industries– Industrial Towns
• Higher Education Policies– New Campuses
• Extended Bureaucracy – New Government offices – Institutional Interventions
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
THE GANDHI NEHRU DEBATE
Urban Vs Rural
The village as SELF-GOVERNING
NON-VIOLENTCASTE-LESS
Essentially a self sustaining entity
City as the epitome of modernizing India
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
SOCIALIST INDIA & PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE
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Vidhana Soudha, Karnataka (1956)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
SOCIALIST INDIA & PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE
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Rabindra Bhawan, Habib Rehman (1961)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS
American point four agricultural program got Albert Mayer, who helped do the first masterplan of Delhi.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
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RBI Calcutta, John A Ritchie (Australia)
BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
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TATA Centre, Calcutta, Holabird & Root (USA)
BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
• 1913 – JJ School of Architecture– Established in 1913, it was Asia's first architecture school
• 1941 - Department of Architecture of Delhi Polytechnic– School of Planning and Architecture Delhi
• 1945 - AICTE– All India Council for Technical Education, formed on RIBA
framework
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
• 1949 – Bengal School– 1952 Joseph Allen Stein (HOD)
• 1962 - CEPT– Center for Environmental Planning and Technology – B V Doshi
& Bernard Kohn– Christopher Alexander was a visiting faculty and work on
‘Pattern Language’ started by studying villages of India.
• 1972 – Piloo Mody & The Architects Act
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
WHAT IS THE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA?
• Modernists’ Search for an Appropriate Architecture– Chandigarh and Le Corbusier– First generation post-Independence Indian Modernists
• Joseph Allen Stein and Delhi Experiments– International yet Indian
• Architecture of the established firms/architects
• The Indian Mainstream
• Architecture of the informal
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
Le Corbusier and the Chandigarh Experiment
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MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
Le Corbusier and the Ahmadabad Association
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MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
First generation post-independence modernists - Doshi
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MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
First generation post-independence modernists - Doshi
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS
Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, IIC (1962)
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS
Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, Ford Foundation Office (1968)
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS
Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, Ford Foundation Office (1968)
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
• Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts– 1986
• Symbol of Modern India– Ambitions similar to that of Chandigarh– 200 entries from 46 different countries
• Ralph Lerner won the competition– Gautam Bhatia was placed 2nd
”From defining a new nation in 50s to
finding the spirit of India in 80s”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
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THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
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History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
REFERENCE
Suha Ózkan. Introduction: Regionalism within Modernism.
Jon Lang, Madhavi Desai, Miki Desai. 1997. Architecture and Independence. s.l. : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195639006.
Jon Lang. 2002. A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India. s.l. : Permanent Black Publishers. ISBN 8178240173.