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Lecture 7 1
Today, we are going to talk about:
Some bandpass modulation schemes used in DCS for transmitting information over channel M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM
How to detect the transmitted information at the receiver Coherent detection Non-coherent detection
Lecture 7 2
Block diagram of a DCS
FormatSourceencode
FormatSourcedecode
Channelencode
Pulsemodulate
Bandpassmodulate
Channeldecode
Demod. Sample
Detect
Channel
Digital modulation
Digital demodulation
3
Bandpass modulation
Bandpass modulation: The process of converting a data signal to a sinusoidal waveform where its amplitude, phase or frequency, or a combination of them, are varied in accordance with the transmitting data.
Bandpass signal:
where is the baseband pulse shape with energy . We assume here (otherwise will be stated):
is a rectangular pulse shape with unit energy. Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols. denotes average symbol energy given by
TtttitT
Etgts ic
iTi 0 )()1(cos
2)()(
)(tgT
)(tgT gE
sE
M
i is EM
E1
1
Lecture 7 4
Demodulation and detection
Demodulation: The receiver signal is converted to baseband, filtered and sampled.
Detection: Sampled values are used for detection using a decision rule such as the ML detection rule.
Nz
z
1
zT
0
)(1 t
T
0
)(tN)(tr
1z
Nz
z Decision circuits
(ML detector)m̂
Lecture 7 5
Coherent detection
Coherent detection requires carrier phase recovery at the
receiver and hence, circuits to perform phase estimation.
Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at the receiver: Propagation delay causes carrier-phase
offset in the received signal. The oscillators at the receiver which
generate the carrier signal, are not usually phased locked to the transmitted carrier.
Lecture 7 6
Bandpass Modulation Schemes
One dimensional waveforms Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-
PAM) Two dimensional waveforms
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) M-ary Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (M-QAM) Multidimensional waveforms
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK)
Lecture 7 7
One dimensional modulation, demodulation and detection
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation:
tT
Ets c
ii cos
2)(
cos2
)(
,,1 )()(
1
1
ii
c
ii
Ea
tT
t
Mitats
)(1 t1s2s
0 1E
“0” “1”
On-off keying (M=2):
Lecture 7 8
One dimensional mod.,…
M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (M-PAM)
tT
ats cii cos2
)(
gs
gii
gi
c
ii
EM
E
MiEE
EMia
tT
t
Mitats
3
)1(
12
)12(
cos2
)(
,,1 )()(
2
22
1
1
s
4-PAM:
)(1 t2s1s
0gE3
“00” “01”
4s3s“11” “10”
gEgE gE3
Lecture 7 9
Coherent detection of M-PAM
T
0
)(1 t
ML detector(Compare with M-1 thresholds)
)(tr 1zm̂
One dimensional mod.,...–cont’d
Lecture 7 10
Two dimensional modulation, demodulation and detection (M-
PSK) M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
M
it
T
Ets c
si
2cos
2)(
2
21
21
2211
2
sin 2
cos
sin2
)( cos2
)(
,,1 )( )()(
iis
sisi
cc
iii
EE
M
iEa
M
iEa
tT
ttT
t
Mitatats
s
Lecture 7 11
Two dimensional mod.,… (MPSK)
)(1 t
2s1s
bE
“0” “1”
bE
)(2 t
3s
7s
“110”)(1 t
4s 2ssE
“000”
)(2 t
6s 8s
1s
5s
“001”“011”
“010”
“101”
“111” “100”
)(1 t
2s 1s
sE
“00”
“11”
)(2 t
3s 4s“10”
“01”
QPSK (M=4)
BPSK (M=2)
8PSK (M=8)
Lecture 7 12
Two dimensional mod.,…(MPSK)
Coherent detection of MPSK
Compute Choose smallest
2
1arctanz
z ̂|ˆ| i
T
0
)(1 t
T
0
)(2 t)(tr
1z
2z
m̂
Lecture 7 13
Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (M-QAM)
0 01 2
2 2( ) cos sini i c i c
E Es t a t a t
T T
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 1, ,
2 2( ) cos ( ) sin
2( 1)where and are PAM symbols and
3
i i i
c c
i i av
s t a t a t i M
t t t tT T
Ma a E E
)1,1()1,3()1,1(
)3,1()3,3()3,1(
)1,1()1,3()1,1(
, 21
MMMMMM
MMMMMM
MMMMMM
aa ii
0E พลั�งงานที่�ต่ำ�าที่�สุ ดของจุ ดสุ�ญญาณ
Lecture 7 14
Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
)(1 t
)(2 t
2s1s 3s 4s“0000” “0001” “0011” “0010”
6s5s 7s 8s
10s9s 11s 12s
14s13s 15s 16s
1 3-1-3
“1000” “1001” “1011” “1010”
“1100” “1101” “1111” “1110”
“0100” “0101” “0111” “0110”
1
3
-1
-3
16-QAM
Lecture 7 15
Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
Coherent detection of M-QAM
T
0
)(1 t
ML detector1z
T
0
)(2 t
ML detector
)(tr
2z
m̂Parallel-to-serialconverter
s) threshold1 with (Compare M
s) threshold1 with (Compare M
Lecture 7 16
Multi-dimensional modulation, demodulation & detection
M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK)
Tf
titT
Et
T
Ets c
si
si
2
1
2
)1(cos2
cos2
)(
2
1
0
cos
2)(
,,1 )()(
iis
sijii
M
jjiji
EE
ji
jiEat
Tt
Mitats
s
)(1 t
2s
1s
3s
)(3 t
)(2 tsE
sE
sE
Lecture 7 17
Multi-dimensional mod.,…(M-FSK)
Mz
z
1
zT
0
)(1 t
T
0
)(tM)(tr
1z
Mz
zML detector:
Choose the largest element
in the observed vector
m̂
Lecture 7 18
Non-coherent detection
Non-coherent detection: No need for a reference in phase with
the received carrier Less complexity compared to coherent
detection at the price of higher error rate.
Lecture 7 19
Non-coherent detection …
Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector
Performance degradation about 3 dB by using sub-optimal detector
T
0)(tr m̂Decision
DelayT
Lecture 7 20
Non-coherent detection … Energy detection
Non-coherent detection for orthogonal signals (e.g. M-FSK)
Carrier-phase offset causes partial correlation between I and Q branches for each candidate signal.
The received energy corresponding to each candidate signal is used for detection.