Lecture (8)

• Forearm

Basic Projections

Anteroposterior (AP) Lateral

AP Forearm

Exposure Factors

Kv mAs FFD (cm) Grid Focus Cassette

65 6 100 No Fine 24 x 30 cm

Patient position

Seated at end of radiographic tableWith arm extended

• Part position • Forearm resting on table top

• Supinate hand • Include ( joints) of interest

• Central Ray • Perpendicular

• Center Point

To mid forearmStructures shownAP projection of the entire radius & ulnaMinimum proximal row of carpals and distal humerus Note: Pronation of the hand result in radius crossing over ulna

AP Forearm

• Lateral Forearm

Exposure Factors

Kv mAs FFD (cm) Grid Focus Cassette

65 6 100 No Fine24 x 30

cm

Patient positionSeated at end of radiographic tablePart position Rest Humerus &Forearm t on table topElbow flexed 90 degreesHand in lateral position Include ( joints) of interestCentral Ray PerpendicularCenter Point To mid forearm

• Structures shown

• Lateral projection of the entire radius and ulna

• Proximal row of carpals bones • Elbow and distal end of the humerus

Lateral Forearm

• Elbow Joint

Basic Projections

APLAT Medial ObliqueLateral ObliqueAxial

AP Elbow

Exposure Factors

Kv mAs FFD (cm) Grid Focus Cassette

65 6 100 No Fine 24 x 30 cm

• Patient position • Seated at end of radiographic table• With arm extended

• Part position• Forearm resting on table top• Supinate hand • Center elbow joint to cassette • Shoulder , elbow & wrist at • the same level

• Central Ray• Perpendicular

• Center Point • To elbow joint

• Structures shown

• Distal humerus

• Elbow joint space• Proximal radius and ulna

AP Elbow

•Lateral Elbow

Exposure Factors

Kv mAs FFD (cm) Grid Focus Cassette

70 6 100 No Fine 24 x 30 cm

Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table Part positionFlex elbow 90 degrees Lat .hand Center flexed elbow to cassetteAdjust wrist &hand in lateral position Adjust shoulder , elbow & wrist at the same level

• Central Ray

Perpendicular

• Center Point To lateral epicondyle of humerus

• Structures shown

Lateral projection of:

Distal humerus& proximal forearm

Olecranon processLateral Elbow

•Medial Oblique elbow

Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table Part positionExtend forearm

Pronate hand &medially rotate arm Center flexed elbow to cassetteAdjust anterior surface of elbow to be 40-45 degrees Adjust shoulder , elbow & wrist at The same level

Central RayPerpendicular

Center Point To mid elbow joint (2cm distal to midpoint of line between epicondyles.

•Lateral Oblique elbow Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table Part position

Extend forearmRotate hand laterally Center flexed elbow to cassetteAdjust posterior surface of elbow to be 40 degrees to cassetteAdjust shoulder , elbow & wrist at The same levelCentral RayPerpendicularCenter Point

To mid elbow joint (2cm distal to midpoint of line between epicondyles.)

Structures shown Oblique view of the distal humerus & proximal ulna and radius

• Axial elbow Patient position Seated at end of radiographic table with Flexed arm resting on table top Part positionAlign and center humerus to long axis of cassette Forearm flexed with fingers resting on shoulderCenter flexed elbow to cassette Palpate and ensure epicondyles equal distances from cassette

Central Ray Perpendicular to cassette Center Point Mid way between epicondylesStructures shown

Trochlea, Capitulum, Olecranon process and Distal humerus

•AP Elbow ( Injured patient Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table with partially elbow flexed

Part positionObtain tow AP projections one with forearm Parallel to cassette and on with humerus Parallel to cassetteCenter flexed elbow to cassette

Central RayPerpendicularCenter Point To mid elbow jointStructures shown distal humerus & proximal ulna and radiusNote: this position obtained if fracture or dislocation is suspected If elbow flexed near 90 degrees take the same With tube angulation 10-15 degrees into elbow