Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Lecture 8
Chapter 6
Newton LawsFriction forces
Course website:http://faculty.uml.edu/Andriy_Danylov/Teaching/PhysicsI
Physics I
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Today we are going to discuss:
Chapter 6:
Newton 1st and 2nd Laws Kinetic/Static Friction: Section 6.4
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Newton’s laws
In 1687 Newton published his three laws in his Principia Mathematica.
These intuitive laws are remarkable intellectual achievements and work spectacular for everyday physics
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Newton’s 1st Law (Law of Inertia)
In the absence of force, objects continue in their state of rest or of uniform velocity in a straight linei.e. objects want to keep on doing what they are already doing
It helps to find inertial reference frames
Why do we need N.1st law?
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Inertial reference frame
An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton’s first law is valid.
Inertial reference frame– A reference frame at rest – Or one that moves with a constant velocity
This excludes rotating and accelerating frames (non-inertial reference frames), where Newton’s first law does not hold.
How can we tell if we are in an inertial reference frame? - By checking if Newton’s first law holds!
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
A physics student cruises at a constant
velocity in an airplane.A ball placed on the
floor stays at rest relative to the airplane.
Inertial Reference Frame (Example)
There are no horizontal forces on the ball, so when .
Newton’s first law is satisfied, so this airplane is an inertial reference frame.
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Newton’s first law is violated, therefore this airplane is not an inertial reference frame.
Non-Inertial Reference Frames (Example)A physics student is
standing up in an airplane during takeoff.
A ball placed on the floor rolls toward the back of the plane.
There are no horizontal forces on the ball, and yet the ball accelerates in the plane’s reference frame.
In general, accelerating reference frames are not inertial reference frames.
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Newton’s Second Law of MotionNewton’s second law is the relation between acceleration and force. Acceleration is proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass.
amF
2smkgN
New unit of force Newton
• It takes a force to change either the direction or the speed of an object.
• More force means more acceleration;
• the same force exerted on a more massive object will yield less acceleration.
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Mass
Mass is the measure of inertia of an object, sometimes understood as the quantity of matter in the object. In the SI system, mass is measured in kilograms.
Mass is not weight.
Mass is a property of an object. Weight is the force exerted on that object by gravity.
If you go to the Moon (gravitational acceleration is about 1/6 g),you will weigh much less. Your mass, however, will be the same.
amF Proportionality defines mass of object.
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
What average net force is required to bring a 1000-kg car to rest from a speed of 20 m/s within a distance of 100 m? Assume acceleration is constant
Force to stop a car.Example
When the fly hit the truck, it exerted a force on the truck (only for a fraction of a second). So, in this time period, the truck accelerated (backward) up to some speed. After the fly was squashed, it no longer exerted a force, and the truck simply continued moving at constant speed.
ConcepTest Truck on Frozen LakeA very large truck sits on a frozen lake. Assume there is no friction between the tires and the ice. A fly suddenly smashes against the front window. What will happen to the truck later after the collision?
A) it is too heavy, so it just sits there
B) it moves backward at constant speed
C) it accelerates backward
D) it moves forward at constant speed
E) it accelerates forward
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
FrictionStatic Kinetic
Kinetic/Static Friction: Section 6.4
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
A new contact force…friction
Friction is always present when two solid surfaces slide along each other.
The microscopic details are not yet fully understood.
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Static friction is the contact force that keeps an object “stuck” on a surface, and prevents relative motion.
The static friction force is directed tangent to the surface.
Static friction points opposite the direction in which the object would move if there were no static friction.
Friction Force
When an object slides along a surface, the surface can exert a contact force which opposes the motion.
This is called kinetic friction.
The kinetic friction force is directed tangent to the surface, and opposite to the velocity of the object relative to the surface.
Kinetic friction tends to slow down the sliding motion of an object in contact with a surface.
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Friction. Static-vs-Kinetic
m
mg
m
NFA
mg
N
mg
m
NFA
fsfs
no motionstatic
no motionstatic
Static. Limit.Motion is about to start
Fx max0 sA fF
As Ff
0
ASs FNf
frf
AF
NS
45°
m
NFA
fkSliding.
Friction (kinetic) is constantNf Kk
As Ff
Kinetic friction
NKk Ff Static friction
frictionstaticoftcoefficienS frictionkinetic
oftcoefficienK
NS
Nf Ss
If a horizontal force is applied on an object , the object does not move.It means a second force, Static Friction, must be opposing the applied force.
An object remains at rest as long as fs < fs max.
The object just begins to slip when fs = fs max.
End of the lecture
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Coefficients of FrictionNote that, in general, μs > μk.
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Summary
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Thank you
The static friction force has a maximum of sN = 50 N. The tension in the rope is only 30 N. So the pulling force is not big enough to overcome friction.
ConcepTest Will It move?A) moves to the left
B) moves to the right
C) the box does not move
D) moves down
E) moves up
A box of weight 100 N is at rest on a floor where s = 0.5. A rope is attached to the box and pulled horizontally with tension T = 30 N. Which way does the box move?
T=30Nm
Follow-up: What happens if the tension is 55 N?
NSfr FF NmgS 501005.0
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
mg
N
Fx max
Fy mayGiven: μs, with frictionFind: θ
A block lies on an inclined plane with μs. The angle of the incline is slowly increased. At what angle does the block start to move?
fs0cos mgNFy
cosmgN
Nf Ss cosmgS
0sin sx fmgF
mgsin smgcos 0mgsin smgcos
sincos
tan s
0
About to start moving
By measuring angle, when an object gets lose, we can find static friction coefficient
Example How to measure μS?
Department of Physics and Applied PhysicsPHYS.1410 Lecture 8 Danylov
Demonstration
Two Interleaved BooksSimply lay the pages of two phone books on top of each other one by one before
attempting to pull them apart.
FA Fperp
Fpull
It increases friction
It pulls books apart
Ffr
NxFfr
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHq82D78Igg
Nf Ss