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Lecture 9a- 29 October 2014
No calculation questions on midterm
Non answered protein q
Non gi tract catabolism of proteins
Norepinephrine – stress hormone and neurotransmitter
beta-carotene-fat soluble
Minerals in metabolism and regulation ofmetabolism
Outline of lectures 9a,bMinerals
Definition of minerals Inorganic elements Body's handling of minerals Variable Bioavailability Nutrient Interactions Varied roles Class exercise
Outline of lectures 9a,b
Major minerals Definition of major minerals Inorganic elements Body's handling of minerals Variable Bioavailability Nutrient Interactions Varied roles Found in what foods Roles in metabolism including regulation of
metabolism Class exercise
Outline of lectures 9a,b
Minor minerals Definition of major minerals Inorganic elements Body's handling of minerals Variable Bioavailability Nutrient Interactions Varied roles Found in what foods Roles in metabolism including regulation of
metabolism Class exercise
More detailed comments
More detailed comments Minerals
Definition of minerals
-inorganic elements
More detailed comments Minerals
Inorganic elements -are not changed in the body -minerals in = minerals out (compare to
all other nutrient classes discussed thus far)
-can not be destroyed by heat, light, acid or mixing
-can only be lost by leeching
Minerals
Body's handling of minerals
-some require no carriers into intestinal wall, are transported freely and are
readily excreted
-some require carriers into intestinal wall, are not transported freely.
Minerals
Variable Bioavailability -some food components bind minerals
reducing their bioavailability
Nutrient Interactions -one mineral can affect another minerals
absorption, and excretion
Varied roles -may different roles including water
balance-next lecture
Class exercise
1) Why are minerals essential?
2) Why do minerals have different roles?
3) Why are minerals unable to be transformed by the body?
4) What does inorganic mean?
Major minerals
Definition of major minerals
-present in body in amounts of greater than 5 grams
Major minerals
Inorganic elements-
Sodium Chloride Potassium Calcium Phosphorous Magnesium Sulphur
Major minerals
Body's handling of minerals
potassium easily absorbed into the blood, transported freely, and readily excreted by the kidneys-like water soluble vitamins
calcium needs carriers to be absorbed and transported- like fat soluble vitamins
Major minerals
Variable Bioavailability-bioavailability refers extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-phytates in legumes and grains plus oxalates in spinach and rhubarb reduce mineral(eg calcium) absorption
Nutrient Interactions -sodium intake high- leads to high sodium and
calcium excretion
-phosphorous binds with magnesium in the small intestine so magnesium absorption limited when phosphorous intakes are high
Major minerals
Varied roles-calcium-bone building -sodium- water balance
Major minerals
Sodium-sources- table salt, processed foods -metabolism- water balance -acid base balance
(excretion ofhydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions in kidney)
Major minerals
Chloride-sources- table salt, processed foods -metabolism- water balance -hydrochloric acid
Major minerals
Potassium- -sources-all whole foods, meats, milk,
fruits, grains
-metabolism- water balance -supports cell integrity -promotes steady heartbeat
Major minerals
Calcium -sources-milk and milk products,
small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, chard
-metabolism- bone and teeth formation
-cell signalling
Major minerals
Phosphorous -sources-all animal tissues
-metabolism- buffers -part of DNA/RNA -phosphorylation of many
enzymes and B vitamins to make them biochemically active
-ATP -phospholipids-cell signalling
Major minerals
Magnesium -sources-nuts, legumes, whole grains,
dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate
-metabolism- enzyme co-factor (glucose use in body plus synthesis of protein, lipids and nucleic acids)
-part of enzyme that transforms ADP to
ATP
Major minerals
Sulphur -sources-all protein containing foods
-metabolism- protein structure -part of thiamine and
biotin
Found in what foods
Roles in metabolism including regulation of metabolism -degree of presence regulates
function
Class exercise
What is the relation between source and metabolism for the major minerals? Give 5 examples.
Minor minerals
Definition of minor minerals
-present in body in amounts less than 5 grams
Minor minerals
Inorganic elements Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Copper
Manganese
Fluoride
Chromium
Molybdenum
Minor minerals
Body's handling of minerals -iron uses carriers for absorption,
transport and proteins for storage-no free iron- oxidation issue
-example of minor mineral requiring no carriers or storage proteins
iodine Variable Bioavailability -phytates reduce iron absorption
Minor minerals
Nutrient Interactions -slight manganese overload may
exacerbate iron deficiency
-combined iodine and selenium deficiency reduces thyroid hormone function more than just iodine deficiency alone
Varied roles -iron-oxygen carrying -zinc- part of enzymes
Minor minerals
Iron -sources-red meats, fish, poultry,
shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried fruits
-metabolism- oxygen carrier -part of electron carriers
in electron transport chain
Minor mineralsZinc -sources-protein containing foods:meats
fish, poultry, whole grains, vegetables -metabolism- part of many enzymes -synthesis of DNA/RNA -heme synthesis -fatty acid metabolism -release hepatic stores of
vitamin A -carbohydrate metabolism -synthesis of proteins -dispose of damaging free radicals -oxygen carrying
Minor minerals
Iodine -sources-iodised salt, seafood, bread,dairy
products, plants grown on iodine rich soil and animals that eat such plants
-metabolism- thyroid hormones-metabolic rate(rate of oxygen use), body temperature
Minor minerals Selenium -sources-seafood, meat, whole grains, and
depending on soil selenium content-vegetables
-metabolism- anti-oxidation (via enzyme) - regulates thyroid hormone
Minor mineralsCopper -sources-seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds,
legumes
-metabolism- part of many enzymes all of which have common feature of consuming oxygen or
oxygen radicals -eg -hemoglobin synthesis -collagen synthesis -free radical control -electron transport
chain
Minor minerals
Manganese -sources-nuts, whole grains, leafy
vegetables
-metabolism- essential for iron absorption and use in formation of hemoglobin
-part of several enzymes
Minor minerals
Fluoride
-sources-fluoridated drinking water, tea, seafood
-metabolism- formation of bones and teeth, resistance to tooth decay
Minor minerals
Chromium -sources-meat, unrefined foods, fats,
vegetable oils
-metabolism- enhancing insulin activity
Minor minerals
Molybdenum -sources-legumes, cereals, organ meats
-metabolism- co-factor for several enzymes
Found in what foods
Roles in metabolism including regulation of metabolism
-degree of presence regulates function
Class exercise
What is the relation between source and metabolism for the minor minerals? Give 5 examples.