Lecture bricks and blocks masonry

BRICKS &

BLOCKS

(MASONRY) BLD62003 BUILDING MATERIALS

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS.)

BLD62003_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS 1

MAJOR TOPICS

MASONRY

• History • Mortar • Grout • Brick

• Types • Bond • Joints

• Structural Clay Tile • Concrete Block (CMU)

BLD62003_MAK_STONES AND ROCKS

• Masonry Panels • Gypsum Block • Glass Block • Stone • Stone Masonry

2

MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS

STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES

CONCRETE BLOCK (CMU)

MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

3

HISTORY


One of the oldest manufactured building materials Sun-baked brick was found in the remains of structures in the Tigres-Euphrates basin as early as 6000 B.C. Romans also used thin bricks in thick mortar made of volcanic materials and lime. 1633 – 1st brick buildings erected in Manhattan Island (imported from Holland & England)

An assembly or combination of small building units made of clay, shale, concrete, glass, gypsum, or stone that are set in mortar. Masonry consists entirely or partially of hollow or solid units laid contiguously in mortar.

DEFINING MASONRY

4

MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

“mortar is the stuff you can see between bricks”

5

• Mortar is the material that sticks two masonry units together - it is the stuff you can see between bricks

MORTAR

• Must conform to ASTM C270 • 4 basic types of mortar used: M, S, N, O • Composed of: Portland cement,

hydrated lime, sand, and water • Key to forming a strong and durable

bond with masonry units


CORRECT & INCORRECT WAY IN ASSEMBLYING

6

MORTAR


Type Avg

Compressive

Strength

Use

M 2500 psi Masonry below grade and in

contact with earth

S 1800 psi Where maximum flexural

strength is required (winds

>80 mph)

N

750 psi General use in exposed

masonry above grade;

parapets, chimneys, and ext.

walls subjected to severe

weathering

O 350 psi Solid unit load-bearing walls

Where compressive strength

< 100 psi

TYPES OF MORTAR

7

MORTAR MORTAR BASICS

PROPERTIES

• Have a tendency to shrink very little

• High degree of resistance to moisture penetration

FUNCTIONS


JOINTS

• Brick masonry mortar made of Portland cement, hydrated lime, and sand (stone masonry uses white Portland cement [non staining].

• Retempering – adding water to the mortar mix to maintain consistency

• Mortar mix should be used within 2 – 2 ½ hours after initial mix is prepared

• Efflorescence – the soft white powder appearing on the face of brick; caused by salts in the brick or mortar brought to the surface

• Possess adequate strength to resist forces applied to it

• Provide aesthetic qualities to the structure through the use of color and type of joint

• Joint sizes vary • Facing brick – 3/8” to

½” • Building brick – ½” • Glazed brick – 1/4 “

• Although many types of joints exist , the most weatherproof & recommended are: V-shaped, Weathered, & Concave

• Joints may be formed by using a trowel, steel rod, or specialized tools

TYPES OF JOINTS

8

MORTAR


TYPES OF MORTAR JOINTS

9

MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

“Grout is a construction material used to embed rebars in masonry walls, connect sections of pre-cast concrete, fill voids, and seal joints”

10


GROUTS

• The water/cement ratio is less critical in grout than in mortar or concrete

• It is intended to be very “fluid” in order to function in it’s “binding” capacity (slump of 8-11 inches)

• May be used to fill cavities between masonry walls (often around vertical reinforcement )

• Grouts (fills cavities in the masonry unit).

DEFINITION

11


GROUTS


12


GROUTS


13

• The term “masonry” refers to construction with stone masonry describes the stonework which is incorporated into the building

• Masonry is held together with mortar (between pieces of masonry) and grout (fills cavities in the masonry unit).

• Mortar is the material that sticks two masonry units together - it is the stuff you can see between bricks

INTERACTION MASONRY , MORTAR & GROUT


MASONRY

MORTAR

GROUTS

• (fills cavities in the masonry unit).

14

BRICKS

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

“A brick is a block or a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing

soil, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire hardened or air

dried, used in masonry construction.”

15

BRICKS

PROPERTIES TYPES


CLASSES OF BRICKS

• 2 Types

TYPE I : SOLID

• May be solid or hollow core (holes called “cells”)

• Cells should not exceed 25 % of the volume of the unit

• Bricks vary in size, color, shape, and texture.

TYPE II: WITH HOLES

• Solid brick used where holes may be unsightly (steps or window sills

TYPE I : SOLID

TYPE II : WITH HOLES

• Holes in Brick: • Help units fire properly • Promote bonding with

mortar • Reduce overall weight • Make units easier to handle

• Adobe – sun-dried clays and a binder

• Kiln-burned – natural sand and clay or shale (most widely used)

• Sand-lime – pearl-grey in color, dolomite lime is mixed with clean sand, pressed, and allowed to harden in closed vessels under steam pressure

• Concrete – portland cement and suitable aggregate, formed in molds

16

BRICKS

BRICK KILNS BRICK TYPES/ SIZES


(I) COMMON

DIFFERENT BRICK TYPES

• Burning of brick is done in 4 stages • Water smoking:

400 °F • Dehydration:

300 -1800 °F • Oxidation: 1000

– 1800 °F • Vitrification:

1600 – 2400 °F • Flashing (oxygen

reduction)– produces different colors or color shading

• Cooling down – done in 2-3 days; rate of cooling will affect cracking, and color

• Common (now called Building) • Most widely used • Dark orange to deep red

color • Many finishes & sizes

available • Meets ASTM C62 grading

criteria: • SW – severe weathering for

exposure to heavy rainfall & freezing

• MW – moderate weathering for avg. moisture and minor freezing

• NW – Negligible weathering for exposure to moisture & freezing

(II) FACE BRICKS

(III) GLAZED FACE BRICKS

(IV) FIRE BRICKS

(V) PAVING BRICKS

(I) COMMON BRICKS

17

BRICKS

BRICK TYPES/ SIZES


(I) COMMON

DIFFERENT BRICK TYPES

(II) FACE BRICKS


(IV) FIRE BRICKS

(V) PAVING BRICKS

(II) FACE BRICKS

• Made from clay, shale, fire clay, or a mixture, under controlled conditions

• Meets ASTM C216 standard • Appearance types:

• FBS- general use in exposed & interior walls where wide color ranges & variation in sizes are permitted

• FBX- used in exterior & interior walls where a high degree of mechanical perfection, narrow color range & little variation of size is required

• FBA- nonconformity in size, color, & texture

BRICK TYPES/ SIZES


• Bricks sprayed with a ceramic glaze and fired at high temperature to fuse glaze to the brick

• Finishes may appear dull, satin, or glossy

(IV) FIRE BRICKS

• Made of clays with a large amount of alumina, silica, flint, and feldspar

• These bricks are used in fireplaces, chimney stacks, incinerators, and many industrial settings

(V) PAVING BRICKS

• Bricks are burned at much higher temperatures to make them resist water and wear from traffic

BRICK TYPES/ SIZES

18

Common Face

Glazed-face fire bricks

**Refer color coding

Paving


Common Face

Glazed-face Fire bricks

**Refer color coding

Paving

APPLICATIONS OF BRICKS



Unit Nominal Dimension

(in.)

W x H x D

Actual Dimension (in.)

**

W x H x D

Modular 4 x 2 2/3 x 8 3 5/8 x 2 ¼ x 7 5/8

Utility 4 x 4 x 12 3 5/8 x 3 5/8 x 11 5/8

** Note: actual dimensions may vary among manufacturers of brick – dimensions noted from Graphics Standards 2000 publication

NOMINAL VS ACTUAL SIZE

21

BRICK BOND


• Bond – the arrangement of bricks in rows (courses). • Bonds are designed for:

• Appearance • To tie together a structural or outer wall (wythe) to an inner wall

• Wythe – a vertical section of wall one brick thick

22

BRICK BOND


BRICK BOND


BRICK BOND


BRICK BOND


EXAMPLES OF BRICKS


BRICKS COLOURCAST


TYPES

BRICK WALLS &

TIES

FACED WALLS

REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY

PROPERTIES OF BRICK WALLS

SOLID WALLS

BRICK WALLS & TIES


• May be :-

• bearing (supports any vertical load)

• or non-bearing

(I) LOAD BEARING WALLS

(I)NON LOAD BEARING WALLS

• Solid walls- 2 or more

wythes bonded together by ties, headers

CAVITY WALLS

• Cavity walls – 2 walls spaced 2 in. apart by metal ties;

may fill cavity with insulating material; Weep holes must be in outer wall in order for moisture to escape ; not allowed in earthquake zones

VENEERED WALLS

TYPES

• brick masonry units bonded to a backup wall of another material (common brick, hollow structural clay tile, or CMU)

• facing material is securely tied to a structural wall but NOT bonded to it (common residential wood-frame construction)

• steel reinforcement is placed vertically & horizontally and often grout surrounds it (spacing governed by local code requirements)

TIES

• May be standard unit ties/ adjustable • Number and placement of ties

depends on application and building code requirements

TYP

ES DIFFERENT BRICK WALLS

(I) SOLID WALLS

(II) CAVITY WALLS

(III) FACED WALLS

(IV) VENEERED WALLS

(V) REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY

29

TIES TYPES


Z- TIES

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TIES

ADJUSTABLE BOX ANCHOR

CORRUGATED WALL TIES

(II) ADJUSTABLE BOX ANCHOR

TIES (PROPERTIES)

(III) Z- TIES

• May be standard unit ties or adjustable

• Number and placement of ties depends on application and building code requirements

• designed to tie multi-wythe walls

• multi- wythe walls when fully grouted

(I) “CORRUGATED “ WALL TIES

• veneer walls

TIES TYPES TIES

TIES TYP

ES

TIES

30

MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BLOCKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

31

STRETCHER

TYPES OF BLOCK


Used in straight wall sections.

One flat end to create attractive walls at corners.

Has special grooves, can be laid to receive window.

Use to make door ways so the openings are attractive and secure.

Used to prevent cutting of blocks when only half a block is needed.

Used as top course of block on a poured floor.

CORNER

SASH

JAMB

HALF

L-BLOCK

STRETCHER

32

STRETCHER

TYPES OF BLOCK








CORNER

SASH

JAMB

HALF

L-BLOCK

CORNER

33

STRETCHER

TYPES OF BLOCK








CORNER

SASH

JAMB

HALF

L-BLOCK

SASH

34

STRETCHER

TYPES OF BLOCK








CORNER

SASH

JAMB

HALF

L-BLOCK

JAMB

35

TYPES OF BLOCK



JAMB

JAMB

36

STRETCHER

TYPES OF BLOCK







CORNER

SASH

JAMB

HALF

L-BLOCK

HALF


STRETCHER

TYPES OF BLOCK







CORNER

SASH

JAMB

HALF

L-BLOCK

HALF


STRETCHER

TYPES OF BLOCK

CORNER

SASH

JAMB

HALF

L-BLOCK


39

LAYING BLOCKS PROCEDURE


• Lay several stretcher blocks in place by working away from the end or corner block.

• Use the end of the trowel handle to tap the

block until each block is plumb, level, and the course is straight.

• Apply a mortar bed on top of the first course

in preparation for the second course.

• If extra strength is needed in the wall, install reinforcement in the mortar bed.

• Use a line to keep the courses straight. line is positioned to be level along the top of block.

• When a block must be cut, use a masons hammer and make multiple strikes along the line to cut; then make one sharp strike on the web.

• Check the height to be sure each new course is an additional 8 inches high.

• After the mortar dries and hardens slightly, finish the joints by rubbing it with a broken piece of block.

• If a joint other than a flush joint is desired, use a jointer to compress the mortar and create a watertight joint.

• Tools are available to create joints that are concave, v-shape, flush or raked.

• Spread a layer of mortar called a mortar bed as the footer.

• Position the block on the mortar bed so that its outside corner rests where the outside corner of the wall should be.

• Level the block by first placing the level across the block and then lengthwise along the block.

• Turn several stretcher blocks on end and apply mortar to the ears with a wiping or swiping stroke of the trowel.

• As the block laying progresses, cut off excess mortar with the trowel.

40

BRICKS& BLOCKS


COMMON CONCRETE BLOCK USED IN CONSTRUCTION

COMMON METHOD OF PICKING UP AND SETTING CONCRETE BLOCKS

41

BRICKS & BLOCKS


NOTE#

A building laid by using whole and half blocks

• Door openings will have 2" jambs on both sides and top. • Door will be a standard height (44" x 6'8"). • Door sill will accommodate a concrete floor inside. • Window openings will accommodate standard size windows. • Space above the top of the door will accommodate appropriate trim under the eaves of the roof. • Reinforced concrete lintels carry the weight over door and window openings. • There are no cut block in

the wall. Therefore, the wall can be built with a minimum of cost and labor.

42

BRICKS & BLOCKS


PLACEMENT OF CORNER POLES FOR CONSTRUCTIONG A BLOCK WALL

PROCEDURE OF LAYING CONCRETE BLOCK WALLS

43

BRICKS & BLOCKS


Method of laying concrete blocks. Good workmanship is requires straight courses with face of the wall plumb and true (left hand side)

Usual practice of applying mortar to concrete blocks

(right hand side)

44

BRICKS & BLOCKS


8" x 8" x 16" Concrete Block Corner in the Running Bond (right bottom)

Showing detail of joining an interior and exterior wall in concrete block construction.(left bottom)

45

BRICKS & BLOCKS


typical 3/8" joint

8" x 8" 16" block

Concave joint V-Joint Flush Joint Raked

Joint

Types of joint finishes used on block walls

Types of joint finishes used on block walls

46

MORTAR MORTAR BASICS

DEFINITION FUNCTIONS


BASIC TERM

TYPES OF BRICKS

• Laying of bricks bonded together with mortar is known as brick masonry.

Types of Bricks

Modular

Bricks

Conventional

Bricks

• HEADER • STRETCHER.

47

TYPES OF CLOSE: KING CLOSER


TYPES OF CLOSE: QUEEN CLOSER


1/2

1/2

49

TYPES OF CLOSE: MITRED CLOSER


Angle 45° to 60°

50

TYPES OF CLOSE: BEVELLED BAT


Types of

Bond

Stretcher Bond

Header Bond

English Bond

Flemish Bond

51

Stretcher Bond

TYPES OF BOND : STRETCHER BOND


Header Bond


English Bond


Flemish Bond


1 2

3 4 5


6 7

8 9 10


CEMENT BRICK &

CONCRETE MAKING

TYPES OF MACHINES


• 2 Types

TYPE I : EGG –LAYING TYPE

TYPE II:STATIONARY TYPE

RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Cement

Sand

Gravels

Water

1. Raw Materials Mixing

2. Brick/Block Moulding

3. Vibrating & Compacting

4. Curing/Drying

5. Brick/Block Packing

1. Brick/Block Machine CBM240M/CBM240MA

2. Brick/Block Machine CBM240M/CBM240MA

4. Brick/Block Machine CBM180/CBM180A

3. Brick/Block Machine CBM60

5. Brick/Block Machine CBM300/CBM300A 6. Material hopper

7. Pan Mixer

8. Brick/ block machine CBM40

9. Belt conveyor

10. Auto pallet feeder 11. Gantry cranes 12. Moulds 13. Brick/Block Machine CBM180S/CBM180SA ( Layout ) 14. PLC Controller 15. Brick/Block Machine CBM180/CBM180A ( Layout )

PICTURE NOTATION ( next slides)

58

11 12

13 14 15


End Product : Bricks

END PRODUCT: BRICKS


End Product : Blocks

END PRODUCT: BLOCKS


End Product : Pavers

END PRODUCT: PAVERS


Water absorption

CLAY BRICKS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES


MOISTURE & THERMAL MOVEMENT

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

FIRE RESISTANCE

CLAY BRICKS

63

CLAY BRICK SIZE/

DIMENSION


CLAY BRICK SIZE

CLAY BRICK DIMENSION//SIZE

CLAY BRICK SIZE

64

Types of clay bricks

Special shape clay bricks


Application bricks

8” clay tile wall 65




8” clay tile wall 66


Special shape clay bricks Types of clay bricks

67


Special shape clay bricks Special shape clay bricks

68


Special shape clay bricks Special shape clay bricks

69


Special shape clay bricks additional shape clay bricks

70


Special shape clay bricks additional shape clay bricks

71

MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

“Gypsum block is a massive lightweight building material composed of solid gypsum, for building and erecting lightweight fire-resistant non-load bearing interior walls, partition walls, cavity walls, skin walls and pillar casing indoors.”

72

GYPSUM BLOCKS

USES

APPLICATION

RESISTANCE PROPERTIES


SPECS/ SIZES

• In non load bearing application

• Fire resistance

• Interior location

CONCERN

• 80mm • (656mm x 500mm x 80mm) • 100mm • (656mm x 500mm x 100mm) • 120mm • (656mm x500mm x120mm) • 150mm • (620mm x400mm x 150mm) • (620mm x 500mm x 150mm) • 200mm • (620mm x320mm x200mm) • (620mmx 400mm x 200mm)

• Concern: never use in areas in which moisture exposure could occur

73


PROPERTIES

GYPSUM BLOCKS SPECIFICATION

GYPSUM BLOCK

• Lightweight, • used in non-load bearing

applications, • fire-resistant, • interior locations • Concern: never use in

areas in which moisture exposure could occur

74

MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

“Glass Blocks are a versatile building material you can use for windows, stairwells, shower screens, paving, interior and exterior walls” 75

GLASS BLOCKS

FORMS

APPLICATION


UNIQUENESS

FACES/SURFACE TEXTURE

• Often used for their decorative effect but also: • Provide controlled light

transmission • Good insulation • Condensation

protection • Good sound reduction

• The blocks are formed of 2 cast glass shells that are fused together to form a hollow unit containing a partial vacuum. The vacuum decreases heat transmission and surface condensation.

• Faces can be: • Smooth – provides

vision through the block

• Textured – provide only light transmission

• Opaque – fired with a ceramic finish

• Common sizes are 6”, 8”, 12” sq. by 4 “ thick

• Mortar joints typically ¼ “

MORTAR JOINT

CONCERN

• Concern: glass block expands 1.5 to 2 times more than a brick wall & therefore, must have expansion joints

• Usually laid in a stack bond (can only support their own weight)

76


MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

“stone is a piece of rock quarried and worked into a specific and shape for a particular purpose”

78

STONES

GENERAL INFORMATIONS


CLASSIFICATIONS

EXAMPLE

• Igneous – formed by the solidification of molten rock such as volcanic activity (Granite)

• Sedimentary – formed from silt, marine life, and rocks that have been deposited by running water (Limestone, Sandstone, & Travertine)

• Metamorphic – igneous or sedimentary rock that have been changed by pressure, heat, or moisture (Marble, Slate)

• The removal method (quarrying), sizes, shapes (smooth round, angular), thickness, textures, finish, and application & installation vary for each type.

• There are natural stones as well as cultured (man-made) stones used in building materials.

GENERAL INFORMATIONS

• Walls classified in 3 categories (based on shape & surface finish) • Rubble – stones as they are

collected (fieldstone) or as they come from quarry

• Ashlar – constructed of squared stones set in random or uniform courses

• Cut stone (dimension)- fabricated and finished at the mill ready to set in place per the specifications 79

STONES


STONE & USES

Stone Color Major Use Minor Use

Granite Wide Range Ext. & Int. wall facing Paving, Flooring

Limestone Buff, Gray Exterior wall facing Copings, Sills,

Interior wall facing

Marble Wide Range Ext. & Int. wall

facing, flooring

Countertops

Sandstone Yellow, Brown,

Reds, Tan

Exterior wall facing Paving

Slate Blue, Gray,

Green, Red, Black

Paving, Roof

Shingles

Wall facing

Travertine Tan, Buff, Gray Ext. & Int. wall facing Flooring, Paving

80

MASONRY

HISTORY

MORTAR

GROUT


BRICKS



MASONRY PANELS

GYPSUM BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK

STONE

STONE MASONRY

81

TYPES OF STONE MASONRY WALLS

COMPOSITE WALL

(I) RUBBLE MASONRY

(II) ASHLAR MASONRY

LAYING OF STONE BLOCK IN A WALL

CAVITY WALLS

• made by laying stone masonry over a prepared bed of mortar, and proceeding in a similar manner to increase the height

(III) COARSED STONE MASONRY


SOLID MASONRY WALLS

• made of an outer wall of large stone slabs, attached to a backing of structural frame or brick/concrete masonry wall

• made by two different types of masonry wall separated by a cavity, which is either insulated or empty and connected together by metal ties

• Composed of unsquared pieces of stones; mason has to choose carefully each stone so that it can fit into the available space

• Made of squared pieces of stones; mason has to carefully lift the heavy stones by a hoist and lower it into place

• has continuous horizontal joints

(IV) UNCOARSED STONE MASONRY

• Does not have defined bedding planes for the wall

82

BLD62003 BUILDING MATERIALS BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS.)


Ashlar (squared)

Fieldstone (rubble)

83

CHEMICAL

WET/ DRY CYCLE

ABRASIVE

FREEZE/ THAW

MURATIC ACID SOLUTION THERMAL EXPANSION/ CONTRACTION


WATERMIST

SALT CRYSTALLIZATION

• will remove surface deposits; problem is entrapment of moisture

• Chemical – may damage masonry if not suitable for that particular type

MASONRY CLEANING/

RESTORATION

• may etch surface, change color of masonry

• (sandblasting & pressure washing) may damage surface; remove mortar

• causes fractures

• capillary action produces force that is stronger than the masonry

• entire structure expands/contracts with change in temperature

• if on surface of masonry will cause efflorescence; if under surface may lead to crumbling

MASONRY CLEANING (left hand side) MASONRY RESTORATION (right hand side)

84


MASONRY UNITS

• Blocks made from concrete, cinders/ other aggregates.

LAYING BLOCKS

• The process of mixing mortar, applying it to masonry block, and placing the block to create wall

MORTAR BED

• A layer of mortar.

CORE

• The hollow space in a masonry block.

• E. Corner Pole:

• A straight piece of wood or metal held plumb by diagonal supports.

• F. Course: A

• row of masonry units.

• Anything constructed of brick, stone, tile, or concrete unit held in place with portland concrete.

• Steel reinforced- concrete beams used

for support over windows and doors.

• Board used to hold mortar.

• Masonry block with two or three holes per block.

Definitions of terms associated with concrete masonry units

CORNER POLE

COURSE

BRICK SET • Wide chisel used for breaking masonry

units.

MASONRY

LINTEL

MORTAR BOARD

HOLLOW CORE BLOCK

CONCRETE SILLS

• Used under windows and doors. • A continuous slab of concrete which

provides a solid, level foundation for block or brick

FOOTINGS

85

TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

Describe FIVE (5) differences between brick and block masonry.

(10 marks)


Date post:	23-Jan-2018
Category:	Automotive
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Lecture bricks and blocks masonry

Automotive