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Can the standards for conduct be changed?
Can new competences for the government be introduced?
In most countries it would be limits to changes in the conditionsNorway the case of payment of royaltiesApproval of the plan for the activity:
The licensee shall submit to the Ministry for approval a plan for development and operation of the petroleum deposit.
Economic aspects, resource aspects, technical, safety related, commercial and environmental aspects, as well as information as to how a facility may be decommissioned and disposed of when the petroleum activities have ceased.
Facilities for transportation or utilisation
The Ministry may, when particular reasons so warrant, require the licensee to produce a detailed account of the impact on the environment, possible risks of pollution and the impact on other affected activities, in respect of a larger defined area.
Measures to increase production. Injection of water or natural gas
Drilling operations
Research obligations
Water injection-project on Ekofisk
Oil fields sometimes crosses borderlines between license areas or even between countries
If there is communication in pressure through oil, gas or water, the field will be defined as one field (one geological structure)
Division of petroleum necessary, based on evaluation of the resources which is found in each part of the reservoir
Coordinated production to reduce costs and secure effective recovery of the petroleum can be demanded by the state authorities
Det norske Oljeselskap 11,9 %
Statoil 40,0 %
Lundin Norway 22,1%
Petoro 17,8 %
Maersk Oil 8,1 %
Plattforms
Transport facilities
Third party access to natural gas pipelines
Pollution Control Act applies, and Application outlined in
S 3 general provisions relating to the scope of the Act, and
S4 Application of the Act to activity on the continental shelf
Is a typical enabling act - details are outlined in discharge permits and regulations issued by the pollution control authorities.
Established for the purpose of preventing and reducing harm and nuisance from pollution.
This is reflected in the main rule of the act, (pollution is forbidden unless it is specifically permitted by law, regulations or individual permits.
The ministry has provided the following guidelines on how the PSA should discharge its duties:
audits should be system-oriented and risk-based
audits should be a supplement to and not a replacement for internal control by the industry
the PSA must strike a balance between its role as high-risk/technology regulator and a labour inspection authority
contributing to and collaborating with companies and unions represent a crucial requirement for and principle in the PSA's operations.
NSOAF
The North Sea Offshore Authorities Forum (NSOAF). Safety regulators
for activities in the North Sea basin, .
IRF The International Regulators Forum (IRF) occupies a central position in the global arena, bringing together Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the UK and the USA. This organisation has also appointed working parties to deal with issues of shared interest. It is currently assessing whether common criteria can be defined for reporting offshore incidents.
Research: ICRARD
Offshore Mechanical Handling Equipment Committee (OMHEC)
European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC).
Bilateral collaboration with other north European offshore
regulators, and the UK
The framework agreement on cross-boundary petroleum collaboration
between the UK and Norwegian authorities was signed in April 2005.
It has since been amplified through specific agreements on safety
and the working environment between the British Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) and the PSA.
PSA and the British regulators regularly conduct joint audits and supervision.
Exchange information on legislation and regulatory strategy in the two countries, experience from the activity, and developments in the EU area which are significant for regulation and the exercise of regulatory authority.
The liable party and the extent of liability
The licensee is liable for pollution damage without regard to fault. The provisions relating to the liability of licensees apply correspondingly to an operator who is not a licensee when the Ministry has so decided in connection with the approval of operator status.
If there are several licensees under the licence and one of them is the operator, or if the Ministry has made a decision according to the first paragraph, claims for compensation shall initially be directed to the operator. If any part of the compensation is left unpaid on the due date by the operator, this part shall be covered by the licensees in accordance with their participating interest in the licence. If someone fails to cover his share, this shall be allocated proportionately between the others.
If it is demonstrated that an inevitable event of nature, act of war, exercise of public authority or a similar force majeure event has contributed to a considerable degree to the damage or its extent under circumstances which are beyond the control of the liable party, the liability may be reduced to the extent it is reasonable, with particular consideration to the scope of the activity, the situation of the party that has sustained damage and the opportunity for taking out insurance on both sides.
Compensation may be claimed pursuant to this section for pollution that is not permitted and that hinders, impedes or limits the benefit of exercising rights of common for non-commercial purposes, provided that this applies to reasonable costs of restoring the environment so that rights of common can as far as possible be exercised as before.
Claims for compensation pursuant to the first paragraph shall be made by the municipal pollution control authority pursuant to section 81, first paragraph, litra c, if the pollution damage is restricted to the municipality. If compensation is claimed from the municipality, or damage has been caused in several municipalities, the claim shall be made by the county pollution control authority pursuant to section 81, first paragraph, litra b. If compensation is claimed from the county municipality, or damage has been caused in several counties, the claim shall be made by the state pollution control authority pursuant to section 81, first paragraph, litra a. The Ministry may lay down rules concerning which of the pollution control authorities mentioned in section 81, first paragraph, litra a and b, may put forward the claim for compensation.
A claim for compensation pursuant to the first paragraph may, irrespective of whether the claim is put forward by the pollution control authority, also be made by a private organization or an association with a legal interest in the matter.
If a party such as is mentioned in the third paragraph puts forward a claim pursuant to this section, the compensation awarded shall nevertheless accrue to the pollution control authority according to the provisions of the second paragraph.
The pollution control authority will make further decisions on how the compensation awarded is to be used. Claims may be submitted for necessary costs incurred by a private organization or the like to be covered from the amount awarded.
Compensation to fishermen for loss of fishing area:
In the event of petroleum activities within an area entirely or partly occupying a fishing field, the State is obliged, to the extent that fishing becomes impossible or is substantially impeded, to award compensation in respect of any resulting financial loss. Compensation may be set entirely or partly as a lump sum or as fixed annual payments. Compensation may normally not be claimed for losses that have occurred more than seven years after the occupation took place. The State may claim recovery from the licensee if the licensee ought to have averted the loss.
The licensee is liable, regardless of fault, in respect of financial losses incurred as a result of pollution and waste from the petroleum activities, and the cost of reasonable measures to avert or limit such damage or such loss, including damage or loss as a result of such measures. The liability of the licensee pursuant to the first paragraph also includes damage and inconvenience due to pollution and waste as a result of supply vessel and support vessel traffic, as well as during relocation of the facility to or from the field concerned. The licensee has the right of recourse against the perpetrator actually causing the loss or the shipowner, providing the other prevailing conditions of liability have been fulfilled.
Annex I: Prevention and elimination of pollution from land-based sources;
Annex II: Prevention and elimination of pollution by dumping or incineration;
Annex III: Prevention and elimination of pollution from offshore sources; and
Annex IV: Assessment of the quality of the marine environment
Sheer size. A platform can be divided into the topsides and footings, and these vary a great deal in size.
Structure type: The solutions chosen vary depending on whether is steel installations, concrete installations, pipelines, cables or piles of drill cuttings.
New technological development
Reuse
Artificial reef
Remove and deposit in deeper water Dismantle and dispose onshore or reuseThe deposition of oil and gas installations and pipelines at sea can create problems related to debris, while dismantling them may cause occupational health problems for workers.
Other issues that have been identified are waste disposal problems that may arise if installations are brought ashore for dismantling, effects of the chemicals in the installations if they are dumped at sea, and reductions in resource use if metals are recycled