Lecture Notes - MRSS 1153 - W8 - Energy Consciousness and ... · î õ l ï l î ì í ó î ^ Ç...

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Energy Consciousness and Technological Changes – Influence on the urban form

By

Dr Mohamad Syazli Fathi

[email protected]://razakschool.utm.my/syazli/

MRSS 11533 – Urban Dynamics and Regeneration

©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Introduction• The large-scale and inevitable shift away from the fossil-

and nuclear-powered towards a renewable energy based economic model will create a new and hopeful era for the quality of life in cities.

• This lecture discusses these by looking at the impacts on and of one of the greatest accomplishments of 20th century culture: global urbanization, modern cities and urban life. Technological implications, urban form impact, policy dimensions, institutional ramifications, and cultural issues all are challenges confronting decision makers worldwide at local, regional and global levels.

Source: http://www.world-renewable-energy-forum.org/download/WCRE-City_paper.pdf

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What makes a city?

A city is an interconnected system of systems. Smarter cities drive sustainable economic growth and prosperity for their citizens. Their leaders have the tools to analyse data for better decisions, anticipate problems to resolve them proactively and coordinate resources to operate effectively.http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/ie/en/smarter_cities/overview/

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Doing More with Less

• Energy efficiency reduces the amount of energy consumed while still delivering the same quality of energy.

• Energy conservation requires conscious decisions and behavior changes that result in reductions in energy consumption.

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Hubbert’s Peak Oil Model

The ‘Peak Oil’ or ‘Hubbert Peak’ theory refers to the peak in global oil production. Oil is finite and non renewable resource and once half of its reserve is depleted then it will go into a terminal decline as shown on the above figure.

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Hubbert’sPeak Oil Model

The theory is named after M.King Hubbert (former Shell geologist) who created a method of modeling the production of oil. Of the 65 oil producing countries 54 already past its peak and is now declining.

Oil production in the US is down 11% since 1971, UK North Sea down 27% since 1999, Australia down 26% since 2001. Cantarelloilfield Mexico’s largest, has its output falling from 2.1 MBD in 2004 to less than 0.5 MBD today and Saudi’s Ghawar ,the world’s largest oilfield has been declining at about 5% per year. http://samcheekong.blogspot.my/2012/02/peak-oil-or-hubbert-peak-theory-refers_24.html

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Consequences when pass the “peak”

• Demand exceeds supply

• Prices for energy and all other goods and services

• Conflict

Supply

Demand

Deficit

YearPr

oduc

tion

rate

~ now-30 yrs, oil~20-50 yr, NG

©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Cities occupy 3% of the Earth’s land surface, and house 75% of the human population

Cities account for a considerable portion of a country’s energy consumption. [2/3 of worldwide energy usage and GHG emissions]

Most production, trade and transportation activities usually are located in these areas. [80% of Asia’s GDP is produced by Asian cities]

Energy Concerns in Urban Development

Per capita carbon emission of selected cities ( World Bank, 2010)

Energy-Integrated Planning for Low Carbon Development in CitiesManuel L. Soriano, Senior Technical Advisor

Energy, Infrastructure, Transport & Technology, UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand

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Growing built environment

Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.

Increasing volumes of waste generated

Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems -producing congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.

Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban systems waste resources and generates pollution and GHGs

Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns

Social issues – urbanization of poverty – lack of basic services

Energy Concerns in Urban Development



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Energy for Sustainable Development

Sustainable energy: Energy solutions that address development issues related to economic growth, environment and social equity simultaneously

Key input foreconomic growth

Economic

Social

Environmental

Poverty alleviationand gender

Impacts of energyproduction and use



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Low Carbon Growth

HealthyEcosystemsZero Waste Low Carbon

Green Economy

Sustainable Energy Supply

Environmental governance

Zero Waste

Low Carbon Footprint

Transport &Communications

Jobs

Energy Supply

Safety &Welfare

Economy &Competitiveness

Health &Education

Housing

Access to Nature

Green Buildings Clean Water Quality

Clean Water Quantity Green Transport Clean Air

Sustainable Cities

Integrated Approach to Low Carbon Development



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Energy and Urban Forms

Feedback

Energy needsstimulate newdevelopments

EnergyDemand

Useful energy, delivered energy, primary energy,

transport, heat, light, motive power

AlternativeSupply Systems

Feasibility

Resources, technology, geography,

politics

EnergySources

Nature, location, availability, price, distribution

SpatialStructures

Location, shape, size, density, communications, mixed land

use

Socio-economicand political

factors

Level of development,

socio-economic factors

Ref: Owens, S., Energy , Planning and Urban Form (1986)Energy-Integrated Planning for Low Carbon Development in Cities

Manuel L. Soriano, Senior Technical AdvisorEnergy, Infrastructure, Transport & Technology, UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand

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Energy Technology

Available Resources

Resource Utilization

Waste Generation

Decomposition and/or

Accumulation of Waste

Waste Conversion/Recycling

GHG Emissions & Other Pollutants

Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

Based on Bianpoen. “The City as an Ecological Region “(1990)

Ecosystems approach – The inter-relationship of natural and man-made elements in the environment is the basis for planning aimed towards improved quality of city life.



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Transport Systems

CommunicationSystems

Building Systems Energy Supply Systems

Waste Water Systems

Parks & WaterwaysSystems

Solid Waste Management Systems

Water Supply Systems

Urban Systemsrequire energy to function



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Urban Systems – Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and land); Difficult and costly to modify.

Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures - cost can be as high as 10% of the city’s GDP.

Typical buildings – non-energy efficient - can account for 40% of a city’s total energy consumption and 30% of GHG emissions.

Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased competitiveness, etc.).

The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its future energy usage and emissions (GHG & pollutants).




©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Energy Consuming Urban Systems

Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and arrangement of cities are planned.

Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health, economic competitiveness and the quality of life in cities.

The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes, depending on how these are designed, operated and maintained.

Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and sustain socio-economic development goals.

Are these systems designed and operated for energy efficiency?




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Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are

from the utilization of energy (non-renewable forms)

Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts Combination of land use factors (shape, size)

Travel requirements (distance & frequency)

Variation up to 150%

Interspersion of activities Travel requirements (distance) Variation up to 130% Urban area shape Travel requirements Variation of up to 20% Density/clustering of trip ends Public transport use Energy savings up to 20% Density/mix uses/built form CHP applications Energy savings of 15% Layout/orientation/design Passive cooling/heating Energy savings up to 20% Siting/layout/landscaping Microclimate optimization Energy savings of at least 5%

Ref: BC Energy Aware Committee, Introduction to Community Energy Planning (www.energyaware.bc.ca)

Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities



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Increasing Carbon Footprint Increasing urban sprawl – increased use of private transport Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices Poor urban planning, management and governance

Managing a city’s development that: Maximizes low-carbon energy sources Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP

Vulnerability to Climate Extremes Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity and frequency Sea level rise; Poor suffer more New driver of urbanization - “eco-refugees/eco-migrants”

Climate Change Challenges in Cities

What is the challenge?



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Challenges

Inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks that support environmentally sustainable development in cities

Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design and implement integrated sustainable development actions

Lack of financing for initiatives on environmentally sustainable urban development

Lack of available replicable successful examples of sustainable development applications at the urban level

Lack of easily accessible information on feasible and applicable technologies and practices on sustainable urban development




©Syazli2016@UTMKL

• Support policies on the application of energy efficiency and renewable energy

• Smart urban form and spatial development

• Energy efficient industries and buildings

• Low carbon vehicles and public transport-oriented systems

• Low carbon waste management and urban services

• Energy efficient appliances• Financial/fiscal incentives for EE

and RE applications* PLAN for LOW CARBON GROWTH *

Influence of Cities on Low Carbon Development

Source: www.rainharvest.co.za



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Integrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development Planning

Energy – an essential consideration in achieving sustainable development in urban communities

EIP is in line with an ecosystems approach. Various urban concerns related to energy & environment – Justification for

integrating energy considerations in the city development planning process. Due consideration to energy implications of development policies and

energy flexibility in city development policies and objectives. Key is MAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGE in the urban

development planning process. Official legal authorization for energy-integrated development planning POLITICAL Support – success of an energy-integrated urban development

plan is ensured by this.




©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Land Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs

Analysis of Urban Development Concerns

Energy Issues (supply, consumption, demand) Analysis =

Urban Development Goal, Objectives & Criteria Formulation

Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and Criteria =

Urban Development Surveys & Analysis of Sectoral Plans & Profiles

Energy Survey Data (supply, consumption, demand) and Database =

Alternative Growth Scenarios and Solutions Formulation

Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios =

Alternative Growth Scenarios & Solutions Analysis

Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios & Proposed Solutions =

Urban Development Policy Formulation & Sectoral Policies & Regulations

Formulated & Enforced Energy Policies & Plans/Programs =

Urban Development & Sectoral Policy Impact Analysis

Energy-Environment Impact Assessment Results =

Urban Development and Sectoral Policy Support Activities Formulation

Energy Plan Projects Implementation & Results =

Urban Plans & Programs Implementation and Management Strategies

Urban Development & Sectoral Plans Implementation

Urban Development and Sectoral Plans Monitoring & Management

Energy Consumption Monitoring & Management =

Energy-Integrated Urban Development Plan Management

Energy Integrated

Urban Development

Planning

Energy Management Plan and Energy Projects Implementation =

Integrating Energy in Urban Development PlanningUrban

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Land Use Planning Activities Energy Considerations Outputs

Land Use Problem Analysis

Land Use Goal, Objectives & Criteria Formulation

Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and Criteria =

Land Use Surveys & Database Development & Analysis

Energy Survey Data (supply, consumption, demand) =

Alternative Growth Scenarios and Solutions Formulation

Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios =

Alternative Growth Scenarios & Solutions Analysis

Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios & Proposed Solutions =

Land Use Policy Formulation (based on Analyses)

Existing Energy Policies & Plans/Programs =

Land Use Policy Impact AnalysisEnergy-Environment Links Assessment Results =

Land Use Policy Support Activities Formulation

Energy Plan Projects Implementation & Results =

Land Use Management & Plan Implementation Strategies Development

Land Use Plan Implementation

Land Use Monitoring & ManagementEnergy Consumption Monitoring & Management =

Energy-Integrated Land Use Plan Management

Energy Integrated Land

Use Planning

Considering Energy Aspects in Land Use Planning

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Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning

Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:

1. Land Use and Transport PlanningContiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout; traffic rules; trip reduction measures; citizens participation, etc.

2. Site Planning and Building DesignBuilding efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations; pedestrian facilities; transit facilities, etc.

3. Infrastructure EfficiencyWater supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection & recycling facilities; heat & power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.

4. Energy SupplyElectricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization; cogeneration systems; waste-to-energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.



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Low carbon development of cities can be facilitated through the enforcement of appropriate policies and regulatory frameworks that support the planning , design and implementation of interventions that fully recognize the importance of urban development planning that takes serious consideration of the energy and environment aspects of sustainable development

Sustainable Energy Supply

Green Economy

Clean AirZero Waste

Green Transport

Green Buildings

Access to Nature

Clean Water (Quantity)

Clean Water (Quality)

Low Carbon Footprint

Environmental Governance

City-led Programs, Regulations & Financial Capacity




©Syazli2016@UTMKL

ChallengesInstitutional Challenges• e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate

change are not mainstreamed in urban development planning processes

Energy Use and Energy Policy Challenges• e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE

and RE initiatives; restrictive regulations and default controls

Political Challenges• e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in

policies; lack of awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also political) benefits of low carbon development

Social/Community Challenges• e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudes

Capacity & Financial Challenges• e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development;

Lack of financing for low carbon development initiatives




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Key Players

• Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning, public works and general services, city engineers office, etc..)

• National and Regional Development Agencies

• Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)

• Real Estate Developers

• Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)

• Public Transport Operators

• NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups

• General Public




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• Planned Development Areas• Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land including

Environmentally Sensitive Areas• Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services• Access to Transport and Transit Systems

• Community Design & Layout• Spatial Structures• Streets and Roads• Natural Features and Open Spaces

• Buildings and Infrastructures• Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials• Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures• Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban Systems• Green Construction • Sustainable Energy Production and Supply




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Strategies to Support Plan ImplementationPrivatization and the Role of the Private Sector• Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)• Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee

collection; Road infrastructure construction; Leasing of government vehicles; Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and park maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)

Improvement of City's Public Image

Revenue Enhancement Interventions• Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes• Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of

development infrastructures/services and improve fee collection procedures.• Consider the potentials of grantsmanship.• Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development



©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Strategies to Support Low Carbon Initiatives• Investments

• Investment for installation of new energy efficient urban systems, or enhancement of the existing ones.

• Investment in improving city energy supply and distribution systems.

• Investment for research and development, information dissemination and promotional programs on low carbon development.

• Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry sector and other service companies.

• Third Party Financing

• Financial Institutions

• Lease-Purchase Agreements; Build-Operate-Transfer Agreements




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Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation

1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies• Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge• Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax• Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD• Parking Fees

2. City Development Strategies• User Fees, Surcharges• Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings• Increase Development Fees for Building Permits• Implementation of Betterment Charges• Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services• Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development




©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities

• Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs

• Reduction in pollution

• Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the city as a whole

• Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with the added benefit of preventing disposal-related pollution)

• Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have market value



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Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities

Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities

• GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)

• Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction

• Preservation of Natural Environment

• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)

• Improved Public Health

• Empowered Communities

• Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)

• Improved Economy and Competitiveness



©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Example of EE Urban Systems

Green Infrastructures – a network of decentralized storm water management practice that can capture rainwater, thus reducing storm water runoff and improving the quality of city waterways.

Ref: CNT, The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits (2010)



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City Electricity System• Difficulty to expand grid infrastructure• Increased energy demand during peak periods

Smart City Solutions (policy measures that promote, among others, a grid that manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner, built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all involved). Source: ABB

Example of EE Urban Systems

Deregulation and real-time pricing

Smart energy-positive infrastructure

Integrated mobility service



Renewable Energy – Malaysia

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Renewable energy

• Renewable energy is any type of energy that comes from a naturally replenish able resource, like solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, or biomass.

• Fossil fuels, the most common energy resource, will eventually run out, which makes renewable energy an attractive energy technology.

• Renewable energy may exist on a macro or a micro scale, with certain technologies only powering small rural areas and others adding a percentage of power to a city or even a country's energy grid.

• Many renewable energy jobs focus on renewable energy technology and making renewable energy a more plausible power resource, such as solar or energy engineering.

©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Energy policy of Malaysia• The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government, which

address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption. The Department of Electricity and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while other players in the energy sector include energy supply and service companies, research and development institutions and consumers. Government-linked companies Petronas and Tenaga Nasional Berhad are major players in Malaysia's energy sector.

• Governmental agencies that contribute to the policy are the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga), and the Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia). Among the documents that the policy is based on are the 1974 Petroleum Development Act, 1975 National Petroleum Policy, 1980 National Depletion Policy, 1990 Electricity Supply Act, 1993 Gas Supply Acts, 1994 Electricity Regulations, 1997 Gas Supply Regulation and the 2001 Energy Commission Act.[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia

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Renewable Energy policy of Malaysia

• The Malaysian government is seeking to intensify the development of renewable energy, particularly biomass, as the 'fifth fuel' resource under the country's Fuel Diversification Policy.

• The policy, which was set out in 2001, had a target of renewable energy providing 5% of electricity generation by 2005, equal to between 500 and 600 megawatt (MW) of installed capacity.

• The policy has been reinforced by fiscal incentives, such as investment tax allowances and the Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP), which encourages the connection of small renewable power generation plants to the national grid.[2]


©Syazli2016@UTMKL

Renewable Energy policy of Malaysia

• The Small Renewable Energy Program allows renewable projects with up to 10 MW of capacity to sell their electricity output to TNB, under 21-year licence agreements.

• Numerous applications for the program have been received, mainly involving biomass, and of these over half are for palm oil waste.

• In 2005 there were 28 approved biomass projects involving the installation of 194 MW of grid-connected capacity. There were also four approved landfill gas-based projects, with 9 MW of capacity, and 18 mini hydro-electricprojects offering 69.9 MW of total capacity.[2]


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Source: www.uswitch.com/solar-panels/guides/feed-in-tariff/

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Source: ohcikgu.com/2013/10/29/seda-malaysia-open-day-blogger-workshop-2013/

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How urban areas expand in the future has big implications on the GHG emissions that are generated in cities.

Urban development planning should consider energy as one important component of sustainable development.

Energy and Climate Change should be mainstreamed into the urban development planning processes

Policies formulated for various concerns in city development plans should be in accord with the preservation of man's environment and the provision of energy for sustaining growth and development.

The capacity of local governments should be improved to better identify the optimum mix of regulatory and public financing instruments to attract catalytic financial flows toward low-emissions climate-resilient development.

The success of an energy integrated city development plan can only be ensured if there is political support. Without it, any planning approach will fail.

Conclusions

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