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UNIVERSITY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCESDEPT. OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
A LECTURE ON THE THEME “ENHANCING THE CAPACITY OF THE CURRENT GENERATION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY AND
ENERGY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: THE SOLUTION TO GHANA’S ENERGY CRISES”
PRESENTED-LAUNCH OF S.R.C WEEK CELEBRATION @ UENR-SYI, MARCH, 2015
By Felix Amankwah Diawuo
Presentation outline• Energy Crises and its causes
• Energy Outlook-Global
• Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
(Demand and Supply)
• Addressing Energy Crises
• RE generation potential in Ghana
• Energy Management Strategies
• Things on Mind
• Conclusion
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Energy Crises and Causes
• The energy crisis is the concern that theworld’s demands on the limited naturalresources that are used to powerindustrial society are diminishing as thedemand rises
•An energy crisis is any great bottleneck inthe supply of energy resources to aneconomy
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Energy Crises and Causes• Overconsumption: which can be due to
overpopulation-steady increase in the world’spopulation and its demands for fuel andproducts
• Poor Infrastructure: Aging infrastructure ofpower generating equipment is yet anotherreason for energy shortage
• Unexplored Renewable Energy Options:Renewable energy still remains unused is mostof the countries
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Energy Crises and Causes
• Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world,people do not realize the importance of conservingenergy
• Poor Distribution System: Frequent tripping andbreakdown are result of a poor distribution systemand also major line losses
• Major Accidents and Natural Calamities: Majoraccidents like pipeline burst and natural calamitieslike eruption of volcanoes, floods, earthquakes canalso cause interruptions to energy supplies.
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Energy Crises and Causes
• Wars and Attacks: Wars between countriescan also hamper supply of energy specially if ithappens somewhere in the Middle East -SaudiArabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE or Qatar.
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WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY
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Key public concerns include plant operation,decommissioning & waste management;By 2040, almost 200 reactors are retired & the amount ofspent fuel doubles
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
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ELECTRICITY USE
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PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY
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Only 5% of sub-Saharan Africa has access to energy. Electricity consumption is 1/6th of the world’s average
CHANGING DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspectiveload profile
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
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Pattern of yearly sectorial in Ghana since the year 2000
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
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The pattern of electricity consumption by sector in Ghana since the year 2000
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
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Trend in Peak Load
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
• Basically 2 Types of Power Generation:Hydropower (about 57%)
Thermal Plants: Fuel Flexibility (NG, LCO or DIESEL)
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
Installed grid electricity generation Capacity, 2013 (EC, 2014)
• Maximum Capacity =2,631.0 MW
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
• Location of some Existing Plants
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
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Ghana’s total available capacity compared to peak demand
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
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Reserve margin based on generation and demand forecast: 2010-2020
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
• Transmission and Distribution losses in Ghana:
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Addressing Energy CrisesThe future of mankind is dependent on abundant, low-cost energy that will not destroy our world.
• The first criterion for a major new energy source isthat it must be nondepletable
• The second criterion is low cost. If the cost is notlow, a new source will not be developed and theenergy will not be used. This does not necessarilymean it has to be low cost in the beginning if weare willing to make an investment in the future, butit must be low cost over the long term.
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Addressing Energy Crises• The third criterion is it must be environmentally
clean-We must stop the damage and start to healthe earth.
• The fourth criterion is it must be available toeveryone. We can no longer deny energy to theemerging nations of the earth and expect to live inpeace-This means it must be a vast source.
• The fifth and last criterion is it must be in a
useable form; otherwise, it will be of little help tous.
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Addressing Energy CrisesWAY FORWARD
• Move Towards Renewable Resources:The best possible solution is to reduce theworld’s dependence on non-renewableresources and to improve overallconservation efforts.
• Energy Management Style (Demand SideManagement, DSM and Supply SideManagement, SSM)
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Addressing Energy Crises-why RE?Stable Energy Prices: Increase or decrease in supply offossil fuels has a direct result on inflation. Cost ofproducing energy from renewable energy sources isdependent on the amount of money that has beenspent on the infrastructure and not on the inflated costof natural resource, which clearly means we can expectmuch more stable prices when bulk of energy is coming
• Continual Source of Energy: Many of the plans forrenewable energy stations are focused on theircapacity to provide an immediate and continual sourceof energy to an area. There is very little conversionthat needs to be done to take electricity from a solaror wind generator and use it.
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Addressing Energy Crises-why RE?• Reliability: If the sun always rises and the wind always
blows, the reliability of renewable energy types can far exceed that of fossil fuels.
• Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Almost all of therenewable energy plans emphasize that they have amuch lower carbon footprint that any of the fossil fueloptions available.
• Low Cost Operation: Once in place, most of therenewable energy types have a much lower overallcost of operations than the fossil fuel methods require
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Addressing Energy Crises-why RE?• Micro-station options possible– From solar
panels on homes to small wind farms, there aremany different types of renewable energy thatcan be used in remote areas – or even urbanones – with low cost micro station options
• Large Scale Job Creation: It is estimated thatadoption of renewable energy technologies isgoing to create large number of jobs worldwide.Renewable energy technologies are cheaper asthey require less maintenance in the long run.
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not oil and gas?
Sustainability; energy security
Imported Crude Oil Use
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not oil and gas?
Sustainability
Trend in Crude Oil Prices (Jan 2005 – Dec 2013): NOW $ 54.67/bbl
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not oil and gas ?
Sustainability
Energy Balance - 2013 (KTOE)
Oil Indigenous production: 5,371.8; Import: 1,328.3; Exports: -5,210.9
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not oil and gas ?
Sustainability
Trend in NG Import- 2013 (KTOE)
Natural Gas Import through WAGP (Source: WAGPCo & VRA)
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not oil and gas
• Ghana Gas demand forecast (World bank, 2013)
TEN (Tweneboa, Enyenra, and Ntomme)
• Ntomme)
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Generation Potential Resource: Solar• Daily Solar Irradiation: 4-6 kWh/m2/year
• Annual Sunshine Duration: 1800-3000 hrs
• Estimated Possible Energy Harness: 35 EJ (9.7 PWh)
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Generation Potential Resource: SolarPotential of Solar energy resources at some selected locations in Ghana
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Generation Potential Resource: Solar
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Generation Potential Resource: Solar
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Generation Potential Resource: Solar
• In Bangladesh, over 80,000 solarhome systems are being installedevery month and there are already atotal of over three million in use in therural, off-grid areas, benefiting over20 million people. Since 1996, therenewable energy sector inBangladesh has created jobs for over150,000 people
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Generation Potential Resource: WIND• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along the coast: 7-9m/s
[3000MW/7300GWh]
• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along Border: 9-9.9m/s [300MW/800GWh]
• Wind Power Density: 600-800W/m2
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Generation Potential Resource: WINDWind energy resource of Ghana at 50m height
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Generation Potential Resource: WIND
Measured wind speed at 40 m, 50 m and 60 m height of NRG 60 m XHD wind mast
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Generation Potential Resource: WIND
• No of potential sites: 70
• Potential Generation Capacity:2000MW
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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS RESOURCE
• Biomass energy accounts for 50% of Africa’s totalprimary energy supply, and about 60% in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Biomass resources cover about 20.8 millionhectares of the 23.8 million hectare land mass ofGhana and supply about 64% of the total energyused in the country.
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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS RESOURCE
It has been estimated that there are 553,000 tonnesof maize cob and stalk produced with a potentialenergy of 17.65-18.77 MJ/kg and 19 tonnes ofpaddy rice husks with a potential energy of 16.14MJ/kg.
As well, 193,000 tonnes of oil palm shells, 136,000tonnes of sorghum stalks, 150,000 tons of milletstalks and 56,000 tonnes of groundnut shells
• The waste generation per day in thecity is about 0.6 kg/person
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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS
Average household waste composition in Kumasi
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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS
Location Installed
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Kwae Oil Palm 420 1.50
Juanben Oil
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Benso Oil Mill 500 1.90
Twifo Oil Palm 610 2.10
Total 1954 7.00
Installed biomass co-generation plants in Ghana
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Energy Management
Aims of EM
• Energy Efficiency and System Optimization-LEAST COST,
• Energy Audit,
• Energy Demand Management,
• Green Technology for Clean Energy and CO2 Mitigation.
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Energy ManagementSupply Side Management, SSM
• Upgrade Gas-Fired Combined-Cycle PowerPlants
Even a small percentage change in efficiencygained through retrofitting these gas-fired plantscan create large results. For example, accordingto the Electric Power Research Institute's January2009 report, a 1 % point efficiency improvementin the GE fleet of 1000 F-Class gas-fired turbinescould reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 4.4million tons a year.
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Energy ManagementSupply Side Management, SSM
• Create More Efficient Electrical Transmission,Distribution:
That wasted energy at every point during everysecond of every day costs money. The cost of"saving" electricity through implementingefficiency improvements is around 0.03 cents perkWh while the cost of generating electricity thatis lost runs at 2.5 to 6 cents per kWh. Smart gridapplications to stop this flow of lost energy andwasted money are a solution we can deploynow.
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Energy ManagementSupply Side Management, SSM
Capture Waste Heat
Power generation naturally creates heat. Whenyou plug something in, it gets warm. By moreeffectively using the heat generated in producingelectricity, plants can achieve overall efficienciesof 50 percent or more by combined heat andpower (CHP). This involves capturing the heatbyproduct and using it in an industrialapplication…..Trigen…..over 100% economic eff.
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ENERGY MANAGEMENTDEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT (DSM)
• Buy Energy Efficient products: Replace traditionalbulbs with CFL’s and LED’s. They use less watts ofelectricity and last longer. If millions of people acrossthe globe use LED’s and CFL’s for residential andcommercial purposes, the demand for energy can godown and an energy crisis can be averted (GhanaianExample)
CHANGING STREET LIGHTS IN UENR CAN MAKE ANIMPACT, replacing 250W Mercury vapor lamps with100W LED-14 lux (4.5 kW)
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Lighting Controls: There are a number of newtechnologies out there that make lightingcontrols that much more interesting and theyhelp to save a lot of energy and cash in thelong run. Preset lighting controls, slide lighting,touch dimmers, integrated lighting controlsare few of the lighting controls that can helpto conserve energy and reduce overall lightingcosts……………use daylight savings
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Perform Energy Audit: Energy audit is aprocess that helps you to identify the areaswhere your home or office is losing energyand what steps you can take to improveenergy efficiency. Energy audit when doneby a professional can help you to reduceyour carbon footprint, save energy andmoney and avoid energy crisis.
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Green Building:
Ghana and single glazing windows-solargains????
Minimize infiltration and transmission gains
Think about phase change materials(PCMs)….nanotech??? ……materialselection???......light designs…reducingillumination
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Things on mind ????
• Pumped storage system for some of theHEPs
• Cheap ways to convert solar energy directlyinto electricity which can be used to convertwater into fuel, like hydrogen that can beturned back into electricity on demand
• Issues on large storage systems, is domesticrooftop solar installation the way to go?
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Conclusion
• It is very feasible to meet energy demand gap and sustained spinning margin with RE systems.
• Strategic policies to meet the demand short fall is elaborate but IMPLEMENTATION????????
• Sun is going to shine for another billion years.That means solar energy is renewable andsustainable. Moving water and strong windswill continue to supply constant source ofenergy….THE WAY TO GO!!!!
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SAYING
“We need to find a better wayto make fuel from the sun moreaccessible so that we can bringenergy to whoever wants itwhenever they want it-day ornight”
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THANK YOU
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