Department of Computer Engineering/ College of Engineering/

University of Baghdad

Lecture One

Chapter One: Hello!

Text book: New headway plus

Beginner student book

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Txsfaek6jk0

VERB FORMS

Helping

Verb Main Verb

PRIMARY MODAL

PRESENT TENSEDO,DOES

AM,IS,AREHAVE,HAS

PAST TENSEDID

WAS,WEREHAD

CAN,COULDMAY,MIGHT

SHALL,SHOULDWILL,WOULDMUST,NEED

OUGHT,USED TO

1.1- VERB TO BE: Present Simple (is, are, am)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I ….am

𝐻𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝐼𝑡

….is

𝑊𝑒𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑦

. ..are

I am not

𝐻𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝐼𝑡

is not

𝑊𝑒𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑦

are not

Am I?

Is 𝐻𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝐼𝑡

?

Are 𝑊𝑒𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑦

?

The other VERB TO BE: Past (was, were), Present Perfect (has, have)

(The answer is yes or no)

1.2-Questions in English

Yes-No questions

(no Question Word)

Question with

question words

The general order: Question word+ Auxiliary verb +

Subject+ Main verb. That is combined as (QASM).

Auxiliary verb helps the main verbs to define the tenses or

to form question and negative sentences. Basically, the types

are as follows:

1- primary verb: be , do and have.

2- Modal verb: can, could, will, would, may, might, …

What do you do? I am an engineerWhat is your name?When did he leave?Whose are these books?How was your exam?How many cars are there?

1.3- Possessive adjectives

فأنها ملكيهالبينما ضمائر بألاسم الموصوف متبوعه تكون التملكصفات

موصوفالبألاسم اغلب الاحيان مسبوقه وتكون صفات الملكيهمحلتحل

Complete the sentences using the possessive adjectives.

1- I have a book. This is ……… book.

2- You have got a car. This is …… car.

3- Ahmed has got a new Laptop. This is …….. Laptop.

4- Zahra has got a new jumper. This is …… jumper.

5- You are a good painter. I love …… drawings.

6- A giraffe has got long legs. ……. nick is long, too.

7- We have got a new car. This is …… car.

8- I have got good students. …… students are clever.

Complete the sentences using the possessive pronouns.

1- Is this your book? Is this ……..?

2- Is this my laptop? Is this ……?

3- Is that their car? Is that ……?

4- That is her pen. Is that …….?

5- These are his books. Are these ……?

6- They are our games. They are …….?

7- These are your books. These books are …….

8- This is their car. This car is …….

9- This is our games. These games are ……..

10- This is my college. This college is ……..

Singular and plural Nouns

1- To make regular nouns plural, add -s to the end..

books, pens, cats.

2- If the singular noun ends in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add -es to the end to make it plural.

bus – buses, lunch – lunches, tax – taxes.

3- In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s or -z prior to

adding the -es for pluralization.

fez – fezzes, gas –gasses

4- If the noun ends with -f or -fe, the f is often changed to -ve before adding the -s to form the plural version.

wife – wives, wolf – wolves.

Exceptions:

roof – roofs, belief – beliefs, chef – chefs, chief – chiefs

Singular and plural Nouns

5- If a singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending to -ies to make the noun plural. city – cities, puppy – puppies

6- If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), simply add an -s to make it plural.

ray – rays, boy – boys, monkey-monkeys, day –days.

7- If the singular noun ends in -o, add -es to make it plural.

potato – potatoes, tomato – tomatoes, Exceptions:, photo – photos, piano – pianos, halo – halos

With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for words that end in -o or not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are correct:

Volcanoes volcanos.

8- If the singular noun ends in -us, the plural ending is frequently -i.

cactus – cacti , focus – foci

9- If the singular noun ends in -is, the plural ending is -es.

analysis – analyses, ellipsis – ellipses

Singular and plural Nouns

10- If the singular noun ends in -on, the plural ending is -a.

phenomenon – phenomena, criterion – criteria

11- Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.

• sheep – sheep

• series – series

• deer –deer

Note: these nouns defined in the context to identify them as singular or plural. Example :

Ahmed caught one fish, but Ali caught five fish.

Plural Noun Rules for Irregular Nouns

Note: Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize them.

child – children, man – men, woman – women, tooth – teeth, foot – feet, mouse – mice, person – people.

Note: Spelling of a name never been changed when become plural. The plural of Sammy for example is Sammys, but not Sammies

GREETING

IntroductionsDefined as action of

introducing something

Formal general greetings:

1- “Hello!”

2- “Good morning.”

3- “Good afternoon.”

4- “Good evening.”

5- “How do you do?”

6- “It’s nice to meet you.”

7- “It’s a pleasure to meet you.”

Informal general greetings

1- Hi!” (Probably the most commonly used greeting in English)

2- “Morning!” (A more casual way of saying “Good morning”)

3- “How are things (with you)?”

4- “What’s new?”

5- “It’s good to see you.” (Used when you haven’t seen someone in a while).

HOW ARE YOU?

EVERYDAY ENGLISH

VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING

What's this in English?

Numbers1-10 and plurals

1- Text book: New headway beginner student book

2- https://elt.oup.com/student/headway/beg/?cc=global&selLanguage=en

3- https://test-english.com/explanation/a2/asking-questions-in-english/

4- https://druckerdriver.com/attach/5https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Possessive_adjectives_and_pronouns/Possessive_adjectives_and_pronouns_ml18673an

6- https://ieltsbands.com/parts-of-speech-possessive-adjectives-explanation-examples/

7-https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Possessive_adjectives_and_pronouns/Possessive_Adjectives_and_Pronouns_mr142503jz

7- https://agendaweb.org/

8- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/plural-nouns.