24
Lecturers, Participants, and Staff and Index
Lecturers, Participants, and Staff and Index
688
Group Photo
Dr. Paola Amaldi CTAInc. 2500 English Creek Ave. Suite 1000 Pleasantville, NJ 08232 USA Tel: (+1) (609) 645-5044 Fax: (+1) (609) 646-4508
Dr. Terry J. Anderson Dept. of Information Systems University of Ulster at Jordanstown Antrim BT37 OQB UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (232) 365131 Fax: (+44) (232) 362 803 E-Mail: [email protected]
Dr. Clive John A. Andrews Department of Biological Sc. Napier University 10 Colin ton Road Edinburgh EHIO 5DT, Scotland UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (31) 447 2627 Fax: (+44) (31) 452 8023
Dr. Sue Baker CAA RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine Farnborough Rants GU14 6SZ UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (252) 24461 Fax: (+44) (252) 377-839
Dr. Rodney Baldwin BIS 34 DeUegaass Heffingen L-7651 LUXEMBOURG Tel: (+352) 872 11 Fax: (+352) 879 785
Lecturers, Participants, and Staff 689
Dr. Hans-Jtirgen Bangen DomierGmbH Deutsche Aerospace Postbox 1420 D799 Fredrickshafen GERMANY Tel: (+49) (7545) 8 3760 Fax: (+49) (7545) 84431
Dr. Birgit Bukasa Institute for Traffic Psychology Austrian Road Safety Board OlzeJtgasse 3 A-1030 Vienna AUSTRIA Tel: (+43) (222) 717 70 170 Fax: (+43) (222) 717 709
Mr. Francisco Calheiros Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto Seccao de Matematica e Fisica 4099 Porto Codex PORTUGAL Tel: (+351) (2) 307789 Fax: (+351) (2) 319280
Dr. Ozer Ciftcioglu Istanbul Technical University Electrical Engineering Faculty P.O. Box 17, Teknik Universite 80191 Istanbul TURKEY Tel: (+90) (I) 243 3100 Fax: (+90) (I) 276 3679 E-Mail: eeciftci@tritu
Mr. Jeremy N. Clare Cambridge Consultants, Ltd. Science Park, Cambridge CB44DW UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (223) 420 024 Fax: (+44) (223) 423373 E-Mail: [email protected]
690 Lecturers, Participants, and Staff
Mr. Sergio M.F. Cruz Universidade de Aveiro Departamento Electr6nica 3800 Aveiro PORTUGAL Tel: (+351) (34) 25085 Fax: (+351) (34) 381128 E-Mail: [email protected]
Dr. Hugh David Centre Experimental Eurocontrol B.P.15 91222 Bretigny-Sur-Orge Cedex FRANCE Tel: (+33) (1) 69 88 75 00 Fax: (+33) (1) 60 85 1504 E-Mail: 602150F
Dr. Anthony Debons Professor Emeritus University of Pittsbugh 115 Edgeclift Dr. Carnegie, P A 15106 USA Tel: (+1) (412) 2815020 Fax: (+1) (412) 2813671
Prof. Jorge M. Miranda Diaz Universidade de Coimbra Dept. de Engenharia Electrotecnica Largo Marques Pombal 3000 Coimbra PORTUGAL Tel: (+351) (39) 20023 Fax: (+351) (39) 35672 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. Michael Dubois Universite Catholique de Louvain Unite de Psychologie du Travail Voie du Roman Pays, 20 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM Tel: (+32) (10) 47 42 71 Fax: (+32) (10) 47 48 34 E-Mail: [email protected]
M. Patrick Dujardin Ministere de l'Equipement Centre d'Etudes de la Navigation Aerienne Orly Sud 205 94542 Orly Aerogare Cedex FRANCE Tel: (+33) (1) 69 84 56 66 Fax: (+33) (1) 69 845697 E-Mail: [email protected]
Ms. Christine Fassert SYSECA 315 Bureaux de la Colinne 92213 St. Cloud Cedex FRANCE Tel: (+33) (1) 49 11 7036 Fax: (+33) (1) 49 11 7605
Mr. Knut Follesji} Research Psychologist OECD Halden Reactor Project P.O. Box 173 N-1751 Halden NORWAY Tel: (+47) (9) 183 100 Fax: (+47) (9) 187 109 E-Mail:
Dr. Harold D. Foster Dept. of Geography University of Victoria P.O. Box 3050 Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P5 CANADA Tel: (+1) (604) 721-7331 Fax: (+1) (604) 721-6216
Mr. Richard Furze DRAMalvern St. Andrews Road Great Malvern Worcestershire WR143PS UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (684) 895 034 Fax: (+44) (684) 894540
Vincent Galotti Technical Officer RAC/SAR ICAO 3 bis Villa-Emile Bergerat 92522 Neuilly-sur-Seine (Cedex) FRANCE Tel: (+33) (1) 46 37 96 22 Fax: (+33) (1) 46 24 0914
Dr. Richard Gibson Center for A viationl Aerospace Research Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 600 S. Clyde Morris Blvd. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA Tel: (+1) (904) 226-6715 Fax: (+1) (904) 226-7050
Mrs. Barbara Gibson 185 Sycamore Creek Drive Springboro, OH 45066 USA Tel: (+1) (513) 746-3198 Fax: (+1) (513) 746-3864
Michael L. Graves ill Galaxy Scientific CotpOration Acquisition Engineering Division 4900 Seminary Road, Suite 400 Alexandria, VA 22311-1860 USA Tel: (+1) (703) 379-2107 Fax: (+1) (703) 379-0435
Dr. P.A. Hancock University of Minnesota 164 Norris Hall 172 Pillsbury Drive, S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Tel: (+1) (612) 625-8527 Fax: (+1) (612) 626-7496 E-Mail: [email protected]
Lecturers, Participants, and Staff 691
Dr. Kelly Harwood CT A Incorporated FAAlNASA-Ames Field Office Mail Stop 210-2 Moffet Field, CA 94568 USA Tel: (+1) (415) 604-5051 Fax: (+1) (415) 604-0173 E-Mail: harwood @thunderbird.arc.nasa.gov
Dr. Erik Hollnagel Space Division Computer Resources International Bregnor\'ldvej 144 DK-3460 Birker\'ld DENMARK Tel: (+45) (45) 82 21 00 Fax: (+45)(45) 82 26 20 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. V. David Hopkin Human Factors Consultant, c.A.A. RAP Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough, Hants., GU14 6SZ UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (252) 24461 ext 4363 Fax: (+44) (252) 377-839
Dr. Esther E. Horne RIISE 302 Fox Chapel Rd. #212 Pittsburgh, PA 15238-2336 USA Tel: (+1) (412) 781-1103 Fax: (+1) (412) 963-1926
Prof. Graham J. F. Hunt Massey University School of Aviation Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North NEW ZEALAND Tel: (+64) (6) 3552 820 Fax: (+64) (6) 3568 806
692 Lecturers, Participants, and Staff
Mr. Richard Jack Napier University 10 Colinton Road Edinburgh, Scotland EH10 5DT UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (31) 455 2303 Fax: (+44) (31) 447 8046
Mr. Florian Jentsch Schottmiillerstr 89 D-1000 Berlin 37 GERMANY Tel: (+49) (30) 817 5121
Dr. P.G.M. Jorna National Aerospace Laboratory P.O. Box 90502 NL-1006BM, Amsterdam NETHERLANDS Tel: (+31) (20) 511 3638 Fax: (+31)(20)5113210
Dr. Geoffrey Kain Humanities and Social Sciences Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 600 S. Clyde Morris Blvd. Daytona Beach, FL 32114-3900 USA Tel: (+1) (904) 226-6648 Fax: (+ 1) (904) 226-6668/6637
Mr. Michael D. Kolden 710 West 14th Street Williston, ND 58801 USA
Mr. Harald Kolrep Technische Universitat Berlin Institut fUr Psychologie Dovestr 1-5 1000 Berlin 10 GERMANY Tel: (+49) (30) 314 25289 Fax: (+49) (30) 314 25274
Dr. Milan Kvasnica Institute of Physical Electronics SA V Str. Matuskova 3 CS-97400 Banska Bystrica CZECHOSLOV AKIA Tel: (+42) (88) 54 486 Fax: (+42) (88) 61 783
Wing Commander SEJ Lane O.c. Data Processing Wing Royal Air Force RAF West Drayton Middlesex UB7 9AU UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (895) 426 016 Fax: (+44) (895) 426 288
Dr. Marcel Leroux CENA-ERATO Project 5 Avenue E. Belin BP4005 31055 Toulouse Cedex FRANCE Tel: (+33) (62) 259565 Fax: (+33) (62) 25 95 99 E-Mail: [email protected]
Dr. Robert H. Logie Department of Psychology University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (224) 272 241 Fax: (+44) (224) 273 426 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. Edward Marshall SYNERGY 14 Northcote Close West Morsley Surrey KT24 6LU UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44)(486) 544 34 Fax: (+44) (483) 222 878
Ms. Lidia M. Ferreira Martins Lagoa das Cesras-Abjul 3100 Pombal PORTUGAL
Mr. Peter J. McAlindon Dept. of Industrial Engineering University of Central Florida 2236 River Park Circle, #728 Orlando, FL 32817 USA Tel: (+1) (407) 382-7308 Fax: (+1) (407) 823-3299
Mr. Kevin C. Norris Center for Instructional Design Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 600 S. Clyde Morris Blvd. Daytona Beach, FL 32114-3900 USA Tel: (+1) (904) 226-6371 Fax: (+1) (904) 226-7040
Dr. Ilhan Or Bogazici University Bebek,80815 Istanbul TURKEY Tel: (+90) (1) 263 1500 Fax: (+90) (1) 265 8488 E-Mail: [email protected]
Capt. Alejandro Perez Chavez Capitan y Antrop6logo Fisico Centro Altemativa Antropol6gica latinoamericana Apartado postal 22-614, Tlalpan c.p. 14000 MEXICO D.F. Tel: (+52) (5) 568 0474 Fax: (+52) (5) 658 9823
Lecturers, Participants, and Staff 693
Mr. Joe Pitts Department of Transportation ATR-300 Federal A viaition Adsrninistartion 800 Independence Ave, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20591 USA Tel: (+1) (202) 267-9182 Fax: (+1) (202) 267-9199
Dr. Robert Plant Dept. Computers and Information Systems University of Miami P.O. Box 248818 Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA Tel: (+ 1) (305) 284 6105 Fax: (+ 1) (305) 284 6526 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mrs. Kristina Pollack Head Psychologist Air Force StafflFlight Safety Inspector 10784 Stockholm SWEDEN Tel: (+46) (8) 788 75 45 Fax: (+46) (8) 664 74 44
Prof. Henrikas Pranevitchius Head of Management Informatics Dept. Kaunas University of Technology Studentu 50 3028 Kaunas LITHUANIA Tel: (+7) (0127) 74-73-33 Fax: (+7) (0127) 20-29-12 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. Martin Quinones 1690 Dunn Ave., Apt. 1018 Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA
694 Lecturers, Participants, and Staff
Dr. James Reason University of Manchester Dept. of Psychology Manchester M13 9PL UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (663) 76 24 06 Fax: (+44) (663) 76 58 16
Dr. Edward Rinalducci CAHFAIPsychology Dept. Phillips Hall University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 USA Tel: (+1) (407) 823-1011 Fax: (+1) (407) 823-3299
Dr. P.H.M.P. Roelofsma Dept. of Psychonomics Free University De Boelelaan 1115 1081 HV Amsterdam NETHERLANDS Tel: (+31) (20) 5484469 Fax: (+31) (20) 642 62 75
Mr. Ragnar Rosness SINTEF Safety and Reliability N-7034 Trondheim NORWAY Tel: (+47) (7) 592753 Fax: (+47) (7) 5928 96 E-Mail: ragnar.rosness@sipaa
Dr. Uwe Rottmann Technische Universitat Berlin (Sekr.F3) Institut flir Luft-und Raumfahrt MarchstraBe 14 D-l000 Berlin 10 GERMANY Tel: (+49) (30) 314 22462 Fax: (+49) (30) 313 9293
Mr. Jorge Almeida Santos Instituto de Educacao Universidade do Minho R. Abade da Loureira 4700 Braga PORTUGAL Tel: (+351) (53) 616150 Fax (+351) (53) 618371
Mr. Gerhard Schaad Dipl. Psych. Wehrtechnische Dienststelle 91-215 Am Schiessplatz DCW) 4470 Meppen GERMANY Tel: (+49) (5931) 3031 ext. 2311 Fax: (+49) (5931) 20555
Assoc. Prof. Dumitry Serban M.Sc. Avionics Eng. TU Delft-Faculty of Aerospace Engineer 11.06 Kluyverweg 1 2629 HS Deflt NETHERLANDS Tel: (+31) (015) 78 53 12 Fax: (+31) (015) 78 1822
Dr. Margaret Shaffer President, Paradigm, Inc. 8815 Quiet Stream Court Potomac, MD 20854 USA Tel: (+1) (301) 299-755117555 Fax: (+1) (301) 299-7551
Dr. Dan Shapiro Professor Lancaster University Department of Sociology Lancaster LA14YL UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (524) 65201 Fax: (+44) (524) 844 788 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. Anthony Smoker Guild of Air Traffic Officers 66 Gould Road Tunkenham, Midox TW26RS UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (81) 898 5053 Fax: (+44) (81) 898 9569
Dr. Mark W. Smolcnsky Human Factors Research Psychologist FAA Technical Center ACD-350 Atlantic City Int'l Airport, NJ 08405 USA Tel: (+1) (609) 484-5380 Fax: (+1) (609) 484-5117 E-Mail: in %" smolen sky @wsups
Mr. Guy C. St.Sauveur Textron Defense Systems Mail Stop 3185 201 Lowell St. Wilmington, MA 01887 USA Tel: (+ 1) (508) 657-2688 Fax: (+1) (609) 657-2266
Dr. Paul Stager Department of Psychology York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3 CANADA Tel: (+1) (416) 736-5122 Fax: (+1) (416) 489-1532
Mr. William Stubler Engineering Technology Division Brookhaven National Laboratory Building 130 Upton, NY 11973 USA Tel: (+1) (412) 256-2691 Fax: (+1) (516) 282-3638
Lecturers, Participants, and Staff 695
Ms. Gerd Svensson Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate Department of Human Factors Postbox 27 106, S-102 52 Stockholm SWEDEN Tel: (+46) 8-665 44 74 Fax: (+46) 8-661 9086
Dr. Gyorgy Terdik University of Kossuth, Debrecen Center for Informatics & Computing KL TE, ISZK, PF.58 H-4010 Debrecen HUNGARY Tel: (+36) (52) 18800 Fax: (+36) (52) 16783 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. Michael Tonner Canadian Air Traffic Control Assoc. Suite 1100 400 Cumberland Street, Ottawa, Ontario CANADA Tel: (+1) (709) 651-3325 Fax: (+1) (709) 256-8616
Dr. Slavka Trifonova Bulgarian Academy of Science Dept. of System Reliability & Safety Central Lab. of Control System Sofia-1113, P.O.B. 79 BULGARIA Tel: (+359) (2) 7133129 Fax: (+359) (2) 70 33 20
Dr. Ron Westrum Eastern Michigan University Department of Sociology and Interdisciplinary Technology Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA Tel: (+1) (313) 769-8636 Fax: (+1) (313) 487-8755
696 Lecturers, Participants, and Staff
Dr. Peter A. Wieringa Delft University of Technology Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Wb M&R, Mekelweg 2 Delft 2628 CD THE NETHERLANDS Tel: (+31) (15) 78 57 63 Fax: (+31) (15) 78 5717 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. Peter Wilkinson Principal Specialist MMI Tech. British Aerospace, Military Aircraft Div. Warton Aerodrome Preston, Lancashire PR4 lAX UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (772) 855 769 Fax: (+44) (772) 855 206
Dr. Heinz Winter Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Institut flir Flugflihrung D-30oo Braunschweig-Flughafen GERMANY Tel: (+49) (531) 395-2500 Fax: (+49) (531) 395-2550
Dr. John A. Wise Center for Aviation! Aerospace Research Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 600 S. Clyde Morris Blvd. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 USA Tel: (+1) (904) 226-6384 Fax: (+1) (904) 226-7050 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. Mark A. Wise Psychology Department University of Dayton 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469 USA Tel: (+ 1) (904) 676 5416
Dr. David D. Woods Ohio State University Department of Industrial and Sys. Eng. 290 Baker Systems Building 1971 Neil Avenue Columbus, OH 43210 USA Tel: (+1) (614) 292-1700 Fax: (+1) (614) 292-7852 E-Mail: [email protected]
Ms. Ann M. Wrightson Dept. of Computing and Electronics University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2TQ UNITED KINGDOM Tel: (+44) (772) 201201 Fax: (+44) (772) 892910 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mrs. Olga N. Zakharova President Int'l Design Extreme Environment Assoc. Schuseva 3, Moscow 103889 RUSSIA Tel: (+7) (095) 290-5282 Fax: (+7) (095) 290-4384 E-Mail: [email protected]
Mr. John Zalenchak III FAAIARD-200 Human Factors Programs Office 800 Independence Ave., SW Washington, D.C. 20591 USA Tel: (+1) (202) 267-3202 Fax: (+1) (202) 267-5380
Mr. Alejandro Zapata 1m Resch 7 W-5501 NaurathlEifel GERMANY Tel: (+49) 6508 1517 Fax: (+49) 6565 4573
Index
A340 full flight simulator 585 ability approach 319 abstraction 80, 136, 363, 546 activity regulation 390 adaptive allocation 74 air traffic control (ATC)
automation 285, 529, 534 controller cognitive model 361 human performance 160 incident investigation 245 issues 610,675 on-the-job-training 655 performance 529, 536 redesign 481 selection 19,117,470,504,529,539, 651,652 system changes 481 task demand 311 total human machine system 336 training 19,25,244,476,484,491, 504,526,529,651 variable task demand 311 verification and validation 28, 115, 359,468,592 working memory 345,379 workload 307
air traffic management 435,497,521,585-586
control systems 500 development 489 future concepts 586
aircraft accidents 251,529 airline 423,489
flight crew 662 industry 429 pilots 663
analysis 78, 89, 134, 149, 184, 195, 198, 214,339,438,443,604
activity analysis 395 benefit-cost 45 causal 229 display requirements 338 dynamic 207,215 front end 271 functional 15
analysis (cont'd) Goals, Operators, Methods, & Selection (GOMS) 548 Hegelian verification and validation 91 human competence 659 human factors 590 human-machine interaction 335, 386 macro 318 micro 321 point to point 206 prescriptive 271,632,660 probabilistic voice 182 protocol 266 spectral analysis of speech 578 static 207 task 268, 298, 318, 351, 594 verbal protocol 328 verification and validation 103, 181, 417,500
analytical measurement procedures 318 Andrews, C. J. A. 3,36,254,261-279 Antares Incident 262, 274 anticipation 385, 389 AQP (Advanced Qualification Program)
537 articulatory loop 346,347 astronauts 577, 627 ATC (see air traffic control) ATM (see air traffic management) automation 17,283,285,317,377,467,
533,677 adaptive allocation 74 air traffic control 115, 489
issues 534 training 491
analysis of system 185 Center Terminal Automation System 119 cockpit 135, 151,427,436,493 complexity 176 consequences of 124,362,379 design problems 205 evaluation 144 flexible automation 285 human-centered 125 human-machine interaction 151
698 Index
automation (cont' d) human-machine interface 117,497, 581 Mars rover 581-582 operator performance 529 purpose 284, 350 research 476 role of human operator 160, 286, 344, 502 task demand 74, 377 telephone system 45 verification and validation 115,493, 617,659
Baker, Sue 3, 108, 239-250 Baldwin, Rod 5,651-657 Bangen, Hans-JUrgen 4,497-520 battle stress 453 behavior 104
description 318 measurement procedures 318 requirements approach 318 validation 99
breakdown 211,244,536,554 human-machine interface 659 performance 288 tasks 494
certification 477,595,597 aircraft 523, 593 expert opinion 19 validation standards 540
Chavez, Alejandro Perez 3,423-432 Ciftciog1u,Ozer 5,617-623 Clare, Jeremy 3, 335-342 cockpit 251,501,603
active 599 airline 423 automation 135, 151,286, 427, 436, 493 crew 423 design 144,425
assessment 596 flaws 135
direct voice input 292 environment 298, 659 layout 254, 597 lighting 600 military aircraft 593
cockpit (cont'd) qualification 603 simulator 103, 589 static 598 system evaluation 145 verification and validation 17, 285, 493
cockpit resource management (CRM) 423,537,539,489
coding 289,389,548,564,682 color 18,26, 120 displayed information 338 lifecyc1e model 447
cognitive research 435 systems engineering 115 task 117,269,289,318,327,369,377, 635 tools 367
competing management 504 completeness 145, 168, 182 complexity 181,423,673
accident causes 224 air traffic control 121 analysis 185 artificial habitats 575 assessment 173 automation 377 cognitive process 27 design 286, 435 displays 339 environment 48 evaluation 160, 164,243 failures 56, 223 human factors 344, 504, 628 human operator 369 human performance 160 human-machine interaction 63, 104, 133,335,383 improvement 420 measure 177 military aircraft 593 prototyping 163 simulation 100,592 systems 160 tasks 349,424 training 631
air traffic controller 655 systems 627 virtual reality 80 working memory 349,351 workload sharing 73
content validity 12 control rooms
computer based 545 crew coordination 162 design 457 displays 165,265,271 evaluation 159 human performance 161 human-machine interaction 418,457 nuclear power plant 161,543 task demand 418
cooperative tools 369, 370, 373 coupling
tight 147, 181 CRM (cockpit resource management)
423,537,539,489
data link 251, 492, 537 air traffic control 362, 585
David, Hugh 4, 56, 101,465-474 Debons, Anthony 5,254,681-687 decision aids
cognitive engineering 360 computer based 160
decision tools 148 design
guidelines 167,270 methodologies 393 rules 392
development methodology 193,515 goal 200 overview 193
diagnosis 21, 188,242,328,380,420, 550
diagnostic 141,235,290, 362, 577, 638, 659
displays 330 psychodiagnostic 454 skills 420 support system 544
display 75, 119,265,292,294,298,502, 546,586
aviation display 291 background elements 147 computer based 161,457 design 538 Electronic Display and Update System (EDDUS) 484 graphical 160
Index 699
display (cont'd) human-machine interface 117, 161 information processing 589 nuclear power plant control rooms 307 overview 162 problems 369 prototyping 163,459 requirements 338 symbols 591 virtual reality 81
diversity 41,617,619 documentation 149,200,217,232,405,
596 Dubois, Michael 3, 383-399 Dujardin, Patrick 4, 101,395,435-441,
483,487,559 dynamic process 160, 351, 384, 664 dynamism 383, 389
EDDUS (Electronic Display and Update System) 484
ergonomics 235,265,271,343 decision making 385 human reliability assessment 267 human-machine interaction 504 macroergonomics 100, 104
ethnography 115 evaluation 26,63, 115, 141, 162,242,
261,301,449,545,548,598,646 control rooms 159 defining issues 168 design 165,538 human-machine interface 286, 448 human-machine systems 159,317 ignorance model 512 mental models 106 methods and techniques 392 nuclear power plant control room 543 objectives 205 process 435, 489 resilience theory 35 simulation 521,587 simulation-based 214 systems 2, 134, 141, 164 military 453 verification and validation 87,101,618
experimental working position simulator 587,589
air traffic management 591
700 Index
expert systems 27,263,270,328 air traffic control development 490 decision aids 27 major components 265 verification and validation 11
fast time simulation 525 fatigue 99, 109,257,317,361,525,536
effects 150 in simulation 495
fault detection 37, 418, 544, 617, 618 fidelity
test-bed 141, 145 Folles!6, Knut 4, 543-552 Foster, Harold 1,35-60,93, 188 function allocation 66, 329, 538 functional deformation 388
Galotti, Vincent 5, 635-650 Gaussin, Jose 383-399 Gibson, Richard 5, 627 goal decomposition 336 goal-means decomposition 121 Goals, Operators, Methods, & Selection
(GOMS) 548 GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, &
Selection) 548
Hancock, Peter 2,61-85,101, 105, 106, 156,252,289,378
Harwood, Kelly 2,99, 109, 115-129 Herald of Free Enterprise Incident 262 hierarchical task analysis (HTA) 269,322 Hitchcock, Lloyd 3,109,307-315 Hollnagel, Erik 2,68,90,99,108,116,
138,143,151,185,205-2:1 Hopkin, V. David 1,9-33,36,99, 109,
116,124,245,344,360,482,490,570, 572,635,654,673
Home, Esther 681 human determination 677 human error 3, 15, 101, 104, 107, 162,
246,263,308,529,568,617 accidents 627 aviation 533
human error (cont'd) cockpit 659 cognitive model 107 complex systems 344 expert systems 373 human reliability assessment 268 predictability 183 safety 267 training 492 workload 229
human expertise 345 human factors
aspects 283, 673 engineering 115,538,628 FAA Human Factors Coordinating Committee 532 National Plan for Aviation Human Factors 529 research 248,266,299,344, 530, 643 work-station design 538
human performance 99, 134, 159, 168, 209,265,290,312,329,476,529,547
computer based control rooms 161 courses for air traffic controllers 245 design 286 FAA Human Factors Coordinating Committee 532 factors 535 human reliability assessment 183 issues 160 limits 301 measurement 536 modelling 326 models 105 prediction 188 systems 344 variability 287 verification and validation 165, 167, 205,261,283
human reliability assessment 107, 183, 267
human variability 284 human-machine 523
automation 377 evaluation 160 fault avoidance 361 interaction 65, 162,205
breakdown 135 evaluation 317 function allocation 66 software 443
human-machine (interaction) (cont'd) virtual reality 80
interface 119,165,175,287,383,385, 621
breakdown 135 components of expert systems 265 control room 418 design 335, 443 issues 475 mental modeling 391 models 386,447 performance 120 verification and validation of flight crew competency 659
new technology 133 specification 194 systems 9, 553, 592
aircraft 251 artificial habitat 575 breakdown 151 cognitive aspects 27 complex and integrated, retroflections 681 design 435 flaws 135 environmental characteristics 48 evaluation 134 failure 56 human factors 344 hybrid (future of) 61 military testing 453 problems 23,497 prototyping 146 simulation 324 verification and validation 12 working memory 343
verification and validation 1, 16,28, 155, 159, 167,261, 297,359,423,529, 617
Hunt, Graham 5,659-670 Huttig, G. 585-592 hybrid system 65
incident investigation 239 air traffic control 245 human factors issues 244 validation 240
information flow 340, 568 gathering and processing 389
information (cont'd) transfer 338,537,610
instability 389 intelligent interface 65, 66
Index 701
interface design 74,80,229,268,290 goal 391 human-machine interface 592 role of mental model 389 verification and validation 620 visual interface design tool 601
invariable task demand 308
Jack, Richard 4,443,451 Jentsch, Florian 3,251-259 job design 321 joint cognitive system 136,147,149,368 Jorna, P. G. A. M. 3, 107, 109,283-306, 350
Kalmbach, Karen 489-495 Kay ten, Phyllis 529-540 knowledge
based systems 193,518,619 engineering 263,265 level 148
Kolrep, Harald 3, 377-382
laconicity 388 Lane, John 4,481-487 Leroux, Marcel 3,90, 359-375, 487 Logie, Robert 3, 343-355, 394
macroanalysis 318 managerial failures 224 managerial policy 233, 276, 560 managerial practices 100 manual reversion 300,675 manuals 270 mapping 150, 208,499, 660, 682 Marshall, E. C. 4, 108,265,457-461 memory
skilled memory 377, 379 working 322,343,343-345,349 - 351, 365,377,387
complex tasks 349 human performance 665
702 Index
mental capacity 345 mental simulation 389 microanalysis 321 microsaint 324 mode error 135 modelling 284,297,339,383,476,497,
578 accident causation theory 224 air traffic management 500 cognitive 27, 107,210,343,360 -362, 476 computer 594 decision 506 decision model 506,510 evaluation 134, 164, 168 expert systems 27, 102, 367 graphical 187 human error 107 human operator 104,267,327 human performance 105,326,329 human reliability 107 human-machine interface 443,447, 499 mathematical 469,498, 525 mental 105, 154,328,379,386,387, 388,389,391 procedure model 499,516 real-life 491 simulation 324 system 336 testbed 168 uncertainty 184 verification and validation 14,99,366, 438,445,553,569,618 working memory 350, 387 workload 289
monitoring 75,188,231,344,457,535, 588,621
National Plan for Aviation Human Factors 529
neural networks 617, 620 nuclear power plants 548
advanced control rooms 543 control rooms 161 human performance 160 operator performance 168
Or, Ilhan 4, 553-574 overload 200, 286, 331
p*c criterion 322 parallel process 11, 146 pattern recognition 619, 621 perceptual-motor tasks 327 performance measurement 104, 149,289, 327,394 phonological loop 346 Pitts, Joseph 4, 529-540 planned systems 318, 328, 329 Plant, Robert 2, 193-202 plasticity and adaptability 389 PRA (probabilistic risk assessment) 107, 181 probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) 107, 181 problem solving 390 prototyping 19,459,485
rapid 19, 163,300,495,588
qualification 593,603 Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) 537 defined 593 issues 596
real time 170, 340 simulations 522
Reason, James 36,99, 107, 181, 184, 213,223-237,332,361,409
redundancy 255,366,618 functional 44 in cockpit design 428
reliability 2, 12,24,58,87, 181,208,254, 390,617
cognitive 209 decision model 508 human 209 human factors 628 human reliability 107, 186, 267 interactive systems 205 society-technology system 576 validation 262
representational properties 136 prototype design 138, 148
representative hardware 486,601 requirement analysis 336 Roelofsma, P.H.M.P. 3,90,317-334 Rosness, Ragnar 2,181-191,210 Rottmann, U. 5, 585-592
Sanders, A. 3,90,317-334,349 Sarter, Nadine 133-158 Schaad, Gerhard 4,453-455 Scientific Task Planning Groups 533 Shaffer, Margaret 5,609-615 simulation 100, 163, 185,205,327,329,
351,438,490,521,524,544,599,619, 636
air traffic control 643, 654 controller training 635
astronaut training 577 behavioral 324 cognitive 143 computer assistant device 510 computer based 166,570 design 149 developmental 522 dynamic analysis 214 dynamic based 219 experimental working position simulator 587,589
air traffic management 591 fast-time 469 fidelity 302 ground-based 606 Human Operator Simulator 326 in evaluation 214,242 in task analysis 328 in training 417 large-scale 100 mental 389 of disasters 56 problems 293 real-time 19,470,536 requirement 605 simulator 585 simulator performance 318 subjects 108 test-bench 522 TRACON radar 311 verification and validation 15, 102, 103,262,364,609 working position 589
Index 703
situation awareness 550 operation of aircraft 547
skill level 378 skilled memory 377,379
working memory 377 skills, cognitive 64, 493 Smoker, Anthony 4,521-527 Smolensky, Mark 3,109,307-315 social embedding 318 software changes (system requirements)
482 software engineering 147,448,500,518,
587 software lifecycle model 444 space travel 19 specifications 148, 195, 198, 199 St. Sauveur, Guy 475-479 Stager, Paull, 2, 36, 89, 99-114, 391,
477,655 Stassen, Hank 173-180 stress 14,44, 75, 99, 331
air traffic control 481 battle 453 Butterfly Effect 173 environment 229,290 performance 648 pilots 610 workload 106, 295
Stubler, William 159-172, 572 supervisory control 134, 223, 308, 327 Svensson, Gerd 3,417-421 systems
air traffic control 336 changes 481, 483 managerial 3 monitoring capability 476, 535 software 195,309,443,444 theory 465,472 total 141,297,317,324,336
systems design complex human-machine systems 159 task analysis 268 validation 297
T AKD (Task Analysis for Knowledge Description) 327
task analysis 29,268,318,321,327,329, 351,551,594,597,611
704 Index
task (cont' d) characteristics approach 319,320 complexity 383 demand 29, 289
operator performance 309 Task Analysis for Knowledge Description
(TAKD) 327 test and evaluation 548
nuclear power plant control rooms 543 of military systems 164
testing 183,297,486,596 acceptance 166 automatic space vehicles 579 breadboard designs 166 concept 166 military human-machine systems 453 psychological aspects 453
Tonner, J. Michael 4,489-495 training 21,77,106,134,173,175,228,
261,284,295,299,318,345,435,447, 523,526,587,653 artificial neural network 620 behavior simulation 325 cockpit resource management 423 control rooms 417 decisions 629 dual task methodology 350 glass cockpit 144, 151 inadequate 232 management 631 on the job 655 pilot 103, 504, 577 problems 293 simulators, use of 163,244,643 systems 635, 641
Turkcan, Erdinc 617-623
uncertainty 385 unit of analysis 61 user attitude 20,29,227,265,326 user groups 143,254,437 user interface 119,383,386,443,447,
561 evaluation 547
vagueness 301 variable task demand 311
verbal protocol analysis 328 thinking aloud 329
verification and validation 9, 19,33,521, 522,592,617,673 accident investigation 240
methodology 252 analysis limits 181 application of 9 air traffic control 115, 497
training 651 back-up systems 24 certification standards 540 cockpit resource management 430 cognitive aspects 27 comparing theoretical domains 17 complex systems
behavioral issues 99 knowledge-based 193 theory 17
concepts of 10 1 conflicts of interest 184 consideration 87 cross validation 25 cultural barriers 22 data problems 183 defined 164 design for analyzability and verifiability 188 design process 159, 359 elements 2 evaluation 26 existing theories 16 expert opinion 19 expert systems 27 exploratory models 27 framework 1 goals 155,609 Hegelian 91-92 human needs 29 human-machine comparisons 23 human-machine interaction 79, 529
artificial environments 576 computers 443 design impacts 61
human-machine systems 423 implications 11 interdisciplinary comparisons 18 Kantian 91-92 knowledge engineering 263 level of attainment 25 level of knowledge 25
verification and validation (cont' d) Liebnitzian 90 lifecycle model 445 Lockian 89-90 maintenance procedures 24 major incidents 261,272 mental workload 313 methodology 126,200,312,515,609
reliability 618 neural networks systems 617 normative data 21 operational experience 30 part systems 23 philosophy 87 pilot 659 planning 15 plans and their realization 18 preconditions 12 precursors 263 prediction 19 problems of 9,411
Martian rover 580 safety 256,261
considerations 235, 256 satisfactory environment 30 selection procedures 19 standards 22 sUbjective judgements 20 successive processes 29 system analysis 187 systems theory 465 task demands 3 taxonomy 20 techniques 186 terminology 262, 593 theoretical concepts 17 theory and practice 28 training 290 training systems 627 trial and error 184 user acceptance 20
incident investigation 239 issues 553, 567 studies 291
whole systems 23 workload 312
video analysis 611 virtual reality 62, 598
interfacing 80 visual system 294, 338 visuo-spatial scratch pad 347
Volden, Frode 543-552 vulnerability 36,51,627
safety 235
Wattier, A. 585-592
Index 705
Westrum, Ron 3,41,90, 181, 188,234, 403-416, 482
Wieringa, Peter 2, 173-180 Wilkinson, Peter 5, 593-608 Wise, John 1,2, 11,87-95,99, 147,430,
490,682,700 Wise, Mark 87-95 Woods, David 2,89, 101, 116, 133-158,
160,181,361,383,386,559,639,641, 654
working memory (see memory) workload 1, 330, 343, 436, 493, 522, 559,
563,587,594,604,613,614 automation 74, 284, 380,492, 534, 659 factors affecting human performance 291 fallacies 289 human error 229, 233 human performance 134, 139, 145, 283,287,289,300,311,329,344,604, 610 human-machine interface 134, 150, 285,317,490,591
introducing new technology 286 incident investigation 246 mental 307,312,344,345,350,379, 481,547 reduction 492,493,529,612 stress 14, 106
human performance 295 transition 307, 308 underload 134, 283 validation 303 variation 74 verification and validation 283, 312
Yourdon 445 methodology 340
Zakharova, Olga 4, 575-583 Zalenchak III, John 4, 529-540
Printing: Druckhaus Beltz, Hemsbach Binding: Buchbinderei Schaffer, Griinstadt
NATO ASI Series F
Including Special Programmes on Sensory Systems for Robotic Control (ROB) and on Advanced Educational Technology (AET)
Vol. 21: Intelligent DecisionSupportin Process Environments. Edited by E. Hollnagel, G. Mancini, D. D. Woods. XV, 524 pages. 1986.
Vol. 22: Software System Design Methods. The Challenge of Advanced Computing Technology. Edited by J. K. Skwirzynski. XIII, 747 pages. 1986.
Vol. 23: Designing Computer-Based Learning Materials. Edited by H. Weinstock and A. Bork. IX, 285 pages. 1986.
Vol. 24: Database Machines. Modern Trends and Applications. Edited by A. K. Sood and A. H. Oureshi. VIII, 570 pages. 1986.
Vol. 25: Pyramidal Systems for Computer Vision. Edited byV. CantoniandS. Levialdi. VIII, 392 pages. 1986. (ROB)
Vol. 26: Modelling and Analysis in Arms Control. Edited by R. Avenhaus, R. K. Huber and J. D. Kettelle. VIII, 488 pages. 1986.
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Vol. 28: Distributed Operating Systems. Theory und Practice. Edited by Y. Paker, J.P. Banatre and M. Bozyigit. X, 379 pages. 1987.
Vol. 29: Languages for Sensor-Based Control in Robotics. Edited by U. Rembold and K. Hormann. IX, 625 pages. 1987. (ROB)
Vol. 30: Pattern Recognition Theory and Applications. Edited by P. A. Devijver and J. Kittler. XI, 543 pages. 1987.
Vol. 31: Decision Support Systems Theory and Application. Edited by C. W. Holsapple and A. B. Whinston. X, 500 pages. 1987.
Vol. 32: Information Systems: Failure Analysis. Edited by J. A. Wise and A. Debons. XV, 338 pages. 1987.
Vol. 33: Machine Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering for Robotic Applications. Edited by A. K. C. Wong and A. Pugh. XIV, 486 pages. 1987. (ROB)
Vol. 34: Modelling, Robustness and Sensitivity Reduction in Control Systems. Edited by R.F. Curtain. IX, 492 pages. 1987.
Vol. 35: Expert Judgment and Expert Systems. Edited by J. L. Mumpower, L. D. Phillips, O. Renn and V. R. R. Uppuluri. VIII, 361 pages. 1987.
Vol. 36 Logic of Programming and Calculi of Discrete Design. Edited by M. Broy. VII, 415 pages. 1987.
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Vol. 38: Flow Control of Congested Networks. Edited by A. R. Odoni, L. Bianco and G. Szego. XII, 355 pages. 1987.
Vol. 39: Mathematics and Computer Science in Medical Imaging. Edited by M. A. Viergever and A. Todd-Pokropek. VIII, 546 pages. 1988.
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NATO ASI Series F
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Vol. 41. Neural Computers. Edited by R. Eckmiller and Ch. v. d. Malsburg. XIII, 566 pages. 1988.
Vol. 42. Real-Time Object Measurement and Classification. Edited by A K. Jain. VIII, 407 pages. 1988. (ROB)
Vol. 43. Sensors and Sensory Systems for Advanced Robots. Edited by P. Dario. XI, 597 pages. 1988. (ROB)
Vol. 44. Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition in Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials. Edited by C. H. Chen. VIII, 344 pages. 1988. (ROB)
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Vol. 46. Recent Advances in Speech Understanding and Dialog Systems. Edited by H. Niemann, M. Lang and G. Sagerer. X, 521 pages. 1988.
Vol. 47. Advanced Computing Concepts and Techniques in Control Engineering. Edited by M. J. Denham and A J. Laub. XI, 518 pages. 1988.
Vol. 48. Mathematical Models for Decision Support. Edited by G. Mitra. IX, 762 pages. 1988.
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Vol. 50. CAD Based Programming for Sensory Robots. Edited by B. Ravani. IX, 565 pages. 1988. (ROB)
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Vol. 52 Sensor Devices and Systems for Robotics. Edited by A Casals. IX, 362 pages. 1989. (ROB)
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Vol. 54. A Reappraisal of the Efficiency of Financial Markets. Edited by R. M. C. Guimaraes, B. G. Kingsman and S. J. Taylor. X, 804 pages. 1989.
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Vol. 57. Kinematics and Dynamic Issues in Sensor Based Control. Edited by G. E. Taylor. XI, 456 pages. 1990. (ROB)
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Vol. 59. Superconducting Electronics. Edited by H. Weinstock and M. Nisenoff. X, 441 pages. 1989.
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Vol. 72: High-Capacity Local and Metropolitan Area Networks. Architecture and Performance Issues. Edited by G. Pujolle. X, 536 pages. 1991.
Vol. 73: Automation and Systems Issues in Air Traffic Control. Edited by J. A. Wise, V. D. Hopkin and M. L. Smith. XIX, 594 pages. 1991.
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Vol. 92: Hypermedia Courseware: Structures of Communication and Intelligent Help. Edited by A. Oliveira. X, 241 pages. 1992. (AET)
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Vol. 99: Multisensor Fusion for Computer Vision. Edited by J. K. Aggarwal. XI, 456 pages. 1993. (ROB)
Vol. 100: Communication from an Artificial Intelligence Perspective. Theoretical and Applied Issues. Edited by A. Ortony, J. Slack and O. Stock. XII, 260 pages. 1992.
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Vol. 108: Concurrent Engineering Tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design. Edited by E. J. Haug. XIII, 998 pages. 1993.
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