Latin America:Latin America:

Freedom and IdeologiesFreedom and Ideologies

Historical OverviewHistorical Overview 1818thth Century Century

EnlightenmentEnlightenment Liberalism (vs Conservatism)Liberalism (vs Conservatism)

1919thth Century Century RomanticismRomanticism Positivism- RealismPositivism- Realism IndigenismIndigenism

2020thth Century Century Cold War: Communism/Socialism/Neo-Cold War: Communism/Socialism/Neo-

liberalismliberalism Liberation TheologyLiberation Theology Neo-liberalismNeo-liberalism

Ideological influences on Ideological influences on ‘revolutions’‘revolutions’

11stst ‘Revolutions’ – Independence, 18 ‘Revolutions’ – Independence, 18thth CenturyCentury

22ndnd ‘Revolutions’ – ‘Revolutions’ – Conservative/Liberals, 19Conservative/Liberals, 19thth Century Century

33rdrd ‘Revolutions’ – 20 ‘Revolutions’ – 20thth Century Century

Why?Why?

Democracy?Democracy?

Revolutions seeking democracy?Revolutions seeking democracy? Revolutions seeking development?Revolutions seeking development? Revolutions seeking identity? Revolutions seeking identity?

Empowerment?Empowerment?

18th-19th Century – 18th-19th Century – IndependenceIndependence

French and American Revolutions: liberty, French and American Revolutions: liberty, republicanism, free trade, equality(?)republicanism, free trade, equality(?)

EnlightenmentEnlightenment Individual reasonIndividual reason

‘‘I have arrived at only a few sure conclusions: I have arrived at only a few sure conclusions: 1) For us, America is ungovernable, 1) For us, America is ungovernable,

2) He who serves a revolution ploughs in the sea, 2) He who serves a revolution ploughs in the sea, 3) The only thing we can do in America is 3) The only thing we can do in America is emigrateemigrate4)This country will eventually fall into the hands 4)This country will eventually fall into the hands of the unbridled mob, and will proceed to almost of the unbridled mob, and will proceed to almost imperceptible petty tyrannies of all complexions imperceptible petty tyrannies of all complexions and races’ (Bolivar).and races’ (Bolivar).

Lack of ‘elite’ consensusLack of ‘elite’ consensus Economic foundation/Church/SocietyEconomic foundation/Church/Society

ConservativesConservatives Liberals – Second Conquest, mid-19Liberals – Second Conquest, mid-19thth

CenturyCentury

Ex. SarmientoEx. Sarmiento

CaudillosCaudillosEx. Santa AnaEx. Santa Ana

PositivismPositivism Comte: “love as the base, order as Comte: “love as the base, order as

the means, progress as the goal”the means, progress as the goal” Spencer: social DarwinismSpencer: social Darwinism

Human CostHuman Cost Ex. BrazilEx. Brazil Ex. Mexico’s PorfiriatoEx. Mexico’s Porfiriato

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution -- Refer to handout-- Refer to handout

Brazil and PositivismBrazil and Positivism In Bz positivism was also largely followed. Emperor had In Bz positivism was also largely followed. Emperor had

played a moderating influence between Conservatives and played a moderating influence between Conservatives and Liberals but in 1870s-1880s Republican movements Liberals but in 1870s-1880s Republican movements against the monarchy developed. With positivism they against the monarchy developed. With positivism they were given a model of development and a reason to were given a model of development and a reason to dominate inferior classes. dominate inferior classes.

Given weak military no great bloody revolt in Brazil. Given weak military no great bloody revolt in Brazil. Coup 1889Coup 1889 1889-1894 military dominates politics, the elites of Rio, 1889-1894 military dominates politics, the elites of Rio,

Sao, Minas, share power. Sao, Minas, share power. 1891 constitution modelled in the US and positivsm—new 1891 constitution modelled in the US and positivsm—new

flag: ordem e progresso (order and progress)flag: ordem e progresso (order and progress) Republic highly controlled and decentralized – each elite Republic highly controlled and decentralized – each elite

controlled its urban area while the interior was left controlled its urban area while the interior was left undisturbed and led by the ‘colonels’ (think of them as undisturbed and led by the ‘colonels’ (think of them as local caudillos). local caudillos).

Expressions in LiteratureExpressions in Literature

Reality expresses Art? Art Reality expresses Art? Art expresses reality?expresses reality?

RealismRealism RomanticismRomanticism

Noble SavageNoble Savage Heroic IndividualHeroic Individual Force of NatureForce of Nature

ModernismModernism

End of 19th C End of 19th C Turned to emotion, mysticism, Turned to emotion, mysticism,

spirituality, magic – rather than simply spirituality, magic – rather than simply applying enlightenment’s rationality, applying enlightenment’s rationality, science, and technological science, and technological advancements.advancements.

‘ ‘Cosmopolitan aesthetes’ against all Cosmopolitan aesthetes’ against all that is conventional: in society, that is conventional: in society, morality, and art, emphasise morality, and art, emphasise experimentationexperimentation

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution BackgroundBackground

Agrarian society with repressed peasantsAgrarian society with repressed peasants Famines – land ownershipFamines – land ownership Middle-class developed by Porfiriato (appeased as Middle-class developed by Porfiriato (appeased as cientificos)cientificos) Trigger: Francisco Madero’s victoryTrigger: Francisco Madero’s victory

UprisingUprising Rancheros – Pascual, Orozco, and Pancho VillaRancheros – Pascual, Orozco, and Pancho Villa Peasants – Emiliano ZapataPeasants – Emiliano Zapata

1920-1920: civil war: 10% of population dies1920-1920: civil war: 10% of population dies 1910-13 Madero takes power but is killed by Grl.. Victoriano Huerta 1910-13 Madero takes power but is killed by Grl.. Victoriano Huerta 1913-14 – Counterrevoltuion: supported by US as Wilson opposes 1913-14 – Counterrevoltuion: supported by US as Wilson opposes

HuertaHuerta 1914-1917 – Firght for control among revolutionary leaders1914-1917 – Firght for control among revolutionary leaders 1917 Carranza elected, start of new Constitution1917 Carranza elected, start of new Constitution 1920 Obregon takes power1920 Obregon takes power Alvaro Obregon and Plutarco EliasAlvaro Obregon and Plutarco Elias

Changes: New military, new ministry of labour, land reform (ejidos), Changes: New military, new ministry of labour, land reform (ejidos), state appropriates subsoil, limits Church (vs. Cristero movement)state appropriates subsoil, limits Church (vs. Cristero movement)

Poor mexico, so far from god, so close to the united states’Poor mexico, so far from god, so close to the united states’ Mexican identityMexican identity

Lazaro Cardenas consolidates PRILazaro Cardenas consolidates PRI

Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata

HighlightHighlight Characteristics of populationCharacteristics of population Role of populationRole of population Influence of economicsInfluence of economics Influence of ‘elite’ structuresInfluence of ‘elite’ structures

Great DepressionGreat Depression ISI – nationalism, protectionismISI – nationalism, protectionism Modernization -- DevelopmentModernization -- Development

PopulismPopulism CaudillismoCaudillismo Urban-rural migrationsUrban-rural migrations Influence of previous ideologies: Influence of previous ideologies:

romanticism, realismromanticism, realism Ex. Peron, Velasco IbarraEx. Peron, Velasco Ibarra

ArgentinaArgentina Advantage of backwardness Advantage of backwardness Take over pampas and populate them – 18Take over pampas and populate them – 18thth and 19 and 19thth century century Hipolito Yrigoyen – Radical Party (Union Civica Radica UCR)Hipolito Yrigoyen – Radical Party (Union Civica Radica UCR) Great Depression – Military steps into power Great Depression – Military steps into power WWII brings back prosperityWWII brings back prosperity 1943 rising of Juan Domingo Peron, second wife Eva – 1943 rising of Juan Domingo Peron, second wife Eva – 1955 military coup1955 military coup 50s -80s military coups50s -80s military coups Peron in PanamaPeron in Panama 1973 Peron returns, but dies soon after, third wife, Isabele 1973 Peron returns, but dies soon after, third wife, Isabele

takes over. takes over. Military deposes her and embark on Military deposes her and embark on dirty wardirty war 1980s economic collapse, Falkland War1980s economic collapse, Falkland War MenemMenem

‘‘Socialism(s)’Socialism(s)’ CapitalismCapitalism

From each according to his ability to each according to what From each according to his ability to each according to what he ownshe owns

SocialismSocialismFrom each according to his ability to each according to his From each according to his ability to each according to his needsneeds

MarxismMarxism Class relations led by the ownership of the means of productionClass relations led by the ownership of the means of production History moving to common ownershipHistory moving to common ownership Communism coined by Marx to distinguish himself from other Communism coined by Marx to distinguish himself from other

socialismssocialisms Lenin Lenin

Revolution led by vanguardRevolution led by vanguard Need to impose dictatorship of the proletariatNeed to impose dictatorship of the proletariat ImperialismImperialism

MaoMao PeasantsPeasants

Cold WarCold War

Bipolar power struggleBipolar power struggle Zero Sum GameZero Sum Game Ideological/economic Ideological/economic Role of ‘Third World’Role of ‘Third World’

Train military – National Security DoctrineTrain military – National Security Doctrine

GuatemalaGuatemala Population: largely illiterate, life expectancy 40 years, Population: largely illiterate, life expectancy 40 years,

infant mortality above 50%infant mortality above 50% 2%N owed > 70% T2%N owed > 70% T United Fruit Co., formed in the 1899, very influentialUnited Fruit Co., formed in the 1899, very influential University student protests 1944 University student protests 1944 Juan Jose Arevalo elected. Juan Jose Arevalo elected. US intervenes 1945US intervenes 1945 1945-51: limited labour code, mild land reform, rural 1945-51: limited labour code, mild land reform, rural

literacy campaigns, mild economic nationalism, BUT literacy campaigns, mild economic nationalism, BUT described as ‘spiritual socialism’ described as ‘spiritual socialism’

Jacobo Arbenz elected in 1951Jacobo Arbenz elected in 1951 More intense land reform – United FruitMore intense land reform – United Fruit 1954 CIA staged coup, Carlos Castillo Armas is put in 1954 CIA staged coup, Carlos Castillo Armas is put in

power. power. Civil violenceCivil violence Most blatant example of us intervention for us interests?Most blatant example of us intervention for us interests?

Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution From the 19th C sugar dominated Cuba and us dominated CubaFrom the 19th C sugar dominated Cuba and us dominated Cuba US intervention in Spanish War in 1989, then US occupies Cuba for US intervention in Spanish War in 1989, then US occupies Cuba for

three decades from 1902three decades from 1902 After 1934 us government strongly supported Fulgencio Batista After 1934 us government strongly supported Fulgencio Batista 1940s political opening -- Fidel Castro Ruiz, inspired by Jose Marti1940s political opening -- Fidel Castro Ruiz, inspired by Jose Marti 1952 Batista returns to power in a military coup 1952 Batista returns to power in a military coup July 26, 1953 assault on Moncada barracks – ‘History will absolve me’July 26, 1953 assault on Moncada barracks – ‘History will absolve me’ Fidel released, goes into exile to Mexico, where Che joins the Fidel released, goes into exile to Mexico, where Che joins the

groupgroup 1956 head for Cuba on the Granma, 81 men, most were killed those 1956 head for Cuba on the Granma, 81 men, most were killed those

who survive go into the jungle.who survive go into the jungle. Simultaneously urban resistance had formedSimultaneously urban resistance had formed New years 1958 Batista flees to Dominican RepublicNew years 1958 Batista flees to Dominican Republic Dec 1961 Revolution declared Marxist-LeninistDec 1961 Revolution declared Marxist-Leninist 1962 Bay of Pigs, Embargo, Russian Missile crisis1962 Bay of Pigs, Embargo, Russian Missile crisis Changes, International interventions, Internal fightsChanges, International interventions, Internal fights Dependency on USSRDependency on USSR Cuban influence in US, MarielitosCuban influence in US, Marielitos Ideological InfluenceIdeological Influence Castro nowCastro now

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