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04 Lighting work environments| Transforming office lighting schemes | | Lighting demand response study | | The return of the flicker | Designer Q&A – Todd McCann |

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4 LIGHTING MAGAZINE | October/November 2013 October/November 2013 | LIGHTING MAGAZINE 5

Volume 33, Issue Five

October/November 2013

Front Cover: Gamma Illumination

ProjeCt: Lighting Design – office Interior

Featuring the new EVOKE LED Designed and manufactured in Australia

High performance lighting for Offices and other Interior spaces. Superior

light output compared to the highest performance T5 technology.

For information also see

Inside Front Cover/page 1 andpages 2-3 of this edition

contentsOctOber/NOvember 2013

16 Flexible lighting or flexible workspace?

By Claire Thompson

24 Power savings and occupant satisfaction due to a lighting demand response strategy

By Benjamin J Birt, Guy R Newsham, Meli Stylianou

36 LeDs and the return of flicker? By Pontus Hammarbäck

42 Workplace lighting – adjustability is the key

By Dr Jennifer Long

46 Designer Q&A With Todd McCann, State Manager – Medland

Metropolis in QLD

50 Lighting Sydney’s Pitt Street mall Matthew Flood, Business Development Manager –

Traxon & Siteco at OSRAM Australia

54 custom lighting projects in taiwan

Ching-Hao Hsu, TechIES

8 From the editor

12 Letters to the editor

14 President’s message

35 Subscription Form

56 IeS Updates + Posts

57 events calendar

60 IeS corporate members

61 Lighting Suppliers Directory Profiling companies & lighting solutions

Illuminating Engineering Society

of Australia and New Zealand Ltd

SECRETARIATPO Box 7077 Yarralumla ACT 2600

P: +61 2 6247 2354 F: +61 2 6162 3457

E: [email protected]

W: www.iesanz.org

CHAPTERSNew South Wales Chapter

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GPO Box 1461, Adelaide SA 5001


Western Australia Chapter

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P: 61 8 9478 1399, E: [email protected]

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New Zealand Chapter

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Auckland New Zealand


Canberra Branch

c/- John Griggs

10-12 Colbee Court Philip ACT 2606


LIGHTING CoRRESPoNdENTSNew South Wales Chapter

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Victoria Chapter

James Murrell


South Australia/Northern Territory Chapter

Paula Furlani


Western Australia Chapter

Brendon Nazar


Queensland Chapter

Sonya Thie


New Zealand Chapter

Erin Kilpatrick


MEMbERSHIPIES: The Lighting Society invites membership

from individuals interested in the art and

science of lighting. Membership includes

subscription to Lighting magazine.

Companies can become corporate members.

For information please contact your local

Chapter or the Secretariat.

Lighting the official publication of the IESANZ – The Lighting Society is published bi-monthly by RALA Information Services.

EdIToR Dr Warren Julian AM, Emeritus Professor,

Faculty of Architecture, Design & Planning,

University of Sydney NSW 2006, AUSTRALIA,


IES EdIToRIAL AdVISoR Vessi Ivanova


SPECIAL FEATuRES WRITER Claire Thompson

PubLISHER & MANAGING EdIToR Barbara Cail


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6 LIGHTING MAGAZINE | October/November 2013

C o n t r i b u t o r S

Dr BENjAMiN BirT

Dr Benjamin Birt conducted this

research while working as a research

associate at the National Research

Council (NRC), Canada. During this

time, he worked on several projects

investigating the use of demand

response strategies to reduce peak

demand on the electrical grid. He has also worked on a

project investigating the post occupancy evaluation of

green buildings.

MATThEW FLooD Matthew Flood

is Business Development Manager at

OSRAM Australia for Traxon and Siteco.

Matt has worked with light since 1986

when he commenced his study of stage

lighting at Australia’s National Institute

of Dramatic Art (NIDA). Matt holds

a Master of Illumination from Sydney

University and has worked as a part time lecturer at

the Faculty of Architecture, teaching Lighting Design

Software to postgraduate students. Matt has experience

as a lighting designer and consultant at WEBB Australia

and Haron Robson Lightmatters and as a lighting

solutions provider with global lighting manufacturers

Zumtobel, BEGA and now OSRAM.

[email protected] PoNTuS hAMMArBäCk

Pontus’ passion for lighting started

back in Sweden with bright summer

nights and long dark winters. After

studies in Sweden and Australia

he worked 6 years as a lighting

designer in Singapore before joining

Stephenson&Turner in Wellington. He

is now the front person for S&T Lighting where he is

making a push for sustainable lighting solutions and

visual comfort.

[email protected]

Twitter. p_hammarback

Dr jENNiFEr LoNg

Jennifer Long is an optometrist and

Certified Professional Ergonomist. She

provides visual ergonomics consultancy

services through her business, Jennifer

Long Visual Ergonomics, and is

frequently asked to devise solutions to

improve visual comfort, visual ability

and safety within workplaces. She has worked within a

range of industries including offices, retail, manufacturing

and transport. In addition to her ergonomics consultancy

work and her work in optometry private practice,

Jennifer is a Conjoint Senior Lecturer at the School

of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, and is the

Chairperson of the International Ergonomics Association

Technical Committee for Visual Ergonomics.

[email protected]

ToDD MCCANN

Todd McCann is the State Manager

of Medland Metropolis in QLD,

and responsible for all aspects of

the business. Todd was the former

Engineering Manager & Associate

Director of the Sydney office, and has

recently returned from Vancouver,

Canada where for the past few years he was working as

a Code Consultant and more recently as COO & Business

Development Manager for an electronics manufacturing

company developing his marketing and leadership

skills. He is a mechanical engineer, with the majority of

his career in fire engineering. Coupled with electronics

experience, this has given Todd a solid grounding to run

major multi-discipline projects, which is where he has

gained knowledge in lighting applications. Todd credits

MM QLD’s lighting designer, Quang Tran (MSc Light and

Lighting), as the man behind MM’s creative flair.

[email protected]

CLAirE ThoMPSoN

Claire has been working as a writer,

editor and communicator for over 10

years. She has extensive experience

in the health, education and R&D

sectors and has worked as both a

corporate communicator and creative

writer. A keen reader of everything

from poetry to technical manuals, Claire approaches her

writing and editing work with the belief that everybody

has a story worth telling. She is currently writing

extensively on research and technology development

and commercialisation for organisations that include the

University of Technology Sydney and Gemaker. She has

lived and worked in Canberra and Montreal and is now

based in Sydney. STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY

SUPERIOR DESIGN

ARCHTIECTURAL LINEAR LED LIGHTING

®+kliksystems.com


F r o M t h e e d i t o r

In answer to the question “what has made humans capable of living almost anywhere on the earth?” you might answer our big brains. You might also add our opposable thumb that allows high manual dexterity. And you could add our excellent colour vision from two forward-looking eyes that gives stereopsis (depth perception) and that we walk upright, although the latter means that we require a very strong pelvic girdle that results in human births being “premature”, compared with those of the apes.

However, another important answer is our hairlessness; we are technically hairy but our body hair is very fine compared with that of most other mammals, which are hair covered. Hair is a good insulator. Hairlessness might seem a strange advantage when you consider that humans live in some very cold parts of the planet. So, what’s the advantage? We’re warm-blooded; we are exothermic, we generate heat. The internal heat is generated so that our body chemistry is independent of the environmental temperature; we are ready to go at any time. Compare this with reptiles that are sluggish, with slow chemistry, unless the environmental temperature is sufficiently high. So, mammals have a problem with heat (a little like LEDs); we must maintain our core body temperature very close to 37˚C for efficiency and, in fact, life (again, not unlike LEDs). Mammals need to get rid of heat due to exertion or under high environmental temperatures. Some sweat but wet hair can result in excessive heat loss, so many pant, exhaling water vapour from the lungs, cooling the core. We have the advantage of being able to use the whole surface area of our bodies to liberate excess heat; we sweat, using evaporative cooling. Humans moved from forests into the grasslands becoming hunters and gatherers. At night, they needed shelter and discovered fire for warmth and cooking and invented clothing based on animal skins and grasses. They then walked out of Africa to inhabit most of the Earth.

Some chose or were forced to choose other than tropical and temperate zones. If you look closely at maps of the world, most of which use the Mercator

projection (to make Europe appear bigger and in the centre), giving the impression that the equator runs through the Sahara whereas it runs through Kenya, well to the south. The equator is a third of the way from the bottom of the map. The Gulf Stream gives Europe its temperate climate; without it its climate would be as severe as that of northern Canada. The southern tip of South America is the same latitude as London. Sydney’s latitude would put it in the middle of the Mediterranean if it were in the northern hemisphere.

Now, you’re saying “where’s this going?” Well, in the trade-offs of our evolution, we became a diurnal animal, a daytime (only) animal with powerful diurnal cycles to keep our bodies and minds in good order. People who live in high latitude locations (exclusively in the northern hemisphere, except for Antarctica) suffer seasonal affective disorder (SAD) because the winter daytime length is very short. It is a major depressive disorder. Other animals cope by migrating or hibernating. The physiological causes are contentious and include disrupted melatonin cycles (sleepiness/wakefulness) and reduced serotonin (thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness). One of the treatments is to use light therapy, emphasising the blue end of the visible spectrum, where melanopsin has its peak response.

“Light for health” has become a fashionable marketing tool and white LEDs produce plenty of blue light, so it’s obvious! Well, it might be indicated in higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere but it is not indicated in the southern, except in Antarctica. Light therapy may be useful in treating shift-work melatonin disruption.

So, our hairlessness and our big brains have allowed us to populate areas that are not really suitable for our diurnal rhythms, resulting SAD. Likewise, our modern 24-hour lifestyles also result in disrupted body clocks. Those of us with the luxury of choice can choose to live at latitudes and to work at times suitable to our bodies. The big light in the sky then keeps everything in synchronisation without the need for blue LEDs.

Warren julianEditor

Hairlessness and light

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L e t t e r S t o t h e e d i t o r

October/November 2013 | LIGHTING MAGAZINE 13

Because the ABCB seems to have chosen to go-it-alone, rather than using Standards Australia, to consider (actually, to recommend) the use of PL exits signs, it has not followed it usual practice with regard to light-technical matters. So, I have written to the ABCB arguing against the acceptance of PL exit signs on that matter of principle in addition to the (in)adequacy of the conspicuity of PL exit signs under conditions involving smoke and/or dust.

It seems that many IES members in New Zealand are unaware (or unwilling to acknowledge) that the BIA had done a similar thing in New Zealand. At a recent IES technical meeting in Auckland, I asked if anyone was aware that PL exit signs could be substituted for electrically operated signs. No-one said that they were aware and when I asked about the procedure used to make the change, there was silence. I am surprised that New Zealand doesn’t have more stringent requirements that Australia, since earthquakes are regular occurrences and these can fill the air with dust and potentially smoke.

There isn’t space to allow a technical discussion on the proposal to allow the substitution of PL exits signs for electric ones, however, I don’t believe that the case has been made.

There is also a difference between the existence of a Standard for PL exit signs and their acceptability as substitutes in building regulations. It seems that from the list you give, only the USA and New Zealand accept them as substitutes and since exit signs are a state matter in the US, only a few states allow their qualified use. So, it would seem that the only country that accepts PL exit signs, without qualification, is New Zealand.

There might be a case for PL exit signs in temporary installations, such as in exhibition centres, where the (temporary) displays can obscure views of the permanent electric exit signs and where complex escape routes may be created.

As you say “I’d like to see more light and less heat on the subject” is the nub of the problem – more light is needed.

– Warren

P resident’s reply :I would first like to thank Mark for his letter in which

he corrected my errors concerning the abbreviation of the unit candela (cd and not Cd) and the correct meaning of the letter “C” in ABCB as meaning Codes and not Control. I can only assure you that these were unintentional oversights and I apologise for any confusion that this may have caused. Also, I would like to make it very plain and very clear that I believe PL signage has a vital role to play in the safe evacuation of

buildings under emergency conditions. Only a fool would think otherwise. That said I cannot see anything within your letter sufficiently persuasive toward PL signage being considered an equivalent, alternative solution to internally illuminated exit signage. It may well become an accepted solution but on current evidence it is not equivalent. I don’t believe that I am misstating my position when I say that this was my central theme. I also expressed concern about the dilution of current acceptable parameters that his equivalent solution considers acceptable. Are these not reasonable concerns to express? I could have mentioned the lack of consultation with the lighting industry and Standards Australia by the ABCB, but, I had only 600 words.

Whilst I see no point in prolonging any exchange on this issue since we clearly hold differing views on the subject and shall remain that way until one is persuaded by the other of the validity of their position. I will at least do you the courtesy of letting you know what I would find persuasive. As a lighting designer I would test the evidence I had been provided as demonstration of equivalence. Please note I would look for equivalence, why would one choose a solution for emergency exit signage that would be less conspicuous? I would also make the reasonable assumption that evidence would apply to any and all reasonably conditions in which the emergency exit signage would be expected to function. For such evidence to be persuasive I believe it would need to contain or show:

1. The basis on which the luminance limits applicable to PL signage demonstrate sufficiency to fulfil the above test? I do not consider that the adoption by America, Japan and New Zealand as sufficient evidence that the luminance limits are adequate, it is only evidence that these countries have adopted PL signage and not evidence why they have done so.

2. What evidence is provided that the luminance limits applicable to internally illuminated exit signs are higher than they need be? Again, without evidence for why use in other countries has been adopted simply citing adoption by other countries fails to meet the test of evidence I would consider sufficient.

Each of these conditions is not exceptional or excessively onerous in my view and are essentially the same argument just expressed one as the negation of the other. If you can demonstrate either condition then you will have made your case, if you cannot then unpersuaded I shall remain.

In conclusion, and if I may draw from the title of your letter, more light would indeed be beneficial, particularly if that light were emitted by PL signage material. When such materials do reach parity of luminance with internally illuminated signage then there would be no choice but to consider them as equivalent.


More heat than Light

The President’s Message Playing with fire appears to be poorly researched, unbalanced and highly emotive. This is not what I would expect from a president of the society I belong to. The article reads more like an advertorial from an electrical lighting manufacturer than a message from the president of a society representing the wider technical and professional lighting industry.

Firstly some factual corrections: the ABCB is the Australian Building Codes Board, the correct symbol for candela is “cd” not “Cd” and the article infers that the proposed minimum luminance requirement for photoluminescent (PL) exit signs has come from a “study” of dubious relevance. In fact, building codes in New Zealand and Japan already specify this value, and exit signs in the USA and Canada require a similar minimum luminance to meet their respective building codes.

The President’s Message suggests there is a safety issue because the proposed minimum luminance for PL exit signs is much less than the luminance of electrical exit signs. This argument has been well aired in the USA, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand, and in all cases has been determined by those nations’ code bodies to be non-persuasive.

I’m sure readers will be well aware that visibility is a function of both luminance and contrast, with contrast often being the dominant factor: in a well lit room with 300 lux on the walls, an electrical exit sign lit to the AS2293.1 requirement of 8cd/m2 (for the green background, 32cd/m2 for the white areas) will be less bright than the surrounding walls (even if they are a relatively dark 40% reflectance, their luminance will be 300/p x 40% = 38cd/m2). So we are seeing the sign not because of its luminance, but because of the contrast between the green and white parts of the sign, and usually the colour contrast between the sign and the surrounding walls.

With the ABCB’s proposed minimum of 100 lux on the face of a PL sign during normal occupation, the luminance of the PL material (which typically has 70% reflectance) will be 22cd/m2. So its luminance is very similar to an electrical sign under normal lighting conditions.

The difference between a PL sign and an electrically lit sign is that when the lights go out, the PL sign drops in luminance while the electrical sign doesn’t (that is unless its battery or lamp or electrical circuitry fails). But the

PL material maintains excellent contrast against the background of the sign and the surrounding walls, and the sign remains clearly visible for at least 90 minutes, as required by the NCC for all exit signs.

The proposed minimum luminance value is the worst-case value at the very end of a 90 minute evacuation. In the first few minutes of a blackout the luminance of the PL material is typically around 1cd/m2.

Given that 8-32cd/m2 luminance is considered sufficient to ensure an exit sign is suitably visible in an emergency where the lights stay on (so the surrounding walls have a similar luminance as mentioned above), why would you still need that same luminance in a black-out or near-black-out when the surrounding walls’ luminance will be 1/1000th of what they were, or less?

The President’s Message infers that the ABCB is proposing something new and untested. PL exit signs have been installed in many thousands of buildings in a number of OECD countries that have developed rigorous building codes incorporating PL exit signs.

PL exit signs are not suited to every situation but where they are suited, they can offer significant advantages in terms of reliability, environmental footprint, build cost and life cycle cost.

I believe IES members deserve a more balanced appraisal of the ABCB’s code proposal for PL exit signs: I’d like to see more light and less heat on the subject.

Mark Watson, Be, MIPenZ, CPeng, IntPe(nZ)ecoglo International Ltd

I was very surprised to see the ABCB proposal to allow PL exit signs as an alternative to electrically illuminated signs

for a number of reasons. I understood ABCB’s policy is to use Australian Standards, wherever possible, for the technical requirements of matters covered in the Building Code of Australia (BCA), part of the National Construction Code. This is to ensure that the BCA keeps up-to-date with changes in technology, testing and practice, eliminating the need for duplicate work by the ABCB. Standards Australia requires regular reviews of all Standards. The ABCB has membership of relevant Standards Australia committees. AS/NZS 1680.0 Interior lighting – Safe movement was developed for the BCA with regard to interior lighting. The ABCB has accepted AS/NZS 2293 Emergency evacuation lighting for buildings for the performance of emergency evacuation lighting, which includes exit signs.

L e t t e r S t o t h e e d i t o r


p r e S i d e n t ’ S M e S S a g e

August and September were good months for the Society. Following the education summit in July I am pleased to announce that Society recognised education courses will be available in both South Australia and Western Australia. This has been an aim for the Society for a considerable length of time and I am very pleased that we can at last put a tick in that box. We have yet to consolidate the MIES and higher grades, but at least we have the first year under our belts. It would be remiss of me to mention this without recognising the efforts put into this initiative by all involved, particularly Steve Brown our education director. Nor would it be right to fail to mention the role played by John Ford, Steve‘s immediate predecessor, for his contribution and the psychological agonies he endured in dealing with the TAFE system. These things are never as easy or as simple as many believe them to be and are all the more praiseworthy when you consider the volunteer nature of being an IESANZ Board member.

In September the Society published the IESANZ Lighting Guide 4.01 Lighting for Cricket. It is the intension of the Society to build on this and add other lighting guides that help to fill the recommended practices frame work for lighting that are not currently covered by existing standards or codes of practice. In this exercise the Society is not setting itself in competition with Australian Standards, far from it. The Board believe that genuine benefit will result from the Society publishing lighting guides that are complimentary to those of other organisations. Why choose Cricket as the first of these guidelines? There were a number of reasons but personally I had always considered it less than ideal to have an Australian Standard for Baseball but not for Cricket. We

are aware that there are other documents that focus on lighting for Cricket, but none that take the lighting of this sport from its most basic requirements on through to CTV broadcast level. Such an in depth approach as far as we have been able to determine has never been done before. If you wish to know more I would urge you to go to our website – www.iesanz.org. Once more it would be remiss to mention this without recognising those involved with its development, particularly David Lewis and Bryan Douglas.

What lies ahead for the Society ? We have still to formulate the content and structure of the second year course for SA and WA, but I am quite confident that this will be successfully completed in sufficient time to allow no interruption to students wishing to continue from first year. We also will be looking to build upon the lighting guidelines series with useful publications that can be of genuine benefit. We on the Board have a few ideas where to take these lighting guides but we would like to hear from you, what lighting guidelines do you think that the Society should produce? We are also in the SPARC Design planning period. SPARC Design is the design and application counterpart to the technology based SPARC event. Both SPARC Design and SPARC are joint initiatives between the LCA and the Society, and together these events complete the circle in showcasing innovation in lighting technology, and applying that technology with equal innovation and design flair. As always, the Board will continue with other initiatives that are necessary to keep the Society ticking, but, should any member wish the Board to consider an idea or a direction to take then we would be happy to consider that request.

Barry gullPresidentIES: The Lighting Society

Education a winner for SA & WA; Lighting for cricket hits a six

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U ntil fairly recently, office lighting was known

for its functionality-over-form approach –

think overhead fluorescent lights illuminating a

series of boxy cubicles, repeated over and over

ad infinitum again on multiple floors of the same

building. But according to a series of Australian

lighting experts, the rise of customisable lighting

systems and new ways of engaging with the

workplace mean the days of uninspired office

lighting might be numbered.

In a traditional office environment, the

lighting is often a one-size-fits-all approach with

set lux levels for specific areas of the space.

For example, according to AS/NZS 1680, work

spaces where visual tasks such as reading,

writing and typing are routinely undertaken

should be lit at 320 lux. But at the core of the

issue is the fact that the end-user needs vary

dramatically. Lighting levels that one employee

may find ideal could be entirely imperfect to

the next, making it difficult to please everyone

at once.

“You may have 10 people in a workplace

and there’ll be 10 people with different visual

needs, depending on their ocular health, medical

health, or the sort of task that they’re doing,”

says Jennifer Long, an optometrist and visual

ergonomics specialist.

Individually controlled lights populate this open plan science workspace,

giving users a sense of ownership at the

University of Queensland.

Photograph by Jon Linkins.

F e a t u r e

Flexible lighting or flexible workspace?By CLAirE ThoMPSoN


Long believes that even in environments

where clients don’t want to invest in expensive

lighting solutions, the fact that individual

lighting preferences are an important

component of workplace harmony needs to be

addressed. A flickering light, incorrectly placed

furniture that results in ineffective lighting

coverage on desks and other work surfaces,

can be the straw that breaks the camel’s back

when it comes to employee engagement with

the work.

“It’s more the discomfort, the loss of

productivity, the dissatisfaction, which is more

the problem.” she says.

The issue is exacerbated by the fact that

office lighting schemes are often custom

designed to suit the needs of one client, one

furniture configuration or one expected model of

usage. Many office lighting schemes have been

designed with a particular tenant or a particular

furniture configuration in mind; when that tenant

or layout changes, the lighting design is rendered

virtually useless.

“Lighting is often put into workplaces first,

and then the offices are fitted out with people

afterwards. So the desks are just put in, and

someone’s desk might be directly underneath

one of these luminaires,” Long says.

The result is often glare, incorrect lighting

levels relative to the task being performed in

a certain area, and general discomfort being

experienced by the occupants of the space.

Rather than being an issue with design, Long

says, it’s a question of whether or not the design

is being applied in a way that allows it to achieve

its original purpose.

“Ideally, if a person was sitting remote

from one of these luminaires, they wouldn’t

have the glare and the lighting would be

functioning perfectly.”

According to Michael Lavery, a director

of Queensland-based architecture firm

m3architecture, a move towards individualised

lighting systems is combating these complaints

and creating positive change in the commercial

office sector.

Lavery and his team received a

commendation award at last year’s IESANZ

Lighting Design Awards for a project in the

Mansergh Shaw Building, and they have

also done extensive work in health care and

education spaces, many of which face similar

barriers to client satisfaction as workplace

lighting does. Lavery says that his experience

in commercial workspaces has taught him that

employees who spend up to 40 hours a week

at their desks often feel the need to have some

degree of autonomy over how the space is

managed.

“That issue of control is something that has

interested us in lighting,” he says.

“In terms of someone sitting in an open plan

work environment, giving them a sense that they

can have some control over that environment,

whether it’s over the air conditioning to their

spot or whether it’s over the way they use their

lighting is really quite important in the modern

workplace.”

He likens the issue to a recent m3architecture

project where he was responsible for the design

of a work space at the University of Queensland.

Creating an environment in which inhabitants

felt they could arrange their surroundings to

suit their personal preferences was integral to

building a space that performed appropriately

and felt both natural and comfortable.

Reflected ambient light reduces glare, providing an improved working environment at the University of Queensland’s Mansergh Shaw building.


Task lighting and ambient light at the University of

Queensland’s Mansergh Shaw

building.



Danny Bishop, the team’s co-founder and

technical director, says that the main barrier that

task lighting continues to face in many standard

lighting fit outs is that in meeting the Australian

lighting standard of 320 lux, clients are winding

up with an inflexible lighting solution that may

not be appropriate for every situation.

“One of the big issues that’s always faced is

just in terms of compliance and regulation, so if

you design a general lighting system knowing

that you’re going to have task lighting there,

what you want to do is design it to a lower level,

but if you do that you’re not complying with the

development standard,” Bishop says.

“The landlord will always take the safe

route, the actual requirement, which is 320 lux.

So following on from that is, how do we get

around that?”

The solution, he says, is implementing a

control-based system like Organic Response

that can provide the 320 lux level required by

the standards, but that has the capacity to be

manually adjusted by the user in order to suit the

task at hand, or the user’s preference.

“One person’s idea of nice task lighting can

vary very significantly from the next person –

that’s something you’ve always got to keep in

mind.”

Another interesting shift away from

standard styles of office lighting is the result

of a movement towards new and more flexible

working styles. In service-based businesses,

there is a greater emphasis on diversity of client

spaces and the use of lighting design strategies

that provide both comfort and direction within

them. According to Julie Van Der Ley, a senior

lighting designer at Cardno who received a

commendation at the 2012 IESANZ Awards

for her work on the NAB House Level 15 Client

Floor, lighting plays a key role in facilitating client

activities.

“For example, you might have suspended light

over the table, so the focus is on the table where

they’re going to be looking at paperwork,” Van

Der Ley says.

At NAB House, Van Der Ley was also drawn to

creating comfortable client spaces that evoked

the feeling of being ‘home’, which she achieved

through the use of warm colour temperatures.

“We populated the entire room with hundreds

of individual lights, all with their own pull cords.

An occupant could move through the room with

a good level of general ambient light, but then

when they found the spot that they wanted

to use, they could switch their own light on

and take control of that space. So I think again

that sense of control and a sense of privacy

in a public space is an interesting and relevant

outcome for the modern workplace,” Lavery says.

The use of individualised lighting elements

that can be tailored to suit the need of individual

workers, such as effective task lighting, can go

some way towards providing the autonomy that

workers crave. If installed correctly, task lighting

can reduce glare and the subsequent eyestrain

often caused by poorly placed overhead lights,

and can result in an increase in occupant

satisfaction and productivity. Coupled with its

capacity to create energy savings thanks to more

intelligent power management – think workers

switching off their desk lighting when not in

use, and a reduction in overall light in non-task-

oriented spaces – and it’s easy to see why task

lighting is proving an increasingly popular option

with clients and designers alike.

Perhaps nobody knows more about

customisable task lighting systems than the

team at Organic Response, the Melbourne-

based company behind the development of

an intelligent lighting control system with

an exemplary task lighting component. The

Organic Response system, which recently

picked up a 2013 iAward, uses infrared signals

to communicate information about building

occupants and their activities, resulting in

automatic adjustment to lighting levels across

a building floor depending on where activity

is taking place. The system’s task lighting

component is fully adjustable, and comes with

a trimming function that allows for automatic

lowering of light levels when the system detects

the presence of empty space.

Individually controlled lighting allows for both energy savings and design opportunities in the University of Queensland’s science workspace.



“Office lighting tends to be at cool temperatures, more

a cool white, but in a client space you go for the warmer

coloured finishes and fixtures,” Van Der Ley says.

“The Client Floor is where all the people come to make

their discreet investments with the bank, so we needed to

make sure every room was inviting and cosy, with a sense

of security.”

Over the last few years, businesses have also started

to embrace the concept of engage activity-based working

(ABW), a workplace approach that does away with the idea

of permanent space; rather than fixed cubicles in which

employees conduct 90% of their daily tasks, ABW is about

designating space for specific activities, such as hot desks for

employees to set up a temporary workstation; meeting spaces,

where groups of people may congregate for shorter periods

of time; and casual spaces, where people might gather in

more informal settings, rather like the tea rooms of old. And

while ABW is not a lighting-specific solution, a by-product

of the ABW trend is instead creating new opportunities for

workplace lighting schemes that are more responsive to the

activities being conducted in a given space.

According to Van Der Ley, who has lit ABW-specific spaces

at the Commonwealth Bank’s Darling Quarter and Darling

Walk buildings, the benefit for designers is that they can now

design for task-specific spaces, rather than trying to design a

lighting scheme to illuminate a static workstation that may be

used for one of a hundred different tasks.

“When they’re designated areas, they’re not very difficult

to light,” Van Der Ley says.

“You might have task lighting or general overhead lighting

over workstations, with smaller areas around them for more

casual tasks where you don’t stay all day but you come and

have an informal meeting with half a dozen people and then

you leave. Usually you punctuate those areas with a bit of

colour, either from the interiors finishes or with light fittings, to

make them a bit more interesting,” she says.

“I think people are trying to make spaces more comfortable,

people are there for a long time every day – hopefully clients

work out that lighting can enhance that space as well, and we

get the opportunity to put something more exciting in there.

The days of the open plan workspaces with just base building

troffers overhead is just getting a bit passé.”

RIGHT:A single feature light and wall washed artwork in a designated meeting room creates points of interest at NAB House.

BELOW:Visitors are made to feel at home in waiting spaces on the Client Floor of NAB House. Ambient lighting is punctuated by eye-catching feature lights to create a serene and comfortable environment.

Photography by Richard Glover Photography.

Experience Antumbra – user interface redesigned.

PDL

187-

7 / L

IGH

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Imagine. A beautifully designed user interface panel that ‘wakes up’ as you approach, with a stunning wall-wash lighting effect and button indicators that reveal automatically. One-touch control of lighting, dimming and temperature functionality. A choice of panel facia and rim finishes, customised text or intuitively designed symbols.

Welcome to the feature rich world of Philips Dynalite Antumbra.*

To find out more, or to try the Antumbra online panel configuration tool go to: www.philips.com/dynalite

*Operates with Philips Dynalite control system only.

pdl187-7 antumbra fpa lighting a&s.indd 1 18/03/13 4:36 PM


t e C h n i C a L F e a t u r e

Power savings and occupant satisfaction due to a lighting demand response strategy

Benjamin J Birt*, Guy R Newsham**, Meli Stylianou***

*Formerly National Research Council Canada, T: +61 (0) 447 071 759, E: [email protected],

**National Research Council Canada,

***Natural Resources Canada. Paper presented at 7th Lux Pacifica, Bangkok, March 2013

Demand for electricity varies greatly

by time of day and year, with large

peaks often occurring during extreme

weather conditions. Utilities must be

able to meet these peaks otherwise

blackouts will occur. Traditionally peak

demands have been met by switching in

peak capacity generators or importing

additional power, both of which are

typically costly. There is growing

interest in addressing peak demand, at

least partially, on the demand side, by

eliminating electricity use or shifting it

to non-peak times; known collectively

as demand response (DR). In principle,

all one needs is control equipment

that can respond to a prompt from

the utility. In order to study the effect

of demand response strategies using

dimmable lighting, we conducted a

field study in a mid-size commercial

building that recently had a new lighting

system installed and commissioned.

Key data extracted from the building

control system included lighting power

draw every 10 minutes in each of 66

zones. On one afternoon in each of five

consecutive weeks in February and

March 2012 we sent a DR signal over

the lighting control system requesting

smooth dimming to as much as 70%

below initial installed power levels. The

time period over which dimming took

place varied between weeks, ranging

from 30 minutes to 2 minutes. Following

the dimming of the lighting we sent an

on-line questionnaire to the occupants

of the building on their satisfaction with

various indoor environment parameters

(including lighting), and whether they

had noticed any change in these indoor

environment parameters. The most

aggressive demand response event

reduced power use by 30.3% beyond

the savings already realised by other

control strategies (14.5% due to task

tuning, 14.2% due to daylight harvesting,

and a 3.8% due to occupancy sensing).

Analysis of the survey data showed no

effect of the DR event on satisfaction

with lighting, or noticeability of changes

in lighting conditions.

iNTroDuCTioN

The demand for electricity varies

according to daily and seasonal cycles.

In Canada (where this study was

undertaken), this may lead to greater

demand on hot summer afternoons

or cold winter mornings and evenings.

At certain times, often during extreme

weather conditions, the demand will

peak for only a few hours or less. The

demand for electricity must be met

by utilities instantaneously. Should the

demand not be met, brownouts and even

blackouts could occur. Traditionally, the

peak demand for electricity has been

met by either turning on generators,

or importing power from neighbouring

jurisdictions, both of which can be

expensive. As such, there is growing

interest in addressing peak demand, at

least partially, on the demand side.

Reducing the peak demand for

electricity during critical periods can be

accomplished by eliminating electricity

use or shifting use to non-peak times.

Both of these techniques are known

as demand response (DR). In principle,

this is relatively straightforward to do;

all one needs is control equipment

that can respond to a prompt from the

utility. The most common DR strategy

for building systems involves the

HVAC system1). However, the market

penetration of centrally-controlled

dimmable lighting systems continues to

grow, making the possibility of

DR strategies that include dimming

of lights realistic.

Controlled laboratory studies

demonstrated that electric lighting

dimmed slowly over time was

functionally undetectable, particularly

in the presence of daylight2,3). Field

trials of dimmable lighting DR strategies

showed that substantial temporary

load reductions were achievable, where

occupant acceptance was determined

by a lack complaints to building

managers4). In the research described

here, we conducted a field trial with

questionnaires issued following the

onset of dimming caused by DR events

to further explore effects on occupants.

METhoDS

Site Details

The field study was conducted in a

commercial building with approximately

100 occupants near Montreal, Quebec. A

digitally-addressable dimmable lighting

system, with associated occupancy

sensing and daylight harvesting controls,

had recently been commissioned and

integrated into the building automation

system. There were 66 zones, including

private, semi-private and open-plan

offices, meeting rooms, corridors and a

cafeteria area.

Ambient lighting was provided by

ceiling-recessed direct/indirect luminaires

with a 54W 3000K T5 lamp laid out

on a rectangular grid (one corridor had

three-lamp luminaires). The total installed

lighting power density was 10.7 W/m2,

(18.1 kW installed) which is in line with

prevailing Canadian energy codes for

new buildings5). Lighting in most spaces

was centrally switched off at 7 p.m., or

when there was no occupancy for 15

minutes, and switched on when triggered

by the occupancy sensor. Photosensors

were installed in each perimeter zone,

and the system was configured to dim

luminaires near windows when sufficient

daylight was available. Commissioning

of the system involved task tuning the

luminaires to supply 400 lux on desktops

in each zone.

A custom program was provided

by the building automation system

(BAS) contractor enabling lighting DR

strategies. Dimming was via a linear

ramp, reducing lighting power by a fixed

amount over a time specified by the

experimenters. A post-hoc analysis of the

data gave us a better understanding of

how the system worked. If the called-for

DR reduction was not larger than the

combined reduction that had already

occurred due to task tuning and daylight

harvesting then the DR event had no

effect. However, if the called-for DR

reduction was large compared to the

prevailing reductions then there was an

incremental DR effect.

A digitally-addressable dimmable lighting system, with associated occupancy sensing and daylight harvesting controls, had recently been commissioned and integrated into the building automation system.


Physical data

Data on lighting power draw (as

calculated from the dimming level using

a linear relationship) and occupancy, by

zone, was recorded every 10 minutes.

Information on interior temperatures,

HVAC air flow rates, weather data, and

many other variables were also recorded.

Illuminance loggers were installed at

representative locations to confirm the

DR event happened as scheduled.

Occupant surveys

We utilized an existing capability in

the building to deliver the on-line

surveys. The survey consisted of a

series of questions regarding occupant

comfort and awareness of change in

the indoor environment. Comfort was

rated using a 7 point scale (e.g., for

lighting: -3, too dark to 3, too bright

with 0 being just right). Questions were

primarily delivered in French. A set of

demographic questions was asked only

once of each respondent.

Experimental design

The protocol for this research was

approved by National Research

Council’s Research Ethics Board under

protocol REB2011-19. Prior to the

measurements starting, occupants

received an announcement from

building management stating the

reason for the study, its goals, what

occupants could expect in terms of

the impact on them, and how to seek

resolution of any problems. Occupants

were not informed of the specific

dates and times of the DR events. If an

unusually high number of complaints

were registered during a DR event, we

agreed to abandon the trial and restore

normal light levels immediately (this did

not occur).

To assess the success of the DR

events, a set of measures made

during a DR event and an otherwise

equivalent, non-event day were

compared. The basic independent

variable was day type (DR event

or non-event). The dependent

variables included: lighting energy

use (particularly during event periods),

dimming levels, occupant comfort,

and occupant awareness of change.

The non-event days were chosen

to be as equivalent as possible to the

event days, absent the DR event;

this included considerations such

as: similar expected occupancy,

similar expected outside weather

conditions, and calendar proximity

to the event day.

DR events occurred during

February and March of 2012. DR

events started at 1:30 p.m. and varied

weekly as per Table 1. The lighting

control settings were then maintained

for the remainder of the day, with

a return to normal at midnight. The

zone type designation in Table 1

was based on a zone designation

previously established for the HVAC

system, and zones designated as

core in this manner might still have

contained photosensors. Note that our

measurements took place in winter,

whereas the event timing used is more

typical of a summer peak period. The

time was chosen to maximize the likely

exposure of occupants to the dimming,

and we expect the results to be

applicable to other times of year and

day. The survey was issued at 3:00 p.m.

on both event and non-event days

listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Event and non-event days and DR actions taken

Date (all 2012) Week Measure Dimming level Dim Time

Wednesday February 22 1 Survey

Friday February 24 1 D/R no Survey All Zones: 20% 30 minutes

Tuesday February 28 2 Survey

Wednesday February 29 2 D/R + Survey Core: 20%, Perimeter: 40%, Mixed: 40% 30 minutes

Tuesday March 06 3 D/R + Survey Core: 30%, Perimeter: 50%, Mixed: 50% 15 minutes

Friday March 09 3 Survey

Monday March 12 4 Survey

Thursday March 15 4 D/R + Survey Core: 30%, Perimeter: 50%, Mixed: 50% 2 minutes

Tuesday March 20 5 Survey

Wednesday March 21 5 D/R + Survey Core: 50%, Perimeter: 70%, Mixed: 70% 2 minutes

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rESuLTS

Lighting Power Savings

The effect of the DR events on the

total lighting power in the monitored

zones is shown in Figure 1. All normal

workdays are in grey with the DR event

days in thicker, coloured lines. The

effect of the later and more aggressive

DR events is obvious. The underlying

effect of daylight harvesting on the

normal days is shown by the modest

U-shape in total lighting power during

the middle of the day.

Due to the nature of the data we

were able to calculate the savings made

by various lighting control strategies

during the DR events compared to

the maximum installed load. Savings

were calculated for each zone and

then integrated to total building level,

or to zone sub-sets based on various

designations. Our focus was on

power draw during the period of DR

dimming; our calculations were based

on the beginning of the event because

later in the event the daylighting

and occupancy conditions will have

changed introducing ambiguity into the

calculations.

Figure 2 illustrates our approach to

the calculations, using an idealized,

but representative, power draw profile

for a zone on a DR event day. The

installed power, PI was calculated

from the number of lamps per zone

multiplied by the power draw per

lamp, as defined in the vendor control

system (58.5 W for lamp plus ballast).

The fixed dimming level due to task

tuning varied between zones, and

resulted in a new maximum zone

lighting power of PTT

. PTT

was obtained

by looking at the maximum lighting

power reported by the system for a

zone early in the morning or late in the

evening (i.e. no potential for daylight

harvesting). Four zones used a

personal dimming control feature that

was installed two weeks before our

study and these were removed from

the analysis.

For the remaining control effects

we looked at the power use at the

time the DR dimming was enacted,

Tevent

. Due to daylight harvesting,

zones with photosensors often

had a lower power draw than PTT

,

we called this lower level PDH

. Again,

the amount of daylight harvesting

varied throughout the day, and

PDH

refers only to the level at Tevent

.

Immediately following the DR

dimming, the power dropped

to a lower level PDR

. Note that

during the dimming period the

|amount of daylight might have

changed, but we chose to associate

all power changes during the

dimming phase to the DR event.

FIGURE 1. Lighting power draw for all normal workdays (grey lines) over the study period. DR event days are the thicker coloured lines.

FIGURE 2.An idealized power draw profile for a zone on a DR event day showing the various potential control contributions to load reduction.

TABLE 2 Savings associated with various control options, for all zones that showed a response to the DR signal, for each week/event. Values are percentages, relative to prevailing installed power of 8.4 kW.

Week

Control 1 2 3 4 5

Task Tuning 14.4 14.4 14.4 15.2 14.5

Daylight Harvesting 9.2 19.5 20.1 14.9 14.2

Occupancy Sensing 7.7 3.9 1.8 0.0 3.8

Demand Response 6.5 4.5 14.0 24.1 30.3

Total 37.8 42.3 50.4 54.2 62.7

This might, introduce some error

in to our estimates in the partitioning

of control effects.

Finally, we must account for the

effect of the occupancy sensor. If

the zone was vacant before the DR

event then the power dropped to

POCC

. In these cases we associated

all power reduction at Tevent

to the

occupancy sensor and none to the

daylight harvesting or DR signal. Note

that at an individual zone level, the

occupancy sensor power reduction is

“all or nothing”, but when summed and

averaged across all zones, occupancy

sensor savings were fractional, like the

other contributions.

Table 2 shows our best estimate

for the true potential for DR to reduce

peak load, and the best relative

estimate of contributions from other

controls. A post-hoc inspection of the

building control system data suggested


that only half of the zones responded

to the DR signal. In these cases we

suspected a communications error.

Table 2 shows the savings for only

those zones that responsed to the DR

signal. Here we normalize the value of PI

to 100, and show the power reductions

relative to this (thus calculating savings

relative to the post task-tuned power

draw, for example, can be achieved with

straightforward transformations).

The savings in Table 2 represent

the estimates for a properly

functioning system, which in our

case applies to the subset of zones

that responded to the DR signal. The

estimates for task tuning, daylight

harvesting and occupancy sensing

(i.e. non-DR savings) for this subset

of zones are very similar to those for

building-wide savings, suggesting

that these control options functioned

similarly in all zones. The relatively

small contribution of occupancy

sensing was a likely consequence of

the fact that many occupants were

in larger open-plan spaces, or shared

enclosed offices. For the event in

week 5 the total load reduction from

the installed level was over 60%, with

approximately half of this due to the

specific DR strategy.

Survey Outcomes

Fifty-five occupants completed the

survey at least once. 36 were male and

19 female. There were: 14 18-29 year olds;

29 30-39 year olds; 5 40-49 year olds;

5 50 to 59 year olds; and 2 over 60.

Job types ranged from administration

(5), Technical (9) Professional (39),

and managerial (2). There was a range

of education levels: high school (2),

Commercial College/CEGEP degree (10),

some university (6), bachelor degree

(14), and a graduate degree (23). The

number of years in the workforce for

the occupants were: <1 year (2), 1-5

years (11), 6-10 years (13), 11-15 years

(12), and 16+ years (18). The number of

years the occupants worked for this

organization were: < 1 year (9), 1-5 years

(20), 6-10 years (14), 11-15 years (8), and

16+ years (4).

Table 3 shows the number of

responses to each survey administration.

Only about half of all respondents

provided survey responses in a given

administration, and the mean number

of responses per respondent was 3.3

out of a possible 9. The format of the

survey data presented a number of

challenges for analysis, and constrained

the methods we were able to use and

the power of these methods. In principle,

the MIXED procedure in SPSS ver. 186)

could be used to analyse the unbalanced

(unequal number of responses per

administration) and sparse (small number

of responses overall compared to the

number of opportunities for response)

data set. Other limitations included: we

were not confident in whether there

was much of a physical stimulus (i.e. a

change in lighting conditions) during

the DR event in weeks 1-3 due to the

design of the system response to a DR

signal (i.e. no further dimming if task

tuning and daylight harvesting had

TABLE 4 Results of the MANOVA on satisfaction with indoor environment conditions, with descriptive statistics; data are for week 5 only

Dependent Variable

Dr Event No Dr Event

Sig.

Mean (s.d.) Mean (s.d.)

Thermal Comfort 0.11 (1.03) -0.37 (0.85) n.s.

Humidity Comfort 0.11 (0.79) 0.23 (0.63) n.s.

Lighting Comfort -0.07 (0.98) 0.07 (0.87) n.s.

Sound comfort 0.46 (0.88) 0.27 (0.98) n.s.

Air movement comfort 0.00 (1.02) -0.10 (0.85) n.s.

Wilks’ Lambda=.746, F5,52

=3.54, p=.008, ε2partial

=.254

TABLE 3 The number of responses to each survey administration

Week Dr Event No Dr Event

1 14

2 19 29

3 17 19

4 23 4

5 28 30


already reduced light levels sufficiently),

and system communication errors (i.e.

not all zones received DR instructions).

We could have looked at weeks 4 and 5

only (during which dimming was more

pronounced) with a MIXED analysis.

However, the survey response in week

4 was exceptionally low, making the

sample size too small to be reliable.

Therefore, considering all of these factors

collectively, we decided to employ non-

repeated measures analysis, either for

weeks 2-5 combined (dropping week 1

because there was no survey during the

DR event that week) or week 5 alone.

We show here only the results for week

5, which had the greatest power savings.

The results for weeks 2-5 combined had

similar outcomes.

Descriptive statistics for the data

related to satisfaction with indoor

environment conditions suggested that

responses were normally distributed

with acceptable limits (|kurtosis| < 8,

|skewness| < 37)), therefore we were

able to apply multivariate ANOVA

(MANOVA). Table 4 shows the results

of the MANOVA on satisfaction with

indoor environment conditions. The

results show an overall multivariate

effect, but no statistically-significant

effect of the DR events on individual

comfort conditions, including lighting.

Mean votes were close to “Just right”

on all measures, suggesting a high level

of satisfaction with conditions overall.

The data related to awareness of a

change in conditions were not normally

distributed, and therefore we applied

Chi-squared (χ2) analysis.

Table 5 shows the results of the

Chi-squared analysis on awareness

of a change in conditions; descriptive

statistics for the dependent variables are

also shown. The Chi-squared analysis

showed only one statistically-significant

effect on awareness of a change in

indoor environment conditions, this

effect was related to air movement.

There is no reason to believe that the

changes in light levels that we initiated

could have had any physical effect on

air movement, and we have no data

to confirm if there was an objective

difference in air movement between

the DR and non-DR days. Therefore,

we can attribute this effect to a Type

I statistical error (chance effect). Of

particular interest, there was no effect

on awareness of lighting changes, even

with daylight harvesting taking place.

Note that for all awareness of change

outcomes the most common response,

in most cases by a large margin, was

that no change in the specific indoor

environment condition was noticed.

TABLE 5 Results of the Chi-squared analysis on awareness of a change in conditions, with descriptive statistics; data are for week 5 only

No yes, small change yes, Large change Total χ2 p

Have you noticed any changes in temperature in the past two hours? n.s.

No DR Event 19 8 2 29

DR Event 12 9 6 27

Have you noticed any changes in humidity in the past two hours? n.s.


DR Event 16 5 4 25

Have you noticed any changes in electric lighting in the past two hours? n.s.


DR Event 18 5 2 25

Have you noticed any changes in noise in the past two hours? n.s.


DR Event 21 2 3 26

Have you noticed any changes in air movement in the past two hours? 6.90 .032


DR Event 12 5 9 26

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CoNCLuSioN

This study was conducted with a

completely new lighting system

(luminaires, lamps and controls). The

system had only been installed and

commissioned a couple of months

before this study, with features

such as direct personal control

being implemented more recently.

Furthermore, the DR feature we utilized

for our study was customized and

implemented in the building automation

system by the controls contractor and

did not behave entirely as we expected

in terms of its interaction with other

controls, and the communication to the

various zones. These limitations only

became apparent after data collection

began, and time constraints dictated

that we had to work with what we

had rather than make modifications

and restart data collection. Therefore,

it would be wise to treat these

results as somewhat preliminary. This

also emphasizes the importance of

commissioning a DR system: full benefits

will not be realized if the control system

is not sending a DR event signal to all

appropriate zones.

Nevertheless, despite these

limitations, the results were very

encouraging for advocates of DR

strategies using dimmable lighting

systems. Substantial reductions in

lighting load were achieved during DR

events with no hardship to occupants.

There was no difference in satisfaction

with lighting, or awareness of lighting

changes, between DR event afternoons

and non-event afternoons. The fact

that the large majority of the regularly

occupied zones had some daylight

might have been important in this

regard: occupants’ expectations and

tolerance of variability in daylighting

might have inured them to changes in

electric lighting levels3).

The results also highlighted the value

of dimming ballasts and advanced

lighting controls more generally. The DR

events imposed incremental dimming

on event afternoons, but this was over

and above the lighting power reductions

reFereNceS

1) Piette, m.A.; Watson, D.; motegi, N.; Kiliccote, S.: Automated critical Peak Pricing Field tests: 2006 Pilot Program Description and results, Lawrence berkeley National Laboratory report LbNL-62218 (2007).

2) Newsham, G.r.; mancini, S.: the Potential for demand responsive lighting in non-daylit offices, Leukos 3 (2), pp 105-120 (2006).

3) Newsham, G.r.; mancini, S.; marchand, r.G.: Detection and acceptance of demand-responsive lighting in offices with and without daylight, Leukos 4 (3) pp 130-156 (2008).

4) Newsham, G.r.; birt, b.: Demand- responsive lighting: a field study, Leukos, 6 (3) pp 203-225 (2010).

5) Necb (National energy code of canada for buildings) canadian commission on building and Fire codes. Ottawa: National research council (2011).

6) PASW: SPSS version 18. Ibm. UrL: http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/ (2009).

7) Kline, r. b.: Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press (1997).

There was no difference in satisfaction with lighting, or awareness of lighting changes, between DR event afternoons and non-event afternoons. The fact that the large majority of the regularly occupied zones had some daylight might have been important in this regard.

already achieved due to task tuning,

daylight harvesting, and occupancy

sensing. Even for our most aggressive

DR event, in week 5, 60% of the power

reduction from installed levels in daylit

zones was due to these other controls.

And these other controls were active

on all other days and at all hours, and

contributing to overall energy savings.

ACkNoWLEDgEMENTS

This work was generously supported

by the National Research Council

Canada, and by the Clean Energy Fund

(Project CEF70: Enabling Building

Systems Technologies for Smart Grid

Integration), administered by Natural

Resources Canada. We are indebted

to our colleagues who made valuable

contributions to the success of this

work: Chantal Arsenault (NRC), Eric

Paradis (NRCan), and Marilyne Poirier

(NRCan). We are also grateful to the

occupants of the study building, who

graciously accepted our presence in

their work/study places.

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t e C h n i C a L F e a t u r e

LEDs and the return of the flicker?

By Pontus Hammarbäck

BACkgrouND

Experienced designers may recall

discussions back in the 80s and

90s over concerns with flicker from

luminaires and associated negative

effects for users in those spaces.

Negative effects of flicker are well

known and documented, spanning

from migraine to reduced visual

acuity, anxiety, eye-strain, technical

difficulties with video recording as well

as serious cases of physical danger

like stroboscopic effects on moving

machinery or traffic (Veitch & McColl,

1995) (Lehman, 2010). About one person

in 4000 are susceptible to epilepsy or

fits, related to photosensitivity (Wilkins,

2010) while one in ten is believed to be

photosensitive (Raymond, 1999). Test

subjects’ EEGs have been adversely

affected by invisible flicker, ie, flicker

that is of a higher frequency than most

people can perceive (Küller & Laike,

1998).

Flicker used to be a common

issue, especially in combination with

CRT monitors in offices. With the

introduction and widespread adoption

of HF ballasts and better lighting

equipment in the 90s together with flat

screen LCD monitors, the flicker issue

seemed to have been resolved for good.

Against this background, there

should be no question that all kinds of

flicker are negative and should not be

accepted.

ThE ProBLEM

However, over the last few years

numerous luminaires with the latest LED

technology have been found to exhibit

significant visual flicker. Many retrofit

lamps of MR16 or GLS type have issues

working with commercial and domestic

dimmers causing various types of flicker.

This is a serious concern but not the

topic of this article; here we will deal

with a persistent high-frequency flicker.

This persistent flicker is from some pulse

width modulation (PWM) LED drivers.

Some people are indeed more

sensitive to flicker than others, just like

some would be more sensitive to glare

or others are more sensitive to audible

noise. Humans’ flicker threshold, the

critical flicker fusion (CFF), also varies

for a person depending on time of

day, mood, hormone levels, stress, the

lighting application, brightness and

modulation depth (Wilkins, 2010).

A saccade is a rapid movement of

the eyes which happens frequently as a

person goes about his or her daily life

of orienting in a space, reading, driving

With 1/20th second exposure time, a fine series of coloured dots are seen from a domestic colour changing luminaire. The number of dots indicates a frequency of 1kHz. Visible flicker is not likely to be perceived from this light source, however,

invisible flicker may still produce negative side effects. 1) Incandescent lamp. 2) Windows. 3) Colour changing luminaire.


or any other visual task. This eye

movement typically happens at 180°/s

(Wilkins, 2010) with a peak of 700°/s

(Lehman, 2011). With a PWM frequency

of 120Hz and a light source 5m from

the observer, this means the observer

will visually perceive a “row” of images

superimposed onto the background

at 130mm separation. As found by HK

Hartline regarding the physiological

mechanisms of the eye, lateral inhibition

will heighten contrasts thus sharpening

the visual impression of form and

movement (Nobelprice.org). These

images of a light source will as a result

be amplified and cause nuisance to the

observer.

One common occurrence is rear

lights on modern cars, where some

are using PWM to control the output

level (The Naked Scientist, 2012). The

effect is particularly visible due to the

dark background and small, bright

light source. The flicker is especially

prominent from dimmed LEDs because

of the longer off-times and shorter

on-times. Nevertheless, the flicker has

also been noticed for some products

even on full output when any effects of

PWM are not supposed to be visible.

It appears that some LED drivers are

producing a flicker, possibly as part of

a “smart” driver that adjusts the output

power over time.

There appears to be little correlation

between cost or quality of the

luminaire and the perceived flicker.

The manufacturer’s market position

is no guarantee for flicker-free

lighting either; a recently reviewed

good quality spotlight intended for

exhibition spaces produced only a very

faint flicker under forced conditions

while its smaller sibling from the same

manufacturer produced significant

visual flicker.

Some PWM systems use high

frequency PWM signals at 25kHz,

above the audible range. Examples

include machine vision, certain LCD

panel backlighting and video projection

system (Sarhan & Richardson, 2008).

This shows the technical feasibility of

creating flicker-free drivers for LEDs.

Components used in LED drivers

appear to be causing this flickering

behaviour. Some manufacturers state

the PWM frequency on the products’

specification sheets but this is far from

standard and the specifier does not

have accurate information on how the

product will perform.

According to Sarhan & Richardson,

2008, a high slew rate is needed to

operate LEDs with maximum contrast

ratio while maintaining dominant

wavelength and correlated colour

temperature (CCT), at low dimming

levels, ie, short pulses. A downside

of these quick on/off pulses include

potential EMC issues in nearby cables

or circuits.

Manufacturing a driver with high efficiency, steady

output, high slew rate and low cost is perhaps no

easy feat; it appears that manufacturers are choosing

components on a price point basis and in the process

downplaying the potential risk of visual discomfort of

users.

LED lighting is expected to increase its global

market share to almost 70% by 2020 (McKinsey,

2012). If large companies like IKEA pledge to only

supply LED lighting by 2016 (Fingas, 2012), what

will the effect be on visual comfort in domestic

environments globally?

ThE SoLuTioN

There is no single solution to avoid this problem.

One positive outlook on this issue is the IEEE PAR1789

initiative working for safe flicker levels from LED

lighting. Unfortunately, the work is still in progress

and it will be some time before it is formalised into

an IEC standard, with additional development time

for new products to reach the market.

In lieu of flicker-free, dimmable LED drivers, there

are a few things the responsible lighting designer

could do to mitigate negative side effects of flicker:

Specify drivers with PWM frequency above 400Hz.

This will not completely remove the risk however

it will be reduced thanks to the higher frequency.

Use Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). This

alternative type of dimming is flicker-free because the

current is steady, but be aware of potential drawbacks

like colour shift in the LED when dimming to low

levels. Very low dimming levels are not possible and a

sudden drop to the off state rather than smooth ramp

should be expected. On the other hand, luminous

efficacy increases at lower dimming levels.

Interleaving circuits. This old trick of alternating

phases in a three-phase system was common in the

days of discharge lighting as a means of reducing

flicker. In fact it still is used for super slow-motion

applications and to balance the load across the

phases. With the smaller loads of LED luminaires

this may not be needed from an electrical supply

point of view, however, it could still be a factor in

reducing this type of LED flicker in spaces. Be wary

of cost associated with redundant circuitry and power

distribution systems to cater for interleaving circuits

where single circuits would be sufficient.

Visually inspect all luminaires in a worst-case

environment. When visually inspecting a luminaire,

make sure no other light sources are present.

By adding a moving object such as quickly waving

your hands or fingers any flicker issues will revealed

quickly; smooth trails means no or very little flicker

but a series of sharp images could be a potential

flicker source.

This downlight, operating on full output, uses a driver from a major manufacturer yet displays strong 100 Hz flicker. This could be from an inadequate DC converter.

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1/10th second photo. A decent

compact camera and all DSLR’s will

have manual settings for exposure time.

A simple way of emulating a saccade

is by taking a picture at 1/10 second

while “turning” the camera. A number of

sharp images will be projected onto the

sensor in case of prominent flicker while

a smooth trail will be seen if no flicker is

present.

We must, as an industry, act

responsibly and highlight these

shortcomings to manufacturers, buyers

and users and not accept products

with high levels of flicker. Let the

manufacturers and suppliers know our

opinions and push for better products

without flicker, all in the name of better

lighting for the people. If you are

interested, you can join the discussion

on LinkedIn, Twitter with the hashtag

#LEDflicker

reFereNceS

1. Fingas, J. (2012, 10 1). Ikea to sell only LeD-based lighting by 2016, wants to be greener than your sofa bed. retrieved 09 03, 2013, from engadget.com: http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/01/ikea-to-sell-only-led-based-lighting-by-2016/

2. Küller, r., & Laike, t. (1998). the impact of flicker from fluorescent lighting on well-being, performance and physiological arousal. ergonomics, 433-447.

3. Lehman, b. (2010). Ieee-SA P1789. retrieved 2013-09-03, from Ieee Standards Organisation: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1789/

4. Lehman, b. (2011). Proposing measures of Flicker in the Low Frequencies for Lighting Applications. energy conversion congress and exposition (ecce), 2011 Ieee, 2865 - 2872.

5. mcKinsey. (2012). Lighting the way: Perspectives on the global lighting market. Second edition. mcKinsey. retrieved from http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_service/automotive%20and%20assembly/lighting_the_way_perspectives_on_global_lighting_market_2012.ashx

6. Nobelprice.org. (n.d.). the Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine 1967. retrieved 09 01, 2013, from Nobelprice.org: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/press.html

7. raymond, c. (1999). Safety Across the curriculum. Falmer Press.

8. Sarhan, S., & richardson, c. (2008, 06 06). A matter of light, Part 4 --- PWm dimming. retrieved 09 03, 2013, from ee times: http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1273256

9. the Naked Scientist. (2012, 08 08). Why do LeD tail lights trail to me and not to the rest of my family? retrieved 09 03, 2013, from the Naked Scientist: http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=45126.0

10. veitch, J., & mccoll, S. (1995). modulation of fluorescent light: flicker rate and light source effects on visual performance and visual comfort. Lighitng research and technology, pp. 243-256.

11. Wilkins, A. (2010). LeD Lighting Flicker and Potential Health concerns: Ieee Standard PAr1789 Update. energy conversion congress and exposition (ecce), 2010 Ieee, pp. 171-176.

This downlight does not exhibit any flicker at full output.

Manually setting the exposure time to 1/10th second and turning the camera while taking the photo creates a trail of images. These downlights are producing strong 120Hz flicker when dimmed.

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Dr jENNiFEr LoNg Boptom(hons) MSafetySc PhD

Workplace lighting - adjustability is the key

o p i n i o n

H elp! We relocated to our new office space 6

months ago. Some of our staff aren’t happy

and have removed the lamps from the ceiling

above their desk. They say it is too glary. Now

the facilities people are unhappy because they

say that removing the lamps is in breach of Work

Health Safety responsibilities. What can we do?”

Unfortunately, this is an all-too-common

scenario in workplaces and one which can

have an adverse impact on workplace morale,

productivity and staff retention.

When asked to design lighting for a

FIGURE 1. Not everyone sees the

world the same way that you do. Cataracts are

a common age-related vision condition and may

result in reduced ability to see detail, contrast

and colour (compare the picture on the left which

is a normal view of an office with that on the

right which simulates the effect of cataracts). In the workplace, some people

with cataracts prefer increased illumination

to see near tasks, while others experience glare

problems and prefer low illumination levels.

workplace, the lighting designer will be given

specifications which describe the type of

work space (e.g. it is an office) and usage

requirements (e.g. particular areas assigned for

board rooms, general office tasks). However,

the designer is unlikely to be asked to cater for

particular requirements for individuals who will

be using the space.

This poses a challenge for our workplaces,

especially with Australia’s ageing workforce. A

workplace is comprised of many individuals, all

of whom may have different lighting preferences

and needs. These differences are accentuated by

age-related changes which affect the human eye

and hence visual performance. Even when a vision

condition is known, there can be variations in how

it affects the individual. For example, cataracts

are a common age-related condition in which the

crystalline lens inside the eye loses its transparency

and can have paradoxical effects on vision and

visual comfort. Some individuals with cataract have

poor vision caused by reduced light transmission

to the retina. They may prefer high illuminances to

compensate for the cataract. Other individuals may

experience an increased light sensitivity due to

light scatter within the eye as it passes through the

crystalline lens (disability glare), and so prefer less

illumination on their work.

ErgoNoMiCS iS MorE ThAN

ChAirS AND DESkS

Ergonomics is frequently associated with the

design of office furniture, such as chairs and

desks, but it is much broader than this. The

purpose of ergonomics is to achieve a balance

between the demands of the environment and the

capabilities of the individual. If there is a balance

between these two parameters, then this will lead

to improved safety, comfort and productivity.

Applying this concept to lighting and vision


in our workplaces (i.e. visual ergonomics), the

model looks like this:

Therefore, if individuals in our workplaces have

a variety of visual capabilities, then the logical

step is to provide adjustable lighting to cater for

these differences so that workplaces can be the

safe, comfortable and productive places they set

out to be.

ADjuSTABiLiTy – NoT A NEW CoNCEPT

iN WorkPLACES

It is rare to visit a workplace and NOT see people

sitting in adjustable chairs – after all, people

come in all shapes and sizes, so a one-size-fits-

all chair will not be comfortable for everyone.

More recently there has been a trend within

workplaces for height adjustable desks to enable

workers to vary their posture throughout the day

from sitting to standing. There is also a trend

toward shared workspaces to enable individuals

to select a workstation they prefer to use for

different tasks throughout the day.

Perhaps it is time to promote and encourage

lighting which is also adjustable by individuals,

according to the task requirements and personal

preferences. One solution is to install lighting

which provides a lower general illuminance

throughout the work area (e.g. 200 lux) and

shielded, adjustable task lighting at workstations

for individuals to use as required. The combined

illumination would need to comply with the

maintained illuminance requirements of the

Australian / New Zealand Standard for tasks

performed at these workstations (e.g. 320 lux

for office tasks of moderate visual difficulty).

However, task lighting would also allow scope for

much higher illuminances at workstations (e.g.

600 lux or more) for those who prefer or need

more light on their work e.g. for workers with

cataracts or age-related macular degeneration.

oVErCoMiNg ThE BArriErS

A likely barrier to this concept is a fear of non-compliance

with the maintained illuminance requirements and hence

a perceived breach of Work Health Safety obligations.

However, the Standard does suggest localised lighting in

conjunction with lower ambient illumination as a way to

achieve energy efficiency (AS/NZS1680.1:2006, section

11.4.4).

Therefore, adjustable lighting has a double advantage:

good visual ergonomics AND energy efficiency. There is a

need for more discussion and research to determine what

an appropriate lower ambient illumination might be for

various workplaces. This then needs to be communicated

to workplaces (e.g. by incorporating this in the Standard)

so that workplace managers are reassured that they do

comply with their work health safety obligations.

Consideration also needs to be given to how individuals

can adjust the lighting so that new problems are not

introduced. For example, the controls should be:

z easily accessible to individuals at their workstation (i.e.

so they don’t have to climb over their desk to reach the

control panel),

z of a size and shape that can be easily seen by individuals

who have poor vision and

z of a size and shape which can be easily manipulated by

individuals with other health difficulties (e.g. arthritis).

These seemingly minor details can mean the difference

between acceptance and rejection of the technology within

workplaces.

iN CoNCLuSioN

Lighting preferences vary between individuals. This is

becoming more of an issue with an ageing workforce

as there are many age-related changes which affect the

human eye, and hence visual performance. Adjustable

lighting is the key to managing different lighting preferences

within our workplaces. This will improve the visual comfort

and satisfaction for those who work within the space.

> Contact:

EENLIGHTENM NT: The Basics of Efficient Lighting2012 Seminar Programme

> Why Attend!The course provides fundamental lighting knowledge and basic lighting principles that all people touched by our industry should be familiar with. It is not intended as a precursor to other established lighting courses butmore as an induction program to lighting for those who require no specialist lighting training.

> Who Should AttendRetail Lighting Staff Sales Representative Lighting Staff Electrical Contractors Facility Managers Factory Staff, Manufacturing Staff Wholesale Staff Architects and Designers

> Course OutlineThe energy efficient lighting course is delivered by a combination of three full day or evening face-to-face sessions, as well as home study, assessment and revision.

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F e a t u r e

1. is it difficult balancing your creative expression

with practicalities such as work health & safety

and sustainability issues etc?

It can be difficult, but the efficacy of current fittings

helps us achieve the WHS issues, and sustainability is

on everyone’s agenda, so we’re used to it. Thankfully

our business has creativity at the core, we call it

‘inspired engineering’ It’s what keeps us interested,

so we manage to find a way. Contrary to the belief

of cost consultants, lighting designers always have

many considerations before selecting the (most

expensive) fittings. These days it’s always about

making it look amazing, for the cheapest possible

price, along with the usual suspects like no shortfalls

in function, and using the least power, etc. Balancing

all of those is creativity! Working with informed and

collaborative architects certainly helps.

2. What are the benefits of using natural versus

artificial light in the design solution?

Unless you live in a place like Vancouver (it’s always

grey skies), of course natural light rules the roost

in terms of wellbeing, effect and budget. Daylight

in design helps occupants maintain the circadian

rhythm which affects their alertness. Because of

this, it’s best to replicate this indoors. Nowadays

with LED technology, it’s easier to find the fixtures

with the spectral properties closest to natural

light to provide ‘daylight-like’ lighting to indoor

environments, especially when incorporating

principals such as dimming and colour temperature

tuning.

3. how much is the comfort/autonomy of the

individual as opposed to that of the whole space

taken into consideration?

Of course it’s all a balance and every aspect needs

to be covered. As engineers we provide solutions,

and the components of the various building services

simply facilitate the solutions. Similarly, as lighting

designers we design lighting not the light fittings.

This means the individual gets the functionality out

of the space AND the whole space is enhanced by

the lighting design aspects. Pioneer lighting designer

Richard Kelly articulated well that we need to break

down the concepts to understand what the space

requires, then build them back up again. This is done

using techniques that combine the various elements,

such as task lighting, lighting the verticals to widen

the space, ambient and accent lighting, all working

in unison.

4. What are some of the challenges when

designing a new lighting solution for an old

building/space?

Personally I love the heritage conversions, or

exposed raw building forms and the opportunities

they present. In heritage situations the challenge

sits with respecting the heritage values and

finding harmony between the old and the new.

Unfortunately the more common scenario is simply

making something dated, run down or constrained,

turn into something amazing. The common issues

are budget, the typically minimal extent of the

refurbishment, and lack of natural light. The key

word is ‘challenge’ and again that’s what keeps it

interesting!

5. in what way can the lighting design effect

workplace productivity?

The buzz around ABW (Activity Based Workplaces)

among other things is effectively more productivity

from less floor area, and more choice of spaces to

work in. As mentioned earlier and as most readers

will know, the colour temperature above warm light

(3000K) and towards daylight (>6000K) can affect

the cortisol levels in our body, like how endorphins

released from fitness can improve our mood, or

how photosynthesis helps plants. When we’re more

alert or in a better mood, we’re more productive, so

lighting really compliments productivity. Let’s face it,

we all spend more time at work than in our homes,

so when lighting helps us feel better and provides

a visually comfortable/uniformly lit environment,

we in turn think more about the complex

spreadsheet in front of us and less about going

for a surf on the weekend... or at least we’re more

contented while doing so.

Todd McCannState Manager – Medland Metropolis in QLDd

esi

gn

er Q

&A


F e a t u r e

T he Pitt Street Mall is located in the retail

heart of Sydney’s CBD. It was created by

“pedestrianising” part of Pitt Street in the late

1970s but had the character of a “paved street”

through the retention of the original crowned

street profile. Over 58,000 people pass through

the Mall on a summer weekday and retail rents

are amongst the highest in the world. The Mall

had deteriorated due to prolonged and intensive

pedestrian traffic and incessant re-development

of the adjacent major retail areas. This project

offered an opportunity to re-think the Mall as a

flatter, more “floor-like” surface with the intention

of creating a “public room”.

The Tank Stream, Sydney’s settlement raison

d’être, runs under Pitt Street from its original

source, a marsh roughly south of the Market

Street intersection. A key move was to relocate

the street drainage from the old kerb lines to a

new central drainage channel as an expression

of the Tank Stream. The paving strategy

reinforces this, utilising a standard city palette at

the edges that transforms to a richer, centralised

carpet-runner-like quality made from traditional

Sydney street kerbstone types including

granite, bluestone and trachyte pavers. These

pavers were made from broken and unusable

kerbstones, reclaimed from upgrade projects

around Sydney.

The project includes a custom suite of street

furniture, including seats, benches, bubblers,

tree grates and drainage grates. The seating is

arranged in a variety of configurations, to create

opportunities for the public to sit in groups or

individually. The furniture is made from sand-cast

bronze, Austral Black exfoliated granite plinths

and recycled tallow-wood. All timber and bronze

components are certified recycled materials.

Bronze alloys were reclaimed from construction

projects around Sydney.

A custom public lighting system was designed

for the Mall. Numerous lighting strategies were

considered, with a catenary lighting system

being selected. That avoided clutter on the

Mall floor, addressed public and ambient lighting

requirements and created a distinctive image

for the project.

The central catenary is supported by a series

of very light bowstring trusses connected to

adjacent façades. The central band supports a

ribbon of tubular, custom LED luminaries that,

when viewed in perspective, create a planar

Lighting Sydney’s Pitt Street MallMATThEW FLooDBusiness Development Manager – Traxon & Siteco at OSRAM Australia

The Pitt Street Mall catenary LED lighting was installed in 2013 and complements both the modern and historic building façades that line the mall.


Traxon e:cue Lighting Application Suite

software interface that was used for programming the Catenary lighting

effects.


commercial

residential

exterior

interior

www.osram.com.au

1300 4 OSRAM (67726) [email protected] Light is OSRAM

canvas of suspended light in the sky above the

Mall floor. The lights can be programmed for

special events, late night shopping, seasonal

displays and site-specific artworks. The catenary

lighting project works with the overall conceptual

framework for the Mall’s public domain,

celebrating the original source of the Tank

Stream.

Haron Robson Lightmatters developed

options for the Mall’s rejuvenation in concert

with the redevelopment of Centrepoint (now

Westfield Sydney City) and the Lend Lease

developed Mid City Centre. They developed

prototypes, undertook on-site testing, detailed

connections and control arrangements as part

of detailed tender documents for the installation

works. They also assisted in development

of the light effects and sequences with the

manufacturers, and subsequently provided

direction on programming and commissioning

of the final installation. The lighting elements

included in-ground features, landscape lighting,

functional/statutory lighting and festive/

decorative lighting.

A tender was called by the City of Sydney

for the development of a lighting concept

that integrated code-compliant lighting for

safety and amenity with a celebratory element.

Electrolight won this tender. They had had a

previous commission at Westfield Sydney City,

Sydney Tower at a height of 309m and

the catenary lighting system 14m above

Pitt Street Mall.

When viewed from the centre of the

mall the catenary lighting forms an

illuminated dynamic ribbon of colour and movement to reflect

the tank stream below.


where they designed the internal and external

public area lighting. Both the conceptual design

and technical details were influenced by their

experience from their city-centre lighting scheme

for the City of Dandenong in Victoria and they

were also inspired by The World’s Largest

Timepiece installation in Zurich, which provided

an excellent example of catenary supported

vertical lighting.

There was a three-year gap between the

completion of the ground works and the

catenary suspended lighting due to coordination

and legal issues in connecting the catenary to

the adjacent building façades.

Enstruct Group designed a minimalist cable

support system that would have the luminaires

apparently hovering over the Mall. This was

achieved in a very elegant and simple system,

by tensioning two 12mm diameter cables at

either end of the luminaires, over the 180m

length of the Mall. The cables are highly stressed

to provide sufficient stiffness to support the

30kg luminaires. A series of bowstring

truss cables connected to adjacent façades at

40m centres provided support for the central

catenary. A challenge was to find adequate

anchorage points at either end of the Mall.

Cable fixing-points on building façades were

reinforced, particularly those on older brick

façades, that are not suited to lateral forces.

3S Lighting designed, manufactured and

tested the 23 custom-made IP65 cylindrical

luminaires that were mounted on the twin

catenary at a height of 14m, at 8m centres along

the centre of the Mall. Each luminaire is 3.3m

tall with a roll formed and welded aluminium

housing at the top and bottom between

which is a 2.6m one-piece opal polycarbonate

cylindrical diffuser. Inside are 27 OSRAM Traxon

1PXL RGB LED strips at 120° spacing. These

are DMX controlled and can produce 16 million

colours, using an OSRAM e:cue Butler XT DMX

controller. Dynamic lighting sequences can be

achieved within the height of each luminaire

and from one luminaire to the next, to create coloured

ribbons of light above the mall.

The luminaire also has a custom-designed 150W

metal halide downlight in the bottom, providing general

illumination complying with AS/NZS 1158.3.1. This lighting is

also DMX controlled, linked to PE cells and the metal halide

lighting is only turned on when all of the shop lighting is

turned off at most times there is an abundance of general

illumination in the mall from spill light from the retail stores.

This is beneficial for reducing energy consumption and to

improve the visibility of the dynamic coloured lighting.

The Mall catenary lighting was opened by the Lord

Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore on 6th December 2012.

This highly collaborative project was managed by the City

of Sydney Design and Projects Team. The Pitt Street Mall

redesign won a 2013 NSW Architecture Award for Urban

Design, with the jury saying it was a refreshing change

from the Mall designs of the 70s and 80s.”

The Pitt Street Mall catenary lighting

system has a single central power and data

connection point, one DMX universe runs north

and a second DMX universe runs south.

Power to the luminaires is always on and a two internal DMX controlled relays separately switch power to the RGB LEDs

and the metal halide downlights.

creDItS

Owner city of Sydney

Pitt Street mall Senior Design manager maren Perry – city of Sydney

Project manager russell Kosko – city of Sydney

Asset manager Paul Gowans – city of Sydney

Urban designer and lead consultant tony caro Architecture

Lighting design development Haron robson Lightmatters

electrical consultant Haron robson

Lighting concept development electrolight

Structural engineers enstruct Group

Structural contractor ronstan tensile Architecture

electrical contractor FIP electrical

custom luminaire manufacturer 3S Lighting

LeDs and controlsOSrAm traxon 1PXL rGb LeD strip and e:cue butler Xt DmX controller and e:cue Lighting Application Suite

Photography cW Photography

54 LIGHTING MAGAZINE | October/November 2013 October/November 2013 | LIGHTING MAGAZINE 5554 LIGHTING MAGAZINE | October/November 2013

PeA SProut CuStomiSed lAndSCAPe luminAire

This project shows the use of a composite material for a lighting project

that requires customised design, small production and long service life.

Da-Dong Art Centre in Taiwan is a multi-functional auditorium, which

includes an exhibition hall, art education centre and art library. With its

proximity to the MrT system and cycle path, the art centre has become

a new attraction and recreational activity space for local residents.

The architect required “pea sprout” shaped landscape luminaires to

complement his architectural design.

The luminaire design team used appropriate manufacturing technology

to achieve the architect’s creativity while meeting the lighting standard.

The slightly curved pea sprouts are beside the bicycle path behind

Da-Dong Arts Centre and bathe the building in warm white light, creating

a more artistic atmosphere to the environment. Due to the shape of the

pea sprout, FrP (fibre-reinforced plastic) was used to form the luminaire

housing. FrP has the advantage of lower tooling cost, lower embodied

energy and longer service life. it also allows the designer freedom

regarding the form required.

Bridge lighting deSign With rgB WireleSS Control SyStem

This project has successfully shown the advantage of LEDs in helping

designers’ creativity in lighting combined with music to transform an

existing structure into a new tourist attraction at night, without actual

modification to the structure itself.

The lighting is for a bridge carrying water pipelines across the river

to the Miao-Li area in Taiwan. in order to promote local tourism and

strengthen the recognition of this bridge, computer-controlled LED

lighting was used to gives this plain bridge a new look. During the

weekend, between 7pm to 9pm, the 10-minute light and music show

has successfully transformed the bridge into one of major night-time

attractions in Miao-Li.

Since Miao-Li has a high hakka population (people who speaks hakka

as their native dialect), the special hakka cultural element Phoenix Tree

flower was added to the design. This cultural element was emphasised

by lighting effects and given a more romantic atmosphere for this tourist

attraction. Finally, each luminaire is monitored by a wireless control

system, which means that the lighting effect can be changed wirelessly

upon the client’s request and the local contractor can be contacted for

any maintenance needs to ensure the quality of the lighting.

ChiNg-hAo hSu, TEChiES

Custom lighting projects in Taiwan

F e a t u r e

The combination of LEDs dot lights, linear lights and spot lights have given the plain bridge a fresh new look at night.

The various colour of light blend smoothly on the steel structure, each LEDs lights are monitored by the wireless control system to insure the quality of lighting.

The custom “Pea sprout image lights” have successfully created artistic atmosphere to the walkway of the art centre.

hoWard hsu

Howard is an industrial and lighting designer who works for rooster Lighting in taiwan since 2011. Howard has been actively involved into taiwanese government’s open bid projects, and the development of green energy lighting products. He is particularly interested in capturing the local cultural elements into his design. Starts from 2013, Howard has been appointed as Australia regional manager for rooster Lighting.


Queensland Chapter news

The Qld chapter elections were held recently and there have been a few changes to the Management Committee. Patrick Rident-Tiercelet has stepped down as Chapter President and in his place Darrin Schreier steps into the role. This move then vacated the Chapter Vice President position, which has been filled by Doug Brimblecombe. The Chapter Committee would like to thank Patrick for his efforts over the past few years and welcomes both Darrin and Doug into their new roles.

In July, the Chapter organised a fundraiser benefit for Trevor Caswell which included a photographic competition titled the Good, the Bad and the Ugly. The idea was to enter photographs of lighting installations – good, bad or ugly; with people’s choice judging on the night to determine the winner. We had 11 photographs entered into the competition and the winner was a combination of bad and ugly taken by Kerry Simpson. The prize for the competition was a full PerfectLite suite, was kindly donated by Graeme Palmer of Constant Energy who, on the night, announced he would continually support the competition

2013

25 October

IESANZ QLD Awards Dinnerwww.iesanz.org/chapters/queensland/

BriSBANE CoNVENTioN & ENTErTAiNMENT CENTrE

25 October

IESANZ VIC Awards Dinnerwww.iesanz.org/chapters/victoria-tasmania/

ThE PLAZA BALLrooM, MELBourNE

27-30 October

Hong Kong International Lighting Fair (Autumn)www.hktdc.com/fair/hklightingfairae-en/

hoNg koNg

30 Oct-2 November

Professional Lighting Design Convention www.pld-c.com/

CoPENhAgEN, DENMArk

11-13 November

10th China International Forum on Solid State Lightingwww.sslchina.org

BEijiNg, ChiNA

14-16 November

GreenLighting Shanghai Expo and Forum 2013www.chinaexhibition.com/trade_events/3295-Green_Lighting_Shanghai_Expo_2013

ShANghAi, ChiNA

19-21 November

Strategies in Light Europewww.sileurope.com

MuNiCh, gErMANy

22 November

IESANZ NSW Awards Dinnerwww.iesanz.org/chapters/new-south-wales/nsw-events/ 2013-11-22/nsw-chapter-lighting-design-awards-dinner/

SyDNEy CoNVENTioN CENTrE

Events Calendar

i e S u p d a t e S + p o S t S

south australian Chapter news

MAy 2013 – MEETiNg rEViEW

The May meeting saw SA/NT Chapter members and guests gather at The Griffins to hear Landon Bannister of Eagle Lighting present the paper Using light to stimulate learning. Landon provided an insight to the research that Fagerhult has undertaken in the UK and Sweden to improving the lighting in educational facilities to improve student performance. Underlining this was a simple principle – to prove that an increase in ambient lighting would improve student results.

The study showed that there are possibilities to enhance the lighting of classrooms in order to improve student performance and to have a positive effect on their biological well-being. Through increasing the ambient light on the walls and ceiling students perform and feel better. Further, that an increase in the light levels doesn’t mean an increase in energy if proper lighting control is also employed.

Landon concluded by offering his opinion on why the research and its results are important in helping lighting designers and the industry to use and employ quality products and the latest technologies – it’s all about showing a return on that investment.

Our president then chimed in with his opinion, somewhat controversially, during question time about how and where some of the bigger players in our industry focus their efforts, and how refreshing it was to hear a message like that Landon delivered.

The general consensus was that this was a great presentation and meeting. Landon (and Eagle Lighting) was thanked for supporting the SA Chapter and the opportunity to hear about such research.

and talking to the tree changed the effects and colours.

CoLoUr SoCIety – The July Technical meeting was another excellent meeting. It was a joint meeting with our friends, the Colour Society. With guest presenter Jenny Anthony of Finemurals, the meeting highlighted the key links between colour and light, with a number of examples of exterior mural installations, exploring the relationship between perspective colour and illumination.

GLoBeLIGht – August saw the first annual Globelight festival to showcase local and international lighting art and design. The experimentation and innovation expressed and presented by all 17 designers, celebrated the medium of light.

MUSeUM oF neW anD oLD at (Mona) – August also saw Victorian members of the chapter heading to Tasmania, over a weekend, for a tour of MONA. The tour was conducted by Donn Salisbury, the senior lighting designer on the project.

– james Murrell

The winning image from “The Good, the Bad and the Ugly” competition taken by Kerry Simpson.

Landon Bannister and Mick Reidy

on an annual basis. The winning image from Kerry Simpson is shown below.

The night had about 30 people in attendance and whilst Trevor was unable to be there due to his condition, his wife Alison was able to attend. A number of Trevor’s former colleagues from Brisbane City Council were in attendance as well as others who have known Trevor throughout his career. Many stories were shared and his tremendous contribution to our state and industry were duly noted. Alison expressed her deepest gratitude to the IES for the fundraising event and mentioned also that ‘lighting and the IES were Trevor’s greatest passions and which he still misses to this day’. It was great night and an honour for the Queensland Chapter to be able to hold this event for Trevor.

– Sonya thie

ViCtorian Chapter news

LIGht In WInter – At the month long festival of light in Melbourne, this year the centre piece was the impressive and immense helix tree designed by light artist Bruce Ramus. This 13m high sculpture was turned on every dusk with Melbourne choirs singing into the tree. The sculpture was designed to react to noise, both volume and pitch, so singing


Events Calendar2014

30 March – 4 April

Light + Building 2014light-building.messefrankfurt.com

FrANkFurT, gErMANy

10-11 April

LumeNet 2014 (for PhD students)www.li.tu-berlin.de/lumenet2014

BErLiN, gErMANy

23 May – 9 June

Vivid Sydneywww.vividsydney.com

SyDNEy

23-26 April

CIE 2014 Lighting Quality & Energy Efficiencywww.cie.co.at/index.php?i_ca_id=920

kuALA LuMPur, MALAySiA

29-31 May

PALM Expo 2014www.palmexpo.in

MuMBAi, iNDiA

1-5 June

Lightfair International (LFI)www.lightfair.com

LAS VEgAS, uSA

9-12 June

Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibitionwww.light.messefrankfurt.com.cn

guANgZhou, ChiNA

3-5 September

Shanghai International Lighting Fairwww.messefrankfurt.com.cn

ShANghAi, ChiNA

18-21 September

Light India 2014www.light-india.in/

NEW DELhi, iNDiA

16-18 October

IALD Enlighten Americas 2014www.iald.org

SAN DiEgo, uSA

juNE 2013 - MEETiNg rEViEW

The June meeting featured two guest speakers with vastly different topics. Firstly members heard from Stewart Caldwell, Senior Associate, Russell & Yelland Architects (Adelaide) with an informative presentation on An introduction to BIM. Stewart covered the basics of BIM (Building Information Modeling) including where when and why BIM started and where we are today in the using BIM timeline.

Stewart outlined that BIM is: a coordinated set of digital information; it integrates workflow; often adopts parametric modeling; is a workflow process, not a CAD solution; is all about the details (and layers of), and takes a whole of life approach.

He also mentioned that issues facing the building industry including poor document quality, poor levels of resolution and poor coordination have been addressed (in part) by the use of BIM, with the digital tools providing three primary functions, viz, design visualistaion, verification and analysis, and finally construction and collaboration. The latter, collaboration, was a very important function as, in the past, consultants typically worked in “silos” each with their own set of objectives and agendas. Through the BIM process of collaboration each consultant needs to adopt the others objectives and agendas as their own – quite a shift in participation and thinking.

The second speaker was Robbie Delben who spoke on the practicalities of the DPTI NatSpec Specification requirements and in particular lighting compliance (Standards and Polices) on Government projects. He illustrated several problems encountered with poor installation practices and how DPTI have addressed these in the DPtI amended natspec from past problems and feedback from client agencies, facility managers and maintenance providers.

The SA Chapter wishes to thank Stewart and Robby for the time, effort and participation at the meeting.

Chapter President, Mick Reidy, presented membership certificates to Manfred Zobel, Gamma Illumination (SA), and JSB Lighting (SA).

– Paula Furlani

lumenet 2014A workshop for PhD research students of the art and science of lighting will be held from Thursday, 10th April to Friday, 11th April 2014 (with a welcome gathering on the evening of Wednesday, 9th April) at the campus of the TU Berlin, in Berlin city centre.

In line with previous events, such as the Velux Academic Forum in Lausanne (2011) and Copenhagen (2013), the Lumenet 2012 workshop in Sheffield and the CIE PhD students and young researchers workshop in Paris (2013), the LumeNet 2014 workshop will focus on providing time for review and discussion of research projects. Individual presentations of each research project will be given in small groups. Two

z Professor Christoph Schierz, Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany

z Dr Jennifer Veitch, Senior Research Officer, National Research Council of Canada, Canada

z Professor Stephan Völker, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

Social Program: After the fall of the wall, Berlin has undergone a tremendous change, which resulted in a large number of interesting daylighting and electric lighting projects. To get a flavour of the still changing city, ‘lighting and architecture in Berlin’ will be the topic of the evening program on Thursday 10th April.

For more information www.li.tu-berlin.de/lumenet2014 or contact Dr Martine Knoop, Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Lighting Technology, email: [email protected]

(L-R) Robby Delben, Mick

Reidy and Stewart Caldwell

senior researchers as well as the other attendants in the group will discuss the work afterwards and provide the PhD researchers with valuable feedback.

reviewers: The following expert reviewers have shown interest in participating in this PhD Workshop:

z Dr Peter Boyce, Professor Emeritus at Lighting Research Center, Independent Higher Education Professional, UK

z Dr Jens Christoffersen, Senior Researcher, Velux, Denmark

z Professor Steve Fotios, University of Sheffield, UK

z Kees van der Klauw, Senior Vice President Technology & Development, Philips Lighting, the Netherlands

z Dr János Schanda, Professor Emeritus of the University of Veszprém, Hungary

Book now Who’s Who of Lighting 2012. Distributed at Light+building. See pages 10-11.

October/November 2013 | LIGHTING MAGAZINE 6160 LIGHTING MAGAZINE | October/November 2013

i e S C o r p o r a t e M e M b e r S

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ANL Lighting Australia Pty Ltd Victoria & Tasmania Corporate

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ECC Lighting + Living Ltd - NSW New South Wales Corporate

eCubed Building Workshop New Zealand Corporate

ENTTEC Pty Ltd Victoria & Tasmania Corporate

GM Poles Queensland Corporate

Harcroft Lighting - NSW New South Wales Corporate

JHA Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd New South Wales Corporate

JSB Lighting Western Australia Corporate

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JSB Lighting Victoria & Tasmania Corporate

JSB Lighting Pty Ltd New South Wales Corporate

Klik Systems Australia Pty Limited New South Wales Corporate

Klik Systems QLD Queensland Corporate

Klik Systems’s agent - H.I Lighting S.A South Australia Corporate

Klik Systems’s agent - H.I. Lighting Western Australia Corporate

Klik Systems’s agent - Mark Herring Lighting New Zealand Corporate

Klik Systems’s Agent - Southern Lighting & Distribution Victoria & Tasmania Corporate

Lumen8 Architectural Lighting Queensland Corporate

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Optic Fibre & LED Lighting Solutions Pty Ltd New South Wales Corporate

Orca Solar Lighting Pty Ltd Queensland Corporate

Orion Solar Pty Ltd Queensland Corporate

QUT Photometric Laboratory Queensland Corporate

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Sonic Lighting Victoria & Tasmania Corporate

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T: +61 (03) 97082552 | F: +61 (03) 97082553Unit 17, 47-49 Frankston Gardens DriveCarrum Downs, Victoria 3201, [email protected] | www.plusrite.com.au

Philips Lighting See what light can do

Philips Lighting is a global leader in lighting, providing a unique combination of technologies which include lamps, optics, luminaires, controls and accessories.

Sales/Service toll free 1300 304 404Project Quotes 1300 915 [email protected]

www.lighting.philips.com.au

LED ROADWAY LED COMMERCIAL LED INFRASTRUCTURE

120 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE HAS GONE INTO OUR LIGHTS

120 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE HAS GONE INTO OUR LIGHTS

NSWToshiba International Corporation Pty Ltd2 Morton Street, Parramatta NSW 2150Tel: (02) 9768 6600 Fax: (02) 9890 7546

NEWCASTLEToshiba International Corporation Pty LtdUNIT 1 / 18 Kinta Drive, Beresfield NSW 2322Tel: (02) 4966 8124 Fax: (02) 4966 8147

QUEENSLANDToshiba International Corporation Pty LtdUNIT 4 / 20 Smallwood Place, Murarrie QLD 4172Tel: +61 7 3909 9000 Fax: +61 7 3909 9090

MACKAYToshiba International Corporation Pty Ltd1st Floor 41 Wood St, Mackay QLD 4740Tel: (07) 4953 4184 Fax: (07) 4951 4203

VICTORIAToshiba International Corporation Pty Ltd411 Fern Tree Gully Road, Mt Waverley VIC 3149Tel: (03) 8541 7960 Fax: (03) 8541 7970

WESTERN AUSTRALIAToshiba International Corporation Pty Ltd10 Anderson Pl, Perth International Airport WA 6105Tel: (08) 6272 5600 Fax: (08) 6272 5601

TOSHIBA INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION PTY LTD www.tic.toshiba.com.au/lighting

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LED Interior Lighting Made in Australia Lighting work ... · Made in Australia. “So clever it’s...

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