““LED Lighting”LED Lighting”

International Facility International Facility Management Association Management Association

Mike Bachman LC, CEMMike Bachman LC, CEM

Power Smart Engineering Power Smart Engineering

How Do LEDs Work?How Do LEDs Work? An LED is a semiconductor device (diode) that emits light when an An LED is a semiconductor device (diode) that emits light when an

electric current passes through it. The diode produces a monochromatic electric current passes through it. The diode produces a monochromatic (one colour) light on a single wavelength ranging from red (˜700 (one colour) light on a single wavelength ranging from red (˜700 nanometres) to blue-violet (˜400 nanometres). Because LEDs produce a nanometres) to blue-violet (˜400 nanometres). Because LEDs produce a pure colour of light, tinted lenses are not needed to filter the light to the pure colour of light, tinted lenses are not needed to filter the light to the desired colour. As a result, all of the visible light is projected from the desired colour. As a result, all of the visible light is projected from the LED.LED.

LEDs consume very little power – they are up to 90 percent efficient, LEDs consume very little power – they are up to 90 percent efficient, which means that only a small proportion of the input energy is which means that only a small proportion of the input energy is consumed to produce heat. In comparison, traditional light sources consumed to produce heat. In comparison, traditional light sources (e.g., incandescent bulbs) are 5 to 10 percent efficient, with 90 percent (e.g., incandescent bulbs) are 5 to 10 percent efficient, with 90 percent or more of the input energy wasted in the form of heat.or more of the input energy wasted in the form of heat.

Another type of LED currently under development is made up of Another type of LED currently under development is made up of semiconducting organic polymers. These organic LEDs (OLEDs) are only semiconducting organic polymers. These organic LEDs (OLEDs) are only about 10 percent efficient but are expected to be less expensive to about 10 percent efficient but are expected to be less expensive to manufacture than regular LEDs.manufacture than regular LEDs.

Solid State Lighting Basics (LED)Solid State Lighting Basics (LED)

Solid State Lighting (SSL):Solid State Lighting (SSL): Lighting that uses Lighting that uses semiconductors to convert electricity into light. semiconductors to convert electricity into light. Other lighting technologies use filaments, gas, or Other lighting technologies use filaments, gas, or plasma.plasma.

Thermal Management:Thermal Management: A heat sink is a means of A heat sink is a means of

dissipating heat. Appropriate thermal dissipating heat. Appropriate thermal management is critical in LED systems to reach management is critical in LED systems to reach the expected product lifespan.the expected product lifespan.

Life (hours):Life (hours): For LED products, lamp life is For LED products, lamp life is considered to be the point at which the light considered to be the point at which the light output has depreciated to 70% of the initial output has depreciated to 70% of the initial output. output.

Light Emitting DiodesLight Emitting Diodes

• Solid State Light Source• Extremely Flexible• Potentially Long Lamp Life• Dynamic Colour Opportunities• Poor White Colour Rendering

More about LEDsMore about LEDs LEDs are generally single LEDs are generally single

points sources that stand-points sources that stand-alone or are mounted in arraysalone or are mounted in arrays

LEDs are directional and ‘aim’ LEDs are directional and ‘aim’ their light in a fairly straight their light in a fairly straight way. Lenses can change this way. Lenses can change this characteristiccharacteristic

LEDs get very hot and need LEDs get very hot and need effective ways to dissipate the effective ways to dissipate the heat or they will fail heat or they will fail prematurelyprematurely

LEDs are getting more and LEDs are getting more and more Efficacious with timemore Efficacious with time

LED Luminaire EfficiencyLED Luminaire Efficiency

0

2040

60

80100

120

140

160180

200

2007 2010 2012 2015

lm/W

Lab (lm/W)

CW Commercial(lm/W)

WW Commercial(lm/W)

CW Luminaire (lm/W)

WW Luminaire (lm/W)

CW LED 4100K-6500K (CRI =70-80)

WW LED 2800K-3500K (CRI >85)

http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/publications.html

OLEDsOLEDs OLEDs are flat OLEDs are flat

‘sheets’ that are made ‘sheets’ that are made up of multiple layers up of multiple layers of thin films that when of thin films that when sandwiched together, sandwiched together, emit light.emit light.

At present OLED At present OLED development is development is limited, but they hold limited, but they hold promise as potential promise as potential replacements for light replacements for light fixturesfixtures

OLED SourcesOLED Sources

Osram Opto-SemiconductorsOsram Opto-Semiconductors

25 lumens per watt (the highest 25 lumens per watt (the highest known efficiency achieved to known efficiency achieved to date for white OLEDs) date for white OLEDs)

produced by applying a produced by applying a standard external inorganic standard external inorganic phosphor to a blue-emitting phosphor to a blue-emitting phosphorescent polymer device phosphorescent polymer device with a peak luminous efficacy with a peak luminous efficacy of 14 lm/Wof 14 lm/W

OLED Sources: White Light Sources: White Light

OLED Sources: Colour Changing LightOLED Sources: Colour Changing Light

Osram Opto-SemiconductorsOsram Opto-Semiconductors

the first polymer-OLED light the first polymer-OLED light source based on three printable source based on three printable polymer inks emitting in the polymer inks emitting in the RGB portion of the spectrumRGB portion of the spectrum

the colours from dark blue to the colours from dark blue to white, or any color preference, white, or any color preference, offering freedom of design and offering freedom of design and innovative illumination innovative illumination solutions, can be regulatedsolutions, can be regulated

OLED Luminaire EfficiencyOLED Luminaire Efficiency

020

4060

80100

120140

160180

200

2007 2010 2012 2015

lm/W

Lab (lm/W)

Commercial (lm/W)

Luminaire (lm/W)

OLED 2700K-4100K (CRI =80)

L=1,000 cd/m2http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/publications.html

Dimming LEDsDimming LEDs

In a sense all LEDs are dimmable, In a sense all LEDs are dimmable, the chip (LED) is not what dictates if the chip (LED) is not what dictates if it can be dimmed.it can be dimmed.

The driver (like a fluorescent ballast) The driver (like a fluorescent ballast) is what has to have the internal is what has to have the internal components to allow this to work.components to allow this to work.

LED LampsLED Lamps

7W LED 7W LED 25W equivalent (120V) 25W equivalent (120V)

40,000 hrs40,000 hrs 230 Lumens 230 Lumens

Warm or cool whiteWarm or cool white

9W LED40W equivalent (120V)

25,000 hrs3000K 80+ CRI

Lamps: ConventionalLamps: Conventional First DOE sponsored technology competition.

Intent to have manufacturers develop high-quality / high efficiency solid state lighting products to replace the common light bulb.

$10M for 60W inc replacement / $5M for PAR38 inc replacement.

Winning products must be similar to the products targeted for replacement, in terms of size, shape, operating environment, and light quantity, distribution, and quality.

“60W” must deliver minimum 900 lumens / 27K-30K / 25,000 hours. “More than 90 lm/W.”

PAR38 must deliver minimum 1350 lumens / 27K-30K / 25,000 hours.

Philips submitted first entry for 60W replacement (10W). Only 1400 sample lamps nationally & LDL has 4! (current testing for lumen depreciation).

Energy Star LEDEnergy Star LED

Lamp Comparison ChartsLamp Comparison Charts

LED RegulationsLED Regulations

Testing StandardsTesting Standards Performance StandardsPerformance Standards

Courtesy of DOE

LED Testing StandardsLED Testing StandardsPerformancePerformanceCriteriaCriteria

Corresponding Technical StandardsCorresponding Technical Standards

Efficacy,Efficacy,Light Output,Light Output,Input PowerInput Power

IESNA LM-79-08IESNA LM-79-08ANSI C82.2-2002ANSI C82.2-2002

Power FactorPower Factor ANSI C82.77-2002ANSI C82.77-2002

Lumen Maintenance (LLumen Maintenance (L7070)) IESNA LM-80-08IESNA LM-80-08

Color Rendering IndexColor Rendering Index ANSI C78.377-2008ANSI C78.377-2008CIE 13.3-1995CIE 13.3-1995IESNA LM-79-08IESNA LM-79-08IESNA LM-58-94IESNA LM-58-94

Chromaticity and Correlated Color TemperatureChromaticity and Correlated Color Temperature CIE 15: 2004CIE 15: 2004IESNA LM-79-08IESNA LM-79-08IESNA LM-58-94IESNA LM-58-94IESNA LM-16IESNA LM-16

Color Spatial Uniformity and Color MaintenanceColor Spatial Uniformity and Color Maintenance CIE 15: 2004CIE 15: 2004IESNA LM-79-08IESNA LM-79-08IESNA LM-58-94IESNA LM-58-94IESNA LM-16IESNA LM-16

Maximum Measured Power Supply Case or Manufacturer Maximum Measured Power Supply Case or Manufacturer Designated Temperature Measurement Point (TMPDesignated Temperature Measurement Point (TMP

PSPS) )

TemperatureTemperatureSafetySafety

ANSI/UL 153ANSI/UL 153UL 1598UL 1598

NoiseNoise Class A rating: Power supply ≤ 24 dBClass A rating: Power supply ≤ 24 dB

LED Testing Standards LED Testing Standards (proposed)(proposed)

Standards Title/Content

CIE TC1-69 Color Quality Scale

IES G-2 LED Application Guidelines

IES TM-21 Method for Estimation of LED Lumen Depreciation as a Measure of Potential LED Life

LM-XX1 Approved Method for the Measurements of High Power LEDs

LM-XX2 LED "Light Engines and Integrated Lamp" Measurements

NEMA SSL-1 Electric Drivers for LED Devices, Arrays, or Systems

LED Performance Standards LED Performance Standards ProgramsPrograms

Energy StarEnergy Star Since 2008, the ENERGY STAR Solid-State Since 2008, the ENERGY STAR Solid-State

Lighting Program has taken the initiative to run Lighting Program has taken the initiative to run thorough tests on commercially available SSL thorough tests on commercially available SSL products according to the industry standards.products according to the industry standards.

Products that pass the examination will be Products that pass the examination will be rewarded with an ENERGY STAR-approved label. rewarded with an ENERGY STAR-approved label. These labels serve as a symbol of confidence to These labels serve as a symbol of confidence to consumers. consumers.

DesignLights ConsortiumDesignLights Consortium Much like ENERGY STAR, DesignLights Much like ENERGY STAR, DesignLights

Consortium (DLC) conducts regular tests on SSL Consortium (DLC) conducts regular tests on SSL products. Upon adequate test results, each products. Upon adequate test results, each individual product will thus be placed on their individual product will thus be placed on their Qualified Products List (QPL). Qualified Products List (QPL).

DLC works closely with ENERGY STAR, and their DLC works closely with ENERGY STAR, and their primary role is to cover products which fall in a primary role is to cover products which fall in a category where the corresponding standards have category where the corresponding standards have yet to be completed by ENERGY STAR (i.e. yet to be completed by ENERGY STAR (i.e. streetlights). streetlights).

LED Performance Standards LED Performance Standards ProgramsPrograms

Lighting FactsLighting Facts

This DOE sponsored This DOE sponsored program issues special program issues special Lighting Facts CM Lighting Facts CM labels for SSL products labels for SSL products all across North all across North America. On these America. On these labels are convenient labels are convenient performance data for performance data for each corresponding each corresponding SSL product, thus SSL product, thus provide consumers provide consumers with a quick glance of with a quick glance of how well each product how well each product compares to LM-79 compares to LM-79 criteria. criteria.

Too Good To Be True?Too Good To Be True?

SSL RECESSED DOWNLIGHTS

Lumen (Light) Output Similar/Better than CFL

Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Similar/Better than CFL

Power Consumption Similar/Lower than CFL

Adoption Risk LOW

SSL Recessed SSL Recessed DownlightsDownlights

Courtesy of DOE

SSL RECESSED TROFFERS

Lumen (Light) Output Similar to Fluorescent

Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Similar to Fluorescent

Power Consumption Similar to Fluorescent

Adoption Risk LOW - MEDIUM

SSL Recessed TroffersSSL Recessed Troffers

Courtesy of DOE

4ft Linear Replacement LED Lamps

Lumen (Light) Output Lower than Fluorescent

Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Lower than Fluorescent

Power Consumption Similar to Fluorescent

Adoption Risk HIGH

4ft Linear Replacement LED 4ft Linear Replacement LED LampsLamps

Courtesy of DOE

SSL DIRECTIONAL LAMPS

Lumen (Light) Output Lower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc

Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Lower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc

Power Consumption Lower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc

Beam Intensity Lower than Halogen

Adoption Risk MEDIUM - HIGH

SSL Directional Replacement SSL Directional Replacement LampsLamps

Courtesy of DOE

SSL STREETLIGHTS & OUTDOOR AREASSSL STREETLIGHTS & OUTDOOR AREAS

Lumen (Light) OutputLumen (Light) Output Similar to FL, generally less thanSimilar to FL, generally less than

Efficacy (Output light per input watt)Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Similar to FL & HPSSimilar to FL & HPS

Power ConsumptionPower Consumption Similar to FL, lower than HPSSimilar to FL, lower than HPS

Adoption RiskAdoption Risk LOWLOW

SSL for Streetlights & SSL for Streetlights & Outdoor AreasOutdoor Areas

Courtesy of DOE

SSL Cost EvolutionSSL Cost EvolutionSSL price could be reduced:• 10 times by 2017 (LED)/ 2020 (OLED)• 20 times by 2025

Courtesy of DOE

In a pilot demonstration In a pilot demonstration study at Schuyler Ridge study at Schuyler Ridge Residential Health Care, Residential Health Care, LRC researchers installed LRC researchers installed automated LEDs to automated LEDs to determine whether energy-determine whether energy-efficient lighting solutions:efficient lighting solutions:

- could improve the comfort - could improve the comfort and care of seniorsand care of seniors

- assist the nursing staff in - assist the nursing staff in their nightly roundstheir nightly rounds

- help residents navigate - help residents navigate facility hallwaysfacility hallways

Lighting for Long-term Care Facility

Courtesy: LRC

Architectural lighting: dimming and adjustment of Architectural lighting: dimming and adjustment of colour temperaturecolour temperature

White Light High Flux LED White Light High Flux LED SourcesSources

Courtesy: Go Energy Efficiency

LED Street LightingLED Street Lighting

City of Oakland, CA

• Better uniformity• Improved visibility• White colour• Face identification

Courtesy: LRC

HPS LED

LED Security/Perimeter LightingLED Security/Perimeter Lighting

*May use occupancy/motion sensors for additional energy savings

Courtesy LRC

LED Parkade LightingLED Parkade Lighting

Power Smart ProgramsPower Smart Programs

PSPX – prescriptive approach one for one retro-fit, PSPX – prescriptive approach one for one retro-fit, simple projects represented by a Key Account simple projects represented by a Key Account ManagerManager

PIP – for small and medium customers that are not PIP – for small and medium customers that are not represented by a Key Account Managerrepresented by a Key Account Manager

On-line application products must be listed on e-catalogOn-line application products must be listed on e-catalog

Power Smart Partners Custom – must be a Power Smart Partners Custom – must be a comprehensive project should include redesign and comprehensive project should include redesign and controls controls

New Construction Programs – Whole building, New Construction Programs – Whole building, Lighting onlyLighting only

Thank YouThank You

QuestionsQuestions

mike.bachman@bchydro.commike.bachman@bchydro.com