Legacy-Compliant Data Authentication for Industrial Control System …€¦ · Legacy-Compliant...

1

ACNS20171111

Legacy-CompliantDataAuthenticationfor

IndustrialControlSystemTraffic

JohnHenryCastellanos,DanieleAntonioli,NilsOleTippenhauerandMartínOchoaSingaporeUniversityofTechnologyandDesign

15th InternationalConferenceonAppliedCryptographyandNetworkSecurityJapan,Kanazawa,July11,2017.

2

ACNS201722

Source:urvil.wordpress.com

AutomaticcontrolofIndustrialProcesses:

Manufacturingplants

Powerplants

Publictransportationinfrastructure

Utilityinfrastructure(watertreatment,gas/oil,powergeneration)

IndustrialControlSystemsWhatareICSs?

3

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Source:http://bcmpublicrelations.com/

IndustrialControlSystemsIndustryEvolution

4

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InformationTechnology:

ServersandClientPCs

Source:https://pgjonline.com/

OperationalTechnology:

Servers,PLCs,SCADA,HMIDevices,ActuatorsandSensors

IntegrityAttackscauseOperationalChanges

IndustrialControlSystemsITmeetsOT(PurdueModel)

555

ACNS2017

Cyber-securityinICSMotivation:IntegrityAttacks

PLC

ControlCenter

AttackerAttacker

TankLevelMonitor

ValveController

ChemicalDispenser

PLC

666

ACNS2017


PLC

ControlCenter

AttackerAttacker

TankLevelMonitor

ValveController

ChemicalDispenser

PLC Highlevel

!!Highlevel

777

ACNS2017


PLC

ControlCenter

AttackerAttacker

TankLevelMonitor

ValveController

ChemicalDispenser

PLC

Highlevel

Normallevel

!!Highlevel

888

ACNS2017


PLC

ControlCenter

AttackerAttacker

TankLevelMonitor

ValveController

ChemicalDispenser

PLC

Turnoffvalve

ReduceChemical

999

ACNS2017


PLC

ControlCenter

AttackerAttacker

TankLevelMonitor

ValveController

ChemicalDispenser

PLC

TurnonvalveIncrease

ChemicalTurnoffvalve

ReduceChemical

101010

ACNS2017


PLC

ControlCenter

AttackerAttacker

TankLevelMonitor

ValveController

ChemicalDispenser

PLC

111111

ACNS2017

ControlCenter

Highlevel

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor

CountermeasuresAuthenticity&Integritychecks

121212

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ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Highlevel

131313

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ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Highlevel

141414

ACNS2017

ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Highlevel

151515

ACNS2017

ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Attacker

Highlevel

161616

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ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Attacker

Highlevel

171717

ACNS2017

ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Attacker

Highlevel

181818

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ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Attacker

Lowlevel

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ControlCenter

!!Highlevel

TankLevelMonitor


Attacker

Lowlevel

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ACNS20172020

Attribute InformationTechnologySystems(IT)

IndustrialControlSystems(OT)

ComponentLifetime

3to5years 10to15years

Connectivity Corporate network,IP-based,standardprotocols

ControlNetwork,proprietaryprotocols

PerformanceRequirements

Non-real-time Real-time

Sources:NIST:GuidetoIndustrialControlSystemsSecurity.800-82Rev2http://www.wbdg.org/

IndustrialControlSystemsIT/OTRequirements

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SecureWaterTreatment(SWaT)isatestbedforresearchintheareaofcybersecurity.

DatafromarealICSSWaTTestbed

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DatafromarealICSReal-timerequirements

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DatafromarealICSUnderstandingICSData

ByselectingCIPserviceswithcriticaldataourproposalavoidsadditionalprocessingandbandwidthoverheadsincomparisonwithsigningallCIPtraffic.

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DatafromarealICSUnderstandingICSData

ByselectingCIPserviceswithcriticaldataourproposalavoidsadditionalprocessingandbandwidthoverheadsincomparisonwithsigningallCIPtraffic.

CIPServices(CriticalData):Read_Tag

Write_Tag

Read_Tag_Fragmented

252525

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ControlCenterPLC

Crypto-featuredHardware

BridgingNon-CriticalData

SigningCriticalData


VerifyingCriticalData


SPAProtocolSelectivePacketAuthentication

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AsSPAonlysigns/verifiesselectedcriticalpackets,itimprovestheoverallhardenedcommunicationrateofthesystemcomparedwithTLS.

ComparisonwithTLSSPAEvaluation

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ControlCenterPLC



Marking&BridgingCritical

Data

SigningMarkedChunk



Marking&BridgingCritical

Data

VerifyingMarkedChunk

ASPAProtocolAggregatedSelectivePacket

Authentication

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ACNS2017

UsingAggregated-SPAthesystemwouldachievehighertolerancecommunicationlevelsprocessingdifferentpercentagesofcriticaldata.x-axisrepresentschunkofpacketstobesigned.

y-axisrepresentstoleranceatcommunicationlevelreachedbythesystem.

ComparisonwithTLSASPAEvaluation

292929

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ControlCenter

PLC1

TCP/IPSwitch

PLC3

ImplementationRealScenarioonSWaTTestbed

303030

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ControlCenter

PLC1

TCP/IPSwitch

PLC3


Signs Verifies

CriticalData

313131

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ControlCenter

PLC1

TCP/IPSwitch

PLC3


SignsVerifies

CriticalData

323232

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ControlCenter

PLC1

TCP/IPSwitch

PLC3


Updatesstats

Updatesstats

333333

ACNS2017

ControlCenter

PLC1

TCP/IPSwitch

PLC3


Monitorssystem

performance

MonitorsSystem

Performance

343434

ACNS2017

*VM:VirtualMachine

Hardware Processor CPU Memory

Controllino ATmega2560Microcontroller

16MHz 256KB

ARM(VM*) ARM926EJ-S 540MHz 256MB

RaspberryPI2 Quad-core ARMCortex-A7

900MHz 1GB

RaspberryPI3 Quad-coreARMCortex-A53

1200MHz 1GB

PC(VM*) IntelCorei5-5300U 2300MHz 2GB

BenchmarkHardwareSelection

353535

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DataSize(Bytes)

Controllino ARM RaspberryPI2

RaspberryPI3

PC

64 2.2x104 76 53 15 2

128 3.3x104 78 58 16 2

256 5.5x104 84 69 18 3

512 1x105 117 89 32 4

1K 1.8x105 171 130 35 6

2K 3.6x105 252 211 58 10

4K 7x105 474 374 104 18

ECDSA N/A 1.5x105 1x105 3.2x104 3.1x103

AlldatainμsCryptographicAlgorithms:• Symmetric:HMAC-SHA256• Asymmetric:ECDSA

BenchmarkHardwarePerformance

363636

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ASPAProtocolPerformanceEvaluation(Speed)

Pk/s

AggregatedSignature(Pksinachunk)20 40 60 80 100 120

107

106

105

104

103

102

101

MinPk/srequiredinSWaT

373737

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FeaturesProtocols• Ourprotocolsarebackwardcompatible,astheytransmit

authenticationdataaspayloadinlegacyindustrialprotocols.

• Withinexpensiveandfasthardware(RaspberryPI),itisfeasibletoenhancelegacyplantswithauthenticchannelsforstrongsignaturealgorithmswithsimpleprotocols.

• ItisfeasibletosignificantlyraisethebaragainstattackersofICSbyincludingauthenticationbasedonmoderncryptographywithoutcompromisingefficiencyorcost.

• Weplantocomparethereal-timeconstraintsofSWaTwithconstraintsinotherICSTestbeds(SmartGrid).

Conclusions

383838

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Thankyou

Q&A

393939

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BackupSlides

404040

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Attribute InformationTechnologySystems(IT) IndustrialControlSystems(OT)

Purpose Process transaction,provideinformation Controls andmonitorphysicalprocesses

Role Supportpeople Controlmachines

Architecture Enterprisewideinfrastructureandapplications Event-driven,real-time,embeddedhardwareandcustomizedsoftware

ComponentLifetime

3to5years 10to15years

Interfaces GUI,Webbrowser,terminalandkeyboard Electromechanical, sensors,actuators,codeddisplays

Connectivity Corporate network,IP-based,standardprotocols ControlNetwork,proprietaryprotocols

PerformanceRequirements

Non-real-time Real-time

Majorriskimpacts Delayofbusinessoperations Environmentalimpacts,lossoflife,equipment, orproduction

Sources:NIST:GuidetoIndustrialControlSystemsSecurity.800-82Rev2http://www.wbdg.org/

IndustrialControlSystemsIT/OTRequirements

414141

ACNS2017

InjectingdataintoEthernetIPProtocol

EthernetFrameEthernetHeader

IPHeader

14Bytes 20Bytes

TCP/UDPHeader20Bytes

EncapsulationHeader

EncapsulationData CRC

EncapsulationPacket

Command Length

2Bytes 2Bytes

SessionHandle

4Bytes

Status SenderContext Options

8Bytes4Bytes 4Bytes

EncapsulationHeader

ItemCount(Usual=2) TypeID

2Bytes 2Bytes

Length(l1)

2Bytes

Data(ConnectionID)

l1 Bytes

TypeID

2Bytes

Length(l2)

2Bytes

Data(CIPData)l2 Bytes

AddressItem DataItemEncapsulationData(CommonPacketFormat)

424242

ACNS2017

InjectingdataintoEthernetIPProtocol

EthernetFrameEthernetHeader

IPHeader

14Bytes 20Bytes

TCP/UDPHeader20Bytes

EncapsulationHeader

EncapsulationData CRC

EncapsulationPacket

Command Length

2Bytes 2Bytes

SessionHandle

4Bytes

Status SenderContext Options

8Bytes4Bytes 4Bytes

EncapsulationHeader

ItemCount(Usual=2) TypeID

2Bytes 2Bytes

Length(l1)

2Bytes

Data(ConnectionID)

l1 Bytes

TypeID

2Bytes

Length(l2)

2Bytes

Data(CIPData)l2 Bytes

AddressItem DataItem

TypeID

2Bytes

Length(l3)

2Bytes

Data(Signature)

l3 Bytes

SignatureItemEncapsulationData(CommonPacketFormat)

3X

434343

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AuthenticationProtocolsImplementation:RealScenarioonSWaTTestbed

• SCADA’s supervisory reads PLCvariables of signing-verificationprocess.

• Statistics about integrity checks mightbe summarize.

• In case of integrity violations happenan alarm will trigger.

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ARaspberryPIisdirectlyconnectedbetweenthehardenedPLCanditsclosestswitch.ItbridgescommunicationbetweenthePLCandtherestofthesystem.


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Different tags were configured atPLC program to store statisticsabout signing/verification process.It allows to monitor the processand debug it.


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Legacy-Compliant Data Authentication for Industrial Control System …€¦ · Legacy-Compliant...

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