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Legal and Business  Issues in Youth, High School and Recreational  Sports Panel #6
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Page 1: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School and Recreational Sports

Panel #6

Page 2: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Why do we care? PARTICIPANTS

1. NCAA = 460,000 (D1 = 170,000)

2. 4 MAJOR SPORTS COMBINED = @3,600

3. SOCHI OLYMPICS = 2,800

Page 3: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Youth Sports

77% middle schools offer sports participation opportunities

Page 4: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Participation in Youth Sports

• 1997• 44,962,126 total • 32,822,352 actual (unduplicated)

• 2008 • 60,316,548 total • 44,031,080 actual (unduplicated)

Page 5: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Why do we care? PARTICIPANTS

1. Youth Sports = 44,000,000 

2. NCAA = 460,000 (D1 = 170,000)

3. 4 MAJOR SPORTS COMBINED = @3,600

4. SOCHI OLYMPICS = 2,800

Page 6: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Participation in High School Athletics

• 1988 – 89 = 5,256,196

• 2012‐2013 = 7,713,577

Page 7: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Youth and High School Sports

Page 8: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Why do we care? PARTICIPANTS

1. Youth Sports = 44,000,000 

2. High School Sports = 7,713,577

3. NCAA = 460,000 (D1 = 170,000)

4. 4 MAJOR SPORTS COMBINED = @3,600

5. SOCHI OLYMPICS = 2,800

Page 9: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic
Page 10: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic
Page 11: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Why do we care? PARTICIPANTS

1. Recreational Sports  = 141,000,000

2. Youth Sports = 44,000,000 

3. High School Sports = 7,713,577

1. NCAA = 460,000 (D1 = 170,000)

2. 4 MAJOR SPORTS COMBINED = @3,600

3. SOCHI OLYMPICS = 2,800

Page 12: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Why do we care? PARTICIPANTS

Youth, High School, Rec 

Sports• 192,713,577

All other levels of sport

• 466,400

Page 13: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Concussions

Page 14: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes

2001‐2005  207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic brain injuries (TBI)  related to sports and recreation activities 5‐18 years old Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injuries Related to Sports and Recreation Activities Among Persons Aged ≤ 19 years – United States, 

2001‐2009, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT, Oct. 7, 2011

2012   1.35 million children went to emergency departments with sports‐related injuries.  163,670 children went to emergency departments for sports‐related concussions, which is one child every three minutes

RENNIE FERGUSON ET AL., GAME CHANGERS: STATS, STORIES AND WHAT COMMUNITIES ARE DOING TO PROTECTYOUNG ATHLETES. (2013)

Page 15: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Youth Football

1. 5 million participants in U.S.• 1.3 million high school• 3.5 million youth (70%)

2. Followed 6‐9 year olds1. During games 307 impacts2. Practice 441 impacts (impacts of higher magnitude)

3. Level of severity is similar to some of the more severe impacts college players experience, even though the youth players have less body mass and play at slower speeds

Ray W. Daniel, Steven Rowson and Stefan M. Duma, Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football, Annals of Biomedical Engineering Volume 40, Number 4 (2012)

Page 16: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

High School Football

• 497 fatalities of football players from 1945 – 1999

• 69% due to brain injuries

• 7.08 average injuries HS annually

• All while supervised / Most while being or making a tackle

• Perhaps the most worrisome finding in this study is that 59% of those contacted stated that the athlete had a prior mild head injury, with 71% occurring during the same season. • Boden et al., Catastrophic Head Injuries in High School and College 

Football Players, 35 Am. J. Sports Med. 1075, 1077 (2007) 

Page 17: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Concussions

Every state has enacted a youth concussion law since 2009

1. Education requirements for coaches2. Waivers/permission to play for athletes3. Return to play guidelines for both

Page 18: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Concussions

1. Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association When in Doubt, Sit Them Out

2. Department of Public Instruction Guidelines

3. Wis. Stat. § 118.293. Concussion and head injury

Page 19: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Education efforts not working.

• Study of 778 football and girls soccer players (10.7% had a concussion during year studied  22 had more than 2)

• Majority of athletes continued to practice and play while symptomatic

• 40% reported that their coach was not aware of their concussion symptoms, despite signing statement at the beginning of the year that they would tell their coach

• Coach awareness of athletes’ concussions did not vary by education they received about concussions (use of video and accompanying quiz was least effective), nor by awareness of the requirements of the concussion law

• Frederick P. Rivara, Melissa A. Schiff, Sara P. Chrisman, Shana K. Chung, Richard G. Ellenbogen and Stanley A. Herring, The Effect of Coach Education on Reporting of Concussions Among High School Athletes After Passage of a Concussion Law, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 42, No. 5.

Page 20: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Education efforts not working.

Study of 496 coaches  all but three were required to complete concussion education 74.4% required before could coach 16.8% allowed to coach without completing concussion education Only 55.2% were familiar with the term “graduated return to play,” the recommended 

management for concussion

All athletes required to sign concussion information form, 89.3% did so ½ coaches personally educated their athletes about concussions 29.5% did not provide anything but the form

Parent education most limited 82.9% required to sign form Only 16.2% coaches provided any further information

▪ Sara P. Chrisman, Melissa A. Schiff, Shana K. Chung, Stanley A. Herring, Frederick P. Rivara, Implementation of concussion legislation and extent of concussion education for athletes, parents, and coaches in Washington State, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 42, No. 5. May 2014.

Page 21: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Kids do not tell their coaches

300,000 REPORTED sports related concussions annually

Study of 167 high school athletes in football, soccer, lacrosse, or cheerleading

89 participants recalled having possible concussion  Only 15 (16.9%) reported this to a coach or medical professional

Participants recalled 84 actual concussions  Reported only 41 (48.8%) to a coach or medical professional

Participants recalled 584 “bell ringer” events  Only 72 (12.3%) were reported In games only, 320 concussive events  Only 73 (22.8%) reported 

Johna K. Register‐Mihalik, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Tamara C. Valovich McLeod, Laura A. Linnan, Frederick O. Mueller, and Stephen W. Marshall (2013) Knowledge, Attitude, and Concussion‐Reporting Behaviors Among High School Athletes: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Athletic Training: Sep/Oct 2013, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 645‐653.

Page 22: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Kids do not tell their coaches

Why not reporting?

athlete did not think it was serious enough to report ( 70.2%),  did not want to be removed from a game (36.5%),  did not want to let down teammates (27.0%), did not want to let down coaches (23.0%), did not know it was a concussion (14.9%) did not want to be removed from practice (13.5%) 

Page 23: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Participation is declining

• 2008-12• Soccer -7.1%• Baseball -7.2%• Basketball -8.3%• Football overall -5.4%

Page 24: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Title IX, and opportunities for athletes of both genders

Page 25: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Participation

• 44,031,080 actual

• 66% boys / 34% girls

Page 26: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Participation in High School Athletics

• 1971‐72 = 3,666,917 BOYS | 294,015 GIRLS

• 1988‐89 = 3,416,844 BOYS | 1,839,352 GIRLS

• 2012‐13 = 4,490,854 BOYS | 3,222,723 GIRLS 

Opportunities for girls have still not matched 

the number of opportunities boys had 

in 1971‐72

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Milwaukee numbers

Page 28: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

Local

Page 29: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

McCormick v. School Dist. of Mamaroneck, 370 F.3d 275 (2nd Cir. 2004)

Overall Issue: Is scheduling of girls soccer in spring while scheduling boys soccer in fall a violation of Title IX because it does not provide “equal opportunity” to girls?

Facts Girls soccer in New York

In spring in majority of schools  Response to survey of girls Girls cannot play in regional and state championships College coaches recruit in fall for scholarship offers Plaintiffs two exceptional girls soccer players

District argued Girls would not qualify for championships  Girls not interested in winning Seeks to place soccer above other sports and does not assess impact on other sports 

Page 30: Legal and Business Issues in Youth, High School … 6...Sports injuries for youth/high school athletes 2001‐2005 207,830 emergency room visits for concussion and other traumatic

School Board of Brevard County

• Boys' baseball field has an electronic scoreboard, and that the girls' field has no scoreboard at all. 

• Boys' baseball team has a batting cage and the girls' softball team does not.

• Photographs submitted by Plaintiffs starkly illustrate that the bleachers on the girls' softball field are in worse condition, and seat significantly fewer spectators, than the bleachers on the boys' field. Girls' bleachers are actually "hand‐me‐downs" that the boys' team passed on to the girls' team after the boys' team received new bleachers. 

• There are no restrooms located on the girls' softball field. Restrooms are located on the boys' baseball field. A fence separates the girls' field from the restrooms. 

• A combination concession stand/press box/announcer's booth is located on the boys' baseball field. There is no such structure onthe girls' softball field. 

• The boys' baseball field is lighted for nighttime play; the girls' softball field is not. 

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Participation of Disabled Athletes

• 6 M disabled students in public schools / 2 M high school age.

• Among the schools GAO visited, • students with disabilities participated in athletics at varying rates, but at consistently lower 

rates than students without disabilities.• students with disabilities who participated in extracurricular athletics often had mild

cognitive disabilities or learning disabilities. • students with hearing impairments, speech impairments, learning disabilities, or other 

health impairments reported participating on sports teams at a higher rate compared to students with orthopedic impairments, mental retardation, visual impairments, autism, or multiple disabilities

• students with physical disabilities have fewer opportunities in extracurricular athletics compared to students with cognitive disabilities because fewer programs were designed for them

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