Legal Definitions of Insanity • M’Naghten Rule (1843)—defendant was responsible if he knew the nature and consequences of his act, and that it was forbidden by law (cognitive test). • Irresistible Impulse (1887)—emotional inability to resist act (supplement to M’Naghten) • Durham rule (1954)—not criminally responsible if behavior is product of mental disease (product test). • ALI Standard (1962) American Law Institute —”lacks substantial capacity” to appreciate criminality, or conform behavior to law. • Insanity Defense Reform Act (1984)—not guilty, if due to mental disease and was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of act. Shift of burden to defendant to prove insanity. Back to M’Naghten Rule
Transcript
Legal Definitions of Insanity
• M’Naghten Rule (1843)—defendant was responsible if he knew the nature and consequences of his act, and that it was forbidden by law (cognitive test).
• Irresistible Impulse (1887)—emotional inability to resist act (supplement to M’Naghten)
• Durham rule (1954)—not criminally responsible if behavior is product of mental disease (product test).
• ALI Standard (1962) American Law Institute—”lacks substantial capacity” to appreciate criminality, or conform behavior to law.
• Insanity Defense Reform Act (1984)—not guilty, if due to mental disease and was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of act. Shift of burden to defendant to prove insanity. Back to M’Naghten Rule
Visualizing HysteriaMultiple Personality &
Suggestion
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893)
Inscribed to Freud, on the day Freud left the Salpêtrière
Clinico-Anatomic Method
Charcot (profile, far left) at theatrical reading,
with writers Emile Zola and Edmond de Goncourt
Photographic Iconography of theSalpêtrière (1876-77)
Hugh Welch Diamond,Uses of Photography in Psychiatry
1856 Paper to the Royal Society, London
1. Provides physiognomical data to physicians regarding nature of disorder.
2. Allows for identification of escaped or returning patients.
3. Aids patients in contemplating and improving their own mental states.
4. Documents cured patients.
PUERPERAL MANIA (Post-Childbirth)IN FOUR STAGES--Cured
Melancholy Passing into Mania
(Etching)
(Photograph)
SENILE DEMENTIA
(Photograph) (Etching)
“What words can adequately describe either the peculiar character of the palsy which accompanies sudden terror when without hope, or the face glowing with heat under the excitement of burning anger, or the features shrunk and the skin constricted und ghastly under the influence of pale rage? –Yet the photographer secures with unerring accuracy the external phenomena of each passion, as the really certain indication of internal derangement, and exhibits to the eye the well known sympathy which exists between the diseased brain and the organs and features of the body.” Diamond, On the Application of Photography to the Physiognomic and Mental Phenomena of Insanity, 1856
Suicidal Melancholy (Diamond 1856)
INSANITY RESULTING FROM INTEMPERANCE(Diamond 1856)
Guillaume B. Duchenne (de Boulogne)(1806-1875)
The Mechanism of Human Facial
Expression (1862)
Duchenne’s double current volta-faradic
apparatus
Facial Musculature
Duchenne, 1862
Muscle of Reflection
Muscle of Aggression
Muscle of Sadness Muscle of Terror
Muscle of Joy and Benevolence
Genuine Laughter False Laughter
Charcot’s Four Stages of Grand Hysteria
1. Tonic rigidity: limb contractures that mimicked a typical epileptic fit.
2. Dramatic body movements: contortions, illogical movements; clownism.
3. Passionate Attitudes: expressions of vivid emotional states.
