Legal Languaje Pragmatics Poetics and Social Power

8/12/2019 Legal Languaje Pragmatics Poetics and Social Power

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Am Rev. Anthopol. Copyrigh b Annual Reews All ghs esed

LEGAL LANGUG: Pragmatics,

Poetics d Soci Pwer

Ezb Mz

America Foundatio ad Northweser Uversy School of Law, Ccago,

Y WORDS la laguage rcre, cealizat, ptic f cure ial ctruc f lega caegre

INTODUTON

Reent work linguistic anropology has generated new and excing perspectives on the vital role of contextuazation in language meaning and function. A he same time, scholaship on legal lnuae has beun o deelop amore social and constructionis vision of the wa linguistic processes aectthe workgs of the law at man evels. This review places some of thescholarship on legal language wiin the context of current inguistic-anthopological understandings of lnguage se and contetuaaton to deveop afamewok fo futhe wok on anguage and law It also daws on wok in

legal scholship tha has illmnaed h poliics of lgl discousc, o dmonsate how his kind of appoach cn enlven anhopological undersndings of

he social grounding of language.

SOIA GOUNDING AND NGUAGE STUTUE:AGMATS OTS AN SMANTS N ONTEXT

Recent wok b nhopoloists linuss, nd socolnusts has moved ouundestanding o language to moe socia and contextual levels In conast

with traditions that concentrate on langage as an abstract sstem (giving littleattention to its actual use as a medium o social exchange) and wi ap

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poachs hat focus on how languag ffcts socal nds (wthout mch consraton o ngustc systms as scturs wth ynaics o her own)ngustc anthropoogsts an socongusts hav bn vopng a morntgrav way o unrstang anguag as a srct-nus .g. 6,8,84002 0,6,720,23,2 8). To an unrstanng oanguagas oa gamatca stuctur (206 and a conc wth nstumntastunctons o anguag ths wok a a uthr nsght: anguag aso mbos soca cratvty ( 82 23, 22) s sght cn b vw as suppmntig, rth thn conactng, o pspctvs h r ctny nta ynamcs that ar an mportt part o how anguag works an anguag somtms nctons as a rcton or mpmntaton o soca ynams But cunt work has jus bgn to xpor th sstmac was n whch

anguag porms a cratv n th ynamcs o socia chang conncton an rupturan in th ongoing consttuton o soca pstmoogs (48,,232,28,3674,7,8286,8703,04,3334, 4 6,6,23,67,22040).

Fuhr ths socanusc cratvty s not ranom but rahr s mpcat p in anguag strctur s spca 27 22223)a scovrwth broa mpcatons or thos skg to undrstan socal ntracton ngnra. I nguag s th ky mum through whch soca xchg annrsanng ar accompshan uthrmor ths os not occur n

haphr ashon but n a py stctur wayn t bcoms vta tovop a horough anayss o th ngustc channng an stuCng osocal . hs s patcual mpotant n th oman o aw wch s sootn ptcuay n Wst captais socts) a ky ocus o nstitutonaz ngustc chnng (23, 23) o soc pow s 7, 3,082; opcua argumnts xps s 33, 3,434,749, 0 4,8,37.

n btwn guag as nsmnt o cton o soca ncsan anguag as an actv ptcpant n soca consucton s a in on Onth on ha w now that nut ts o inguistc vaaton on rctvsons o gn c cass hnic othr socaysant catgorsg 27, 29, 6, 9, 4, 46, 83 92, 97,22227,234). n thc othrhan much o th powr o socongustc anayss s n ts ab to mapconvncngy th ways n whch anguag us not ony convs maonsmntc manng) but aso xprsss an rct soca vsons an nquts pagmac o conttua mning). Lanuag hr srs as a rcton o o o soc stct pocss a ptcuy tun

agostc o sa mohoogy.Smy nsmntst appoachs s guag as a too us mo oss transpnt by actors to c soca ns Ths soca goas can bin narow pos ts o cocontxts o spang [or xmp

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LEGAL LANGUAGE 437

a speaker can use lguisti devices suc as tropes repeton, and imagery tomantan audien intrest (see 224)] or thy an enompass th broadersocial ontexts in which more globa battles over social power re enacted (see

66). An insmentlist lysis focuses on the role of lnguage as a vehicle

for te reproduction and contestation of existg socil divisios. is approa highlghts the social soures and saping of inequalities and resistnewhil lnguistic forms beom a fou nly a rurs to b anpuatd insvi of rprodution d ontstation

Bo rtionist and istmntalist approas to lguag-andsoity

apture impotnt aspts of lguag funtion bot ases, lguage is

importt because it provides a window on social process; it is viewed as an

expression of soial ontext and ontest Language an aso be undrstood as

an intgral part of te onstitution of social ontxts ad contests [what an becald , adapting from Silverstein (I5a), the "languageassociety ap

proacd as nonspnt wi dynais of its own tat onibute tosocial results (11 114, 21) At the sme im anguag is integrally stru

tured by its contexts of use strongly and inherently soial in cracter (see 45598245) Thus a nontansparnt viw of languag an stillavoid inguitic dtrinism, by strssing t soial grounding d natu oflguag stu d us.

Context in the Structure oj DiscourseA numbr of rnt ls and volums vidn t rnwd vigor wit

whi lnguists e pursuing the study of th ontextul organization and

operation ofguage (e.g. 5 ,20,22242,6, a 55,65 46,2,,510 112 , 14 160 1, 1 11202021221 222 22 240). A focus on indxial ( l1) and mtpragmati struturing one wit pformane reontextuaizations and audin interest inthe teringuisti ontexts of poetic and o-textual strutring nd studies

integrating linguisti detail wi broad social currents all exempliy is endHowver although anthropologists nd inguists are retg to a fous othe soia and ontextal stuturing of dicour in rnt yaror understdig of pragmati and poti sttr as ntral to lguag as roots int solasip of t Pragu ool and of Jkobson, Worf d apimong otrs (g 6,1a 214, 221 Gal (4),vine (10), hilips (),

nd Woolrd (240 242) further diret our attention to the ways in whichcontextual understandings of language can b ntgrated with social thortitraditions.

n onast wi instrmentaist views of lguage fuctionwi focus ont puposiv use of language to attain soil goals,this sutured d ontextuast vision of language tks into acount the unpreditabiity or ak oftranspareny tat results from the ompliated soia struturng of lnguage.

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One an fous on how a pular set of linguisti forms (eg a worknglass

dialet politial orator or repetition) an be mobilized relavel preditabl

to acieve certain goals (e.g. to reproduce class stucture to resist egemonic

fores or o keep an audiene's attention). But purposive usage ma be limitedi its apait to ahieve the itended eets b oplex deepl rootedsoialresponsive and reative asets of language suureapets oflaguage tha go beond surfae aweness and enode the mufaeed alwas sfting sed understandings of communities across time (see 11

11 21) Social actons and events bo puosive and unitended impact

language use and stcture producing results tat reect bot the oiginalsocial impulse and its channeling togh language A re-regimentin poess

ours tha is soiall movated but aso responsive to a peulirl linguisti

sstemacit. Tis sstematiit is not entre anguage-teal or asoialbeause even the sstemaiit of lnguage is sociall grounded in cruialwas. However the new form of linguisti analsis envisions a different kind

of soial funtion for lnguage one at iludes a moment of linguisti

reativiow do we undersand e socia groundg of e ssemaici of an

guage? We can d examples of te newl emerging approach to t ssue nBuma nd oers conce wit erformance umers concion of

ontextualization ces and Silversens teoies regarding pragatic andmetapragmati suture (but aso see he man soures ited above In ea

ase there is a reversal of e omon emphasis on deontexual emti andsntati sturing as the ore or domiant feature of language t is perhaps

not surpsg that mn scholars have privileged this referential aspect of

lnguage beause it is an aspet that is guabl more aessible to onsciousrefletion han are pragmati strutural featres (see 21) Te abili to use

grammacal sutue to onve semanti information ma also be what renders human language "unique among natural semioti sstems (see 13: 17

see aso dscusson in 1)And et the socialexpressive funcion of language is wat suctures and

makes possble te epression of seatic meaing 221) The aslation ofangage into use in speeh inesapabl impliates an idexial sturinghat is not merel a happenstane ualit of individual situational use butrather resounds through the ver sstem of grar isef. From th vantageof language as it is actuall used in uman inteactions indexicalit pma and expressing semantic meanng is one of te man functions language

fuls wile performng in context. Tus semantic meaing ca be een as aspeial subset of pragmatic function rater tan pragmacs being a problem

ai wrinkle n the trnsssion of semanti information. Observations on thegraall foundng carater of deiti categoies 11) and on the

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Hickan (92 93), among others, is providig us wi a fuller pictre of ectxtual chact f laguag as chldr st l t us t-aharguet fr the pracy f paacs lauag scur. As ahplgsts nd ngusts have tued ther attenton to contextual sucturng, arenewed emphasis o petcs 2 1) gestre 5) ad prosody ad uscalaspects of speech 2 226) has eerged, generatng everore socallygruded alyss f laguag

Thus, th ct fcus ctxtuazat has d s xavenue or ture wrk Suh work prses t ntegrate the study o a broadrnge of lngustic nd commucatve levelspoetics, ptch nd ntonaton,gestue, dxcals f th kds, aa, metalaguage, ad delogy a e scal kd of aalss tha schls f luag sce hav

attpted evusly Ad, as f that w t ugh, there s oe t bede as e csde h tgat seatc d ctetfcusd aalyseswh the emeget fcus ctext

- v

u tt t y by txt t ttzd luage s als scal ceatv As Dut & Gd t,"Istad f vewg ctext as a se f vrables that statcally surround strps tak ctxt ad talk a w rgued t stad a ully relexverlatsh to ach th wh ta d he ttv t atsshapg coxt as uch as ctext shaps tak 59:31) I a sse, socguists were aready movng to ts understandng of the relationshp of contextad talk wh thy aalyd ways hch gog usag deatg speakes f dffeg scal sses cuall eceated d efced scaldc ( 81 16 11).

f the newer work charts a dierent directon, that drecti s i parttward exat of the less edctable csequeces f lguag use,

aces whch aguage ds m ha rfc r ataon abguus ucera or dfcult scalgustc ts ets f pssblt F xal, zfld taks us thugh h dtals f a Cta ual whch a yu wa deplys h ptcs f a lat t prst catgrcal defnitn of herself as a wom lted y her gender 151) erredft f herslf ad he stua a cntextaled dsurse pesu w pssbls; she s able t scap the dffcult bd wth hch shewas l h h athe dd befe sh was aed Yet, erfld als wsus that w cat uderstd ths as a ubguusl succssful ctsat

f th hgc d f h a as ay ays aazdSlly, ll 94) raes e buously cunterhegemon oe of language delgy fr Mexican seakers e ghstatus me ost lkely tsa hsaed Mxca wax stagc f fe gustc , whle

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LEGAL LANGUAGE 44

women nd low-satus men whose speech is moe pue" attack such nosagia. Tis debate obscures the most obvious functon of Spnish oan words,whih i to mak vad Mxiano its in whih h disous of powin th ommut a ondutd 4:278)

In hs anay, anua i undood a a nta mdium of oiah and onnion wn o, a nk ha o hd uuaundestndng, a pocess in which soci structuesand eg systemspress thei chngng nd unchngng chracters (see 14, 1,1,,,,9,, 80, 14 9, 1614, 10, 191, 228, 241). This i an aoah toanua tha ay dmand an aoay oa hoy How a hhoy o mann and i oia onuon, o anua u and ak' awn, inod y un wok on oia ad yhooia

processes? nterestngy, shorship from te nguageandaw fied mayovid som vaua inks

EGA ANGUAGE AT THE OSSOADS

n eg ngage n e fond a crui rossroads where soci power andua intact Law s in fft, th ocus of a owfu at of inguistiappopiaion, wh th tansation of vyday atois into a anguagf owfu ha Thouh a aua, h ta imo i in

paon and i aoaion o hyia and ymo ow), and oiaactos strgge to shift estng powe eations Fo this eason ega anguageffods a key sie fo advncing the soiinguisic poject of unpakn thesoia and eaiv ha of ua u ad tutu La hoa,wth tyiay acut s o th nuas o anua and pow, av aadyun wok ha ha ani wih anooiani hohi oioinui and anopoogi udying a diou hav o in omways converged on a ontetua nd nontransparent approach to nguage

Law, Powe, and Language

Recent yea ave wtneed the deveopent n ega anthrooogy of asophisticated dscourse aout the roe of aw in reroducin nd contestingaon of ow and of oonia doinaion ( 1; aso 15a, 3, 39,44,45,55a, 107, 120, 121, 148, 165,6,9,43) A ahin xanatono h muuayimad oniton o a ow ad uua ma iao und way (eg. 3, 8a, 9, 8, 9, 1, 1980) he emhasrepresent soetng o a ht ro an ee focus on the osscutur study

of dsute prcessingCrtia ga schoars from diffrnt shoos of thought, incudng Critica

La di, La nim, and Citia a Thy, hav n iayond aou h o aw a a i fo u ov oia ow ( 8,

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2 5 70 71 108 19-11 166 In recent yeas work n ctcal ae theo

nd legal feinist eory prticulr as generated sensiive treatments of e

place of legl lnguage in tat srggle. Matsuda wites of e rsfomative

oce o lanae n leal aenas:[Fredeck] Dogla' kil in nsfoing the tdd text of mecpolcal le nto a blepn or undaenl ocal chge ncve. Hechoe to beleve n the Contton, bt at the e te efed to accept aact Contton nd e docent gew to becoe geae noe o t date had ntended gla econcted Contto n-ped lac rars to ende e eendo peonal cot o etceMan Lthe Kng Jr.' s eonced Contton podced the ae ectn te weneh cenyT aby to adopt and ano dad tet and anea conco-ne a poan contbon o hoe on te boo Bac Ae-can have ed te Bble and the onuon nto te o lbeaon hoe wo ac aeal wealth o polcal powe tll have acce to hoghtand lngage.. . poey the ot concenated o o ngage blacwoen have eploed wod to ctcze and ano eng apon393336)

Although ths lterature could gan from anthropolocal nsts abot thepower of detaled and systematc aspects of lanuage structre, t could also

conbute to anthropologcal vsions a more stngent sensblty abot erelatons of lnguage ideology ad power-prclrly from e perspectve

of te disenancised Increasngly, emist legal and critcal ce teory

scolars ae ting to loo more empirica at aspets of legal lguage.

Fineman, for example, looks i detil at te language of legal and political

tets that locate ndent "snle moes as the soce o a vaety o socal

ills (; see also 0.

Tese adions also ure carel aenion to e was in wic the form oou own lanae shapes and lmts or messaes wokng wth alteatve

fos o dscose and voc n ode to contest te noal order of acadec tets (e.. 8 27 Ths o cose, has been a conce of antopolo

gists as well For exmple a toutful aempt to overcome te emoved

voice of academic wring, Feldmns teamnt of violence as suggeted how

te pragmaics of our own presentation migt mae cern topics dficult to

epesent wot assve dslocaton and dstoon (7 see also 7Contestng the eclson of voces hoh dvescaton o the people al

lowed to spe academic texts wic as lon been centrl to crticalce

d fest legl eorists see a) is begiing to emerge opologyas well eg 8)

In a somewhat deent bt saly lanaesensve) ven lega scholrs drawng on ltery theory ave advocated deconsuctost d oter



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EGA ANGUAGE

approaches o legal lnguage (see hite, an impotant pioneer of lawand-lterature studes,has argued that law s a process of trnslaon n which legaltexts shae and create relective and responsive communities of discourse

about central issues in ou sociey 2) Cunnngham approaches e aoeyas a anslator for and to clients 48 49; see also 2 Drawng on ery,lnguistic, and ccal heory, a number of legal scholas have anayzed hestoes told in the language of the law Some have urged at stoyteng s acounterhegemonic form, a discursive stucture suited to oppositonalists seek-ng to dsrupt the exisng power structue as it is reproduced legal language(e.g 54 1207 More emprically oriented wor on storytelling ha pontedout hat juies use story stuctues i eang decisions nd that attoeys sestorytelg and nrative n attempts to win juies over to their versions of the

tth 1, , , 18). As legal scholas ncreasngly eamne the emprcadetals of laguage use, they ight eneft fom the overachng ameworkaorded y antopoogca lngustcs understandng the sysematc con-nections among those dtails

Socal Constucton n egal anguage

Few reams of scholshp are better surveyed and sumarized than re lan-guageandaw studes. Lev has provided overvews of the road ange of

work n ths aea 141), and there ave een other revews 0, 0, 1)and a numer of collected essays n the area [cf (secton on law 18].With these exceent resources as a backdrop, this eview eschews epetiionand proceeds with a nrrow and selecie ocu on the reatment of languagestructre and context in languageandIaw studes Perhaps because the so-cally powel eects of language are ighlghted legal arenas, an aware-ness of the formative eects of language pragmatcs came early n the deve-opment o languageandIaw sudies ork by psycholinguists demonstratethat legal oucomes can b very much aected by seeingly mnor varatons

in language usage (see 2 2 11 12 For example, n a study of he effectsof language on eyewitness repots, ofts found that subjects were more eyto repot seeng a nonexistant object if asked "Did you see broken headlight? thn f asked "Did you see broken headight? Lnguscaly thedference between and is in e presupposing indexical meanngs of hetwo terms presupposes a previously inoduced referent, whereas doesnot.

At a more systemc level, anthopologsts and psychologists examinng theeffects of speech style on credlt found that varaton n clusers of prag-

mac featues contbuted to derental weighng of testimony (see 41 61 1). us speakers who used a powerless speech style (.e. associatedwith frequen use of intensifiers, hedges, hesitation foms, gestures, queston-ng onaton, tag questions, and poteness forms were less lkely o e

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beleved than wee spees who used a poweul speeh sle (.e haaterzed by an absene o those o) 41 63 12 3).

he qetin f pwerl ver werle peech tyle lea u t he

next chalenge: hw t analye re yteaically the cial fndatinlik lae an law he werle peech yle aciate rigilywih wen' peech 19), wa fn t characterie e pch f bth enand women oupn oe poweles socal tatuses (173) Conle & OBahae uthe poed a n beween deenal use o speeh ses, deploen o deen dsoues (ule-oiened s elaonal and dieen lealdeoloes (law as onan s law as enabln 40). The sues a eenn noal ous ha ae pupoedl dsnd o epowe he lpesonuppe-saus and busness people hae an adaae beause he 1 oen use

powel speeh tyle 2 tend towad a dedutve doue ented aoundlegal ule ad genera antain an ideolg the lega yte thatview law nt a a brad cil enabeent bt a a lited-poe cnrainng yte hu irnically all clai c erve the inteet obine eple and xperience repea plaer in the legal yte beter hanthe do hoe o the nepeened onsue 40 onle & tudcplicate thee bra caterie hwin that nt all jge are ule-riented d that ccainll litiants wh cu oe n ia relationshiphan on ue n he stoies ee he ahe in elaonall-iene judes

Howee the onlude that he oell enden n he sse s owad apoweul poessonal busnesendl ule-oened lnuae ha uthedsenahse people who ae a e lowe end o the sooeono sale(and he noe that hs would hae ae and nde as well as lass patons.

onle & as work deonates that studes o legal lauae haeptentil fr linking the etil f pragaic rucre wih the cntent f legaldsourse and wth boade sooeono onsdeatons hs nd o aa

ss suget the was n which lagge tuue n the court can exet apwer f it wn becoing a cruial way n whch the hegenc rderreaert tel in an ntittinal trcure uppely deined to wrkaaint that rder. At he ae e there i r fr cntetin and reiae and boh judes and ian ake use o ha openin fo ie mea onluson suppoed b Mes wok on wonlass ens useo he ou 14) lhouh onle & s sple s no lae enouho suh enealaons e esults dae a he en o woen no ejuday a be openn he ouoo to oe oal and elaonal and

poweless dsouses stud ean he eets o poweul and poweless sph sles on undeaduaes sn judes and pan edaosuthe suppos a non-detenst d ople ew. lhouh boh undegaduaes and ttn judes asessen o edb wee aeed b

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EA ANUAE

speech style mediators' were not 168. that study Morrill & Facciolareted to the sociolngustc cocept of he speech community n an attemptto understand what linguistic norms and prcces might insulate mediators n

ther institutional communities) from the effects of speech stye

Tus sveral questions also raised by te socialluistic amework out

led at e outset emere fom languageandIaw studies 1. Ho do systematic aspects of lanuae stucture n use impact and mediate he social

concts ith hh leal) institutions deal? 2. o e bo iposition ofheemony and moments of resistance made pose n throuh and by e

gal) languae? n a related ein how do we understand the complex and

nondeterinst embodiment of social epistemologies n leal) laguage and

4. What is the role of ideology and metalanguage in Lhe legal) institutional

reimenatio an sedimentaion of languaeand in the lnguistic regimentation and sedimentation of legal) instituons?

LANGUAG SRUTR AND SOAL ONFLCT ow do systematic aspects of

lnguage structure and use impact and mediate the social conficts with whichlegal institutions deal We can broadly distinuish two leels at hich thisquestion has been addressed in the literature first the way whch languageoperates stuatonally wthn legal contets,nd secod the broader socal ad

cultural leels at wch legal language works Brenneis has elaboratd a dstction between processorented and etogaphyofspeakng approaches that

maps his dference farly closely 0. Processoriented work has focused onthe immediate ynamcs of e inuisc nteractions in leal settins combn

ing ethnomethodological 6) and conersational analytic 201) techniquesin aayzin o picipats in ese interactions contestmaae understand

and create social and lea eates in lauage eg 1 51 53 56 90 115 118143 1,193194) Scholars buildng from ethnographyofspeakn and ohertraditions hae focused on scmantic and discourseleel phenomena as well to

lnk the workings of legal languae wih broader social aspects of colict eg119 225 69 204).

Detailed or on siuational usae in lea seings and hen subsequentrenditions of that situational usae in leal texts) indicates that leal anuaeoperates in subte and structured ways to constrain or translate litiant' adwiesses speechat times in a ashon not uniuely legal and at times inquite distinciely legal modes eg 10 13 30 83 111 18188 190 19196 30 31 38 39. Philps finds less copy of the ueso responseand more elaboration in responses fro higherstatus participnts in cout

room iscourse than from loerstatus participants This demonstrates esubtle leel at which language structure instantiates and recreates social structure within a leal setng purortedly designed to neualie such nonlegaleffects 185. At the same time the interactional process is a uid one in

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wic te power n relence o cen kins o linuistic use (ie. e-scriptors re constntly n ux, s the conerstion helps to crete is ownonoin context (14

A wer leel, legl guge c be uersoo s culurlly socllyconsu s oms igr pr o culure's spu proess (se122, 7, , , , 170 Brenneis, or exmple, suests tht isputenue is inter to the constiution o eitrin s oppose to hiechicsoci systems (1, 1 Greenhouse (7 n Rosen (1 sues eepy ntertwne reltioshp bewee scourses el w conlic h worws socl siuos o re commues (see lso 11, 12,22,102, 170. This brins us o the next set o quesions pose boe.

OR RLATION ITOLOG AN LGAL LANGAG How re bohimposition o heeony n moents o resisnce me possibe in ou,n by lel nue? An how o we unerstn the complex n noneterms mbome o soc epsmolos lgl lgue? Wor o lgllguge s cresgy g uersg o mcro gusc processeswit o wer che ( 0, 33 , 0 , 0 ,15, 16,174176 Muc o the preious wor in this re ocuse on e roleo nue in minnn existn power relions bu ttention is now

beinnn to ocus s we on he openness o el n nuistic prctice toressnce instbiity n chneonin wier tren n cuet socithouht (se 15,6,,,44, 72, 7, 120, 121211,27,240

ome scholrship cocees o he erply o hegemoy rsscen e niiulze intrcios o juges, lwyers n ciens wi onenother. t n Fe1stiner nyze the wys in which the tstion ocients conces nto e nuen o the e system o ienscs es cs m so prmg process o coconstrucon in wich some ply is posible (6,20205 Mher & Ynes-

son (17 n Felstier et l (6 pro bro outlns o prcss bywic el ue ces soc coct un (4 perors eie n sensitie nlysis o wyercient interctions, ruin or theinerestn step o crosscheckin nterprete ysis wh the subect o thlyss Ths pproch xes h wys which microlguisc chl-in o ciizens riences reects n eects e wier posion o lw insocil conlict (s lso 20, 1,,0,142,14,14,152,17,17,212

A simir picture emeres om tempts to ink te etils o inuistictructure n couroom intercions with wier soci processes (see , 40

rohmn (7 Hsch (6 7 Moesn (1 scuss how prchlnorms re impose n conteste in enere iscourse boh within courts nw he courts eeepers Courts lso sere s linustc or or struglesor e imposio o coonis rcis iscourses (see 45, 7,14



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G NGG 7

Aleaively, some analyses look to he episemologies, culral undersandngs, and social rerogaves broadly embodied in legal exs and discourses for an undersanding of he links beween legal language and socie(see 16,80 154,155, 158, 159, 164,165,184,229,2. This level of analsisofen require some aenon o he role of ideology.

DEOLOY AD METALANUAE Wha is he role of ideology and mea-language in he lega insiuonal regimenaion and sedimenaion of lguageand n he linuisic eenaion and sedimenaion o legal nsiuons? hisis an aoae quesion wih which o conclude he iscussion, s i oins oan aea o inury ju bennng o e eplorednd so permis us o finish bypong o he fuure (a favored finale in his genre) Exloraions o layideologies o he law have uncovered a fascinaig endency on he pr ofligans o raionaze he sysem even when hey are dsaised wi he resulor process ey received (s 40, 148 see also 10 This nouieconsiouspocess songly esembls he pocess escbed by linuss o oher nds odiscouse, which key meanings are conveyed by feaures of discourse ofwhich speakers are only dimy awre 215.

Iniial aplcaions of nguisic work on ideology o law have revealed halegal docnes are shaped by and resposive o semoic processes and lnguis

ic ideologies 159,18,180,219,220 A he same me, hese processes andideologies do no arse sui generis, bu are hemselves he producs of hecomplicaed inerplay o social conexs and acors groups ad aeedlanguage use As linguisc anhroologiss are oenng u he sudy of hpre oe generally (eg 95 11 14 154 15614 4 we ae furher appcaions o heir findings o legal language

ONUSON

here is an exciing convergence among a number of disciplines on he role olegal language as socialy ceave and consive in he sruggle ver powerin and hrough law Anhropological lnguss have developed a ameworkha ems deailed consideaion o he coneual srucng o lnuage obe lined wih analysis o wider socia change and reroducion. Legal anhropologiss and crical legal heoriss have ouined he ways in which lawseres as a sie or srggle and he mposion o hegemony egal heorssocusng sensiively on language rom criical race heory, emis, ad de

consrconis perspecives add a dynamic, drng, and vivid undersandng ohe impac of legal language n hese srgles, also challenging academcwers o ink more reexively and cefuly abou he impac and shape ofher own eoc poduc Scholars om he lnguagedaw adon have

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44 TZ

for some tme been investigating the formative role of language pragmatis in

legl resls nd episemologies.The fmework developed by lguisti anhropoloists, outned a the

begng of his review offers a sel empla for mergg he onces ofthese vrios shools, pviding approah to language hat unites detils ofgrammar with ontexts of many kinds Ths should not be too diult forlgage-dIaw shols who ave been a work for some me on hsombinaon of dealed ingis nd sol ontexual anlyses. Work onlegl language from soial siene and the legal aademy n provide a moreae ndersandg of he polil dimensions of legal lngage nd reflexively, of he exs ha analyze egal lnguage We n bes aeve awellgrounded understanding of he power of legal language I would ague

hrogh an nalysis ha sysemaily ombines preise obsevaon of hedetls of lguisi sureinuse wi onsideraion of e wider oliialand soil fores at isse Beause legl language ysallizes the intelay ofpragmais poeis and soial power with suh lrity it aords a ialible for he fomulaton of soilnguisti heory.

" "'.pre D .n, n .n ' "'p,may be p urchased from the Annual Reviews Preprint and Reprints service

183787; 45259507 il: rpr@Iarg

Amrm A Hrz R 992. A alyio loi rm o jry New YorkLaw h. Law Rev. 37-22

Ao M r . 979 Ode n theCourt Aantic Hlands, NJ: umanites

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ll hor Ye J 9674-86 Bm R 986 Sto, Peomance, andEvent: Contextua Studies of Or Nar-rtive mbr mbr Ui

Bm R Bi 990 i pform ril prp o l oil l Au Re. Athopl99-88

6 Bma R Shrr , 974 Expo-tons n the thnograhy ofSeakng. mbri ambri Ui r

Bir Qiy 982 Mrxsm and

N or: Wly8 Bll 87 nd We e Not Sved. Nor B

9 B L lman M 98 Reotrutin Reit in the ourtroom. N Bri N R U

0 BrSlio S 990 . The Biiguourtom: ourt Interreters in the udi

ca Pcss io Uiv. io Bl M 975 Potica Language and

Orto in Trditionl Socii Ne

ork Am

2. Blh M 9. roo S R .8. Bo B B 984. hl

orol i lyrli iri ay rli ll i off Text4297

4 Borm J. 993 Ui h Grmnao: aw narave a hoy Am.tho!' 088-

Bor . 977 Oute o a heo oPrate. m m Uiv.r

l Bor 987 T for of l o

r ooloy o h il lHastngs Law . 82086 Bo 99 O riprl im

a ral ario Mlm ri Smr Mo Am ho 9667




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