A Treatise o f Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence
Volume 12
Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Civil Law World
Tome 2: Main Orientations and Topics
edited by
Enrico PattaroCIRSFID and Law Faculty, University o f Bologna
and
Corrado RoversiDepartment o f Legal Studies and CIRSFID, University o f Bologna
with contributions by
M auro Barberis, Guillaum e Bernard, Uta Bindreiter, Giorgio Bongiovanni, Pierluigi Chiassoni, Eveline Feteris, Edoardo Fittipaldi, Davide Grossi, Stephan Kirste, Harm Kloosterhuis, Hanna M aria Kreuzbauer, G iuseppe Lorini, Carlos I. M assini Correas, M ate Paksy, Enrico Pattaro, A ntonio-Enrique Perez Luno, Antonino Rotolo, Torben
Spaak, Elena V. Timosina, Stamatios Tzitzis, Csaba Varga, Francesco Viola, Jan W olenski, M auro Zam boni, W ojciech Zelaniec
A ssistant Editors: E rica Calardo, Francesca Faenza, N icoletta Bersier Ladavac, M igle Laukyte, and Filippo Valente
Springer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A N o te on the Authors and the Contributors - Tom e 2 XIX
P art O n e - N atural L aw T heory
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Natural Law Theories in the 2 0 th Century(by Francesco Viola) 3
1.1. The First Revival 51.1.1. Natural Law and Legal Science 31.1.2. Catholic Natural Law Theory 71.1.3. Formalism and Natural Law 12
1.1.3.1. The Nature of Law 141.1.3.2. Law and Values 20
1.1.4. Anti-Formalism and Natural Law 241.1.4.1. The Living Law 251.1.4.2. Positivist Neo-Thomism 281.1.4.3. Filling the Gaps and Finding the Law 32
1.1.5. Beyond Formalism and Antiformalism 391.2 . Natural Law and Totalitarianism 42
1.2.1. Nazi Law 431.2.2. The Nuremberg Trials 46
1.3. The Second Revival 491.3.1. The Enforcement o f Natural Law 491.3.2. Common Values and Natural Law 301.3.3. The Nature o f the Thing 34
1.3.3.1. Law as Experience 361.3.3.2. The Hum an Condition 571.3.3.3. The Ontological Structure of Law 601.3.3.4. Ipsa Res lust a 62
1.4. The Third Revival 631.4.1. Interpretation and Legal Reasoning 651.4.2. Christian Natural Law Philosophies 701.4.3. Evolution o f Positive Law 751.4.4. The Third Theory o f Law 781.4.5. Non-Positivism and Natural Law 81
1.4.5.1. The Claim to Correctness 82
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1.4 .5.2 . Law’s Normativity 841.4.5.3. A Natural Law of Positive Law 86
1.4.6. The Open Texture o f Practical Reason 88
Chapter 2 - Natural Law in G erm any in the 2 0 th Century{by Stephan Kirste) 91
2.1. The Starting Point 922 .2 . Natural Law Theory in the First Third of the 20th Century 922.3. Natural Law During the Third Reich 96
2.3.1. Is There a National Socialist Natural Law? 962.3.2. Natural Law at the Foundation o f the Resistance
to Hitler 992.4. Natural Law after World War II 100
2.4.1. Natural law in the Philosophy o f Law 1002.4.2. Natural law in the German Constitutions after
World War II 1052.4.3. Natural Law in the Postwar Courts 106
2.5. Natural Law at the End of the Century 108
Chapter 3 - 20th-Century P h ilosophy o f Natural Law in France(by Stamatios Tzitzis and Guillaume Bernard) 111
3.1. Introduction 1113.2. Eclectic Natural Law: An Outcome of Sociology 1123.3. A Moralizing Natural Law: An Outcome of Transcendence 1143.4. Objective Natural Law: An Outcome of Dialectics 1153.5. Conclusion: The Ineffectualness of Natural Law? 117
Chapter 4 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Spain and Portugal(by Antonio-Enrique Perez Luno) 119
4.1. Method, Scope, and Philosophical Criteria 1194.2. Natural Law in the Spanish and Portuguese Traditions 1204.3. Natural Law Scholars and Tendencies in the 20th Century 121
4.3.1. Axiological and Neo-Kantian Approaches 1214.3.2. Neo-Scholastic Natural Laiv Doctrines 1224.3.3. Innovative Trends in Natural Law 126
4.4. Natural Law in Private Law 1294.5. Natural Law and Human Rights 1314.6. 20th-Century Natural Law Theories in Portugal 1344.7. Conclusion: Premises for an Assessment 138
TABLE O F CONTENTS VII
Chapter 5 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Italy(by Francesco Viola) 141
5.1. The Italian Tradition 1415.2. The Natural Law of Jurists 1455.3. Natural Law Theory as a Theory of Morality 1485.4. The Return of Normative Ethics within Positive Law 151
Chapter 6 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Hungary(by Mate Paksy and Csaba Varga) 155
6.1. Scholasticism and Neo-Kantianism in the Interwar Period 1556.2. Natural Law in the Marxist Conception of Socialism 1576.3. Between Social and Analytic Theories: Natural Law Today 158
Chapter 7 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Latin America(by Carlos I. Massini Correas) 163
7.1. Introduction 1637.2. 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Argentina 1637.3. 20 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Brazil 1677.4. 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Mexico 1697.5. 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Colombia 1727.6. 20 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Uruguay 1747.7. 20 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Chile 1747.8. Conclusion 177
Part Tw o - L egal P ositiv ism
Introduction: Legal Positivism in the 2 0 th Century(by Mauro Barberis) 181
Chapter 8 - Legal Positivism in the First H a lf o f the 20th Century(by Giorgio Bongiovanni) 187
8.1. Philosophical Positivism and Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Law 1878.2. The New Legal Positivism: Hans Kelsen’s
Reine Rechtslehre vs. Naturalismus in Legal Scienceand Natural Law Theory 191
8.3. Kelsen’s Theory of Norms: Between Nature and Morality 2028.4. The Vienna School’s Theory of the Legal System:
The Law as a Stufenbau and the Grundnorm 208
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8.5. Law and the State in France: Carre de Malberg,French Legicentrism, and “Organistic Tiering” 218
8 .6 . The Weimar Debate between Law and Politics:Rudolf Smend, Carl Schmitt, and Hermann Heller 220
8.7. Legal Institutionalism: Santi Romano and the “Illegitimate” Rendition of Carl Schmitt 231
8 .8 . Legal Positivism and Totalitarian Regimes:Italian Corporativism 239
Chapter 9 - Legal P ositiv ism in the P ostw ar D ebate{by Mauro Barberis and Giorgio Bongiovanni) 243
9.1. Law and Justice: Radbruch’s Intolerable Injustice Argument 2449.2. The Later Kelsen: From Transcendentalism to the
“Sceptical Phase” 2479.3. The Italian Contribution: Legal Positivism Analyzed 253
9.3.1. Bobbio and Methodological Legal Positivism 2539.3.2. Scarpelli and Ideological Positivism 2559.3.3. Italian Legal Realism 257
9.4. The French Contribution: Michel Troper 2589.5. The Argentinian and Spanish Contribution 259
Chapter 10 - N eocon stitu tionalist Challenges to Legal P ositiv ism{by Mauro Barberis and Giorgio Bongiovanni) 263
10.1. Garzon Valdes and the Internal Point of View 26510.2. Nino’s Justificatory Connection 26610.3. Robert Alexy’s Nonpositivist Concept of Law 26910.4. Jürgen Habermas and the Complementarity
of Law and Morality 27210.5. Ferrajoli’s Garantism 27710.6. Zagrebelsky’s D iritto M ite 279
Chapter 11 - Legal P ositiv ism ’s A nsw ers to the N eoconstitu tionalist Challenge{by Mauro Barberis) 281
11.1. Bulygin’s “Simple” Positivism 28311 .2 . Moreso from Soft Positivism to Neoconstitutionalism 28511.3. Juan Carlos Bayon’s Arguments for Defeasibility 28711.4. Jorge Rodriguez’s Arguments against Defeasibility 28911.5. Conclusion on Legal Positivism 291
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
P art T hree - L egal R ealism
Chapter 12 - Introduction: Continental Legal Realism{by Edoardo Fittipaldi) 297
12 .1. The Problem of Defining the Main Tenetsof Continental Realism 297
12 .2 . Realism.-. A Term with Several Meanings 29812.3. Continental vs. American Legal Realists 30112.4. Norms and Deontic Objects as Psychical Phenomena 30212.5. From Projections, Objectifications, and Hypostatizations
to the Epistemology of Continental Realists 30512.6 . Caution and Suspicion Towards Performatives 31012.7. Truth vs. Correctness 31312.8. The Main Tenets of Continental Realism and How They
Are Reciprocally Connected 317
Chapter 13 - Axel H ägerström at the O riginso f the Uppsala School {by Enrico Pattaro) 319
13.1. Consciousness and the Reality of Things 31913.1.1. A Five-Hundred- Year-Long Debate 31913.1.2. The Revolt against German Idealism in Europe
at the Beginning o f the 20th Century 32013.1.3. The Escape from Subjectivism at Uppsala
through A xel Flägerström 32013.1.4. Hägerström against the Backdrop o f Kant 321
13.2. Judgments and the Reality of Things; Pseudojudgmentsand the Unreality of Value and the Ought 32213.2.1. Logical Reality, Judgments, and Effectual Reality 32213.2.2. The Primacy o f the External Spatiotemporal World 32413.2.3. Pseudojudgments in General 32513.2.4. Ought Judgments as Pseudojudgments 326
13.3. The Ought, the Right, and Norms Explained 32813.3.1. Right versus Just: The World o f Duty 32813.3.2. How the Idea o f Right Develops within Us 32913.3.3. What Is Right in the Abstract (Norms) and in the
Concrete (Subjective Positions) 33013.3.4. Norms versus Commands 331
13.4. Law 33313.4.1. The Law in Force Is Made up o f Norms, and the Role
o f the Constitution 33313.4.2. Judge-Made Law 335
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13.5. Rights and Transactions 33813.5.1. Rights 338
13.5.1.1. Rights versus Interests13.5.1.2. The Idea of a Right in Its Connection with
That of Norms and Claims, and the Idea
338
of a Right U nderstood as a Power 34013.5.2. Transactions 343
13.6. H ow Rightness and Justice Figure into Coercion 35013.7. More on Logical Reality and Effectual Reality
13.7.1. Kant behind Hägerström’s Thesis That No Judgment355
Is Possible w ithout the Logical Reality o f Its Object 35513.7.1.1. Kant on Judgment and the Nothing13.7.1.2. Hägerström on the Nothing, Logical
355
Reality, and Effectual Reality13.7.2. A Crucial Passage by Hägerström and a Number
356
o f Misinterpretations 358
Chapter 14 - Karl O livecrona’s Legal P h ilosophy{by Torben Spaak) 365
14.1. Introduction 36514.2. The Concept of Law 36514.3. Rights 37114.4. Coercion 37314.5. Law and Politics 376
Chapter 15 - Antlers Vilhelm Lundstedt: In Q uest o f Reality{by Uta Bindreiter) 379
15.1. Introduction 37915.2. “The Law”: Legal Machinery in Action 382
15.2.1. Introduction 38215.2.2. Legal Machinery in Action 38315.2.3. “Situations o f R ight” 386
15.2.3.1. Introduction 38615.2.3.2. The Reality behind the “Right of P roperty”
15.2.4. The Theory o f the General Moral-Forming388
Significance o f the Maintenance o f Criminal Law 39015.2.4.1. Introduction15.2.4.2. The Social Function of the M aintenance
390
of Criminal Law 39115.2.5. The Theory o f Social Welfare 393
15.2.5.1. Introduction 393
TABLE O F CONTENTS XI
15.2.5.2. The “Principle” of Social Welfare 39415.2.6. "Constructive” Legal Science 397
15.2.6.1. Introduction 39715.2.6.2. The Constructivity of Constructive Legal
Science 397
Chapter 16 - A lf R o ss’s Legal Philosophy{by Mauro Zamboni) 401
16.1. Introduction 40116.2. The Concept of Valid Law 40316.3. Rights 40516.4. Coercion 40816.5. Law and Politics 410
Chapter 17 - O ther Scandinavian Legal R ealists 415
17.1. Tore Strömberg: A Conventionalist Legal Realist{by Uta Lindreiter) 41517.1.1. Introduction 41517.1.2. Strömberg’s Classification o f Legal Rules 416
17.1.2.1. Rules of Action, Rules of Competence,and Rules of Qualification 416
17.1.2.2. Strömberg’s Views on “Rules about Rights” 42217.1.2.3. “Legal Directions for Use” 423
17.1.3. Valid Law: A Social Convention 42517.2. Per Olof Ekelöf {by Mauro Zamboni) 430
17.2.1. Introduction 43017.2.2. Law, Its Making, and the Sense o f Duty 43117.2.3. A Teleological Method 43217.2.4. The Concept o f Rights 433
17.3. The Legal Philosophy of Ingemar Hedenius {by Torben Spaak) 43517.3.1. Introduction 43517.3.2. Internal and External Legal Statements 43517.3.3. The Concept o f a Valid Legal Rule 43817.3.4. The Concept o f Ownership 44017.3.5. Performatives 442
Chapter 18 - Leon Petrazycki’s Theory o f Law{by Edoardo Fittipaldi) 443
18.1. Introduction 44318.2. The Concept of an Adequate Theory 44418.3. Ethical Emotions 447
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18.4. The Theory of Projections 45118.5. Norms and Normative (or Ethical) Convictions 45318.6. The Structure of Normative Convictions and the
Distinction between Positive and Intuitive Ethics 45618.6.1. Normative Hypotheses 45718.6.2. Addressees 45918.6.3. Normative Facts 461
18.7. Moral vs. Legal Phenomena 46418.8. Features Associated with Moral vs. Legal Phenomena 469
18.8.1. Possible Fulfilment o f Some Legal Obligationson the Part o f Persons other than the Imperative Side 469
18.8.2. The Possibility o f Representation in the Field o f Legal Phenomena 470
18.8.3. The Possibility o f Coercion in the Field o f Legal Phenomena 471
18.8.4. The Role o f Intentions in the Field o f MoralPhenomena 471
18.8.3. The Role o f the Motives o f Fulfilment in the Fieldo f Moral Phenomena 472
18.8.6. The Conflict-Producing Nature o f Legal Phenomena vs. the Peaceableness o f Moral Phenomena(and the Unifying Tendency o f Law) 472
18.9. Kinds of Legal Relationships and CompoundLegal Relationships 47518.9.1. Facere - Accipere 47618.9.2. Non Facere - Non Pati 47618.9.3. Pati - Facere 47718.9.4. Pati - Non Facere, Legal Non-Experience,
and Repeal 47918.9.3. Compound Legal Relationships 483
18.9.5.1. Ownership 48318.9.5.2. Authority 484
18.10. The Different Kinds of Normative Facts andPositive Ethical Phenomena 48418.10.1. Statute (Zakon) 48418.10.2. Custom (Obycaj) 48718.10.3. Kinds o f Normative Facts Related to the Activity
o f the Courts 48818.10.4. Books (Knigy) 48918.10.3. Communis Doctorum Opinio 48918.10.6. Doctrines o f Individual Jurists or Groups Thereof 49018.10.7. Legal Expertise (Juridiceskaja Expertiza) 49018.10.8. Contracts and Treaties (Dogovory) 491
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
18.10.9. Promises (Obescanija), Programs (Programmy),and Acknowledgments (Priznanija) 492
18.10.10. Precedents (Precedenty) 49318.10.11. Other Kinds o f Normative Facts 49318.10.12. What Do Normative Facts Have in Common
with One Another? 49418.11. Authority (Viast’) 49418.12. Official Law and the Role of Legal Dogmatics 498
Chapter• 19 - Jerzy Lande(by Edoardo Fittipaldi) 505
19.1. Introduction 50519.2. From the Reply to Znamierowski to the Postulate
of Uniqueness in Legal Dogmatics 50619.3. The Task of Legal Dogmatics and how Legal Dogmaticians
Choose their Grundnorm 50919.4. The Truth-Incapability of Legal-Dogmatic Judgments
and Their Conditions of Correctness 51619.5. Comparing Legal Dogmatics with Prescriptive Grammar
to Understand the Nature of Dogmatic Sciences 524
Chapter 20 - O ther Russian or P olish Legal Realists 527
2 0 .1. Max Lazerson’s Psychological Theory of Law(by Elena V. Timoshina) 52720.1.1. Introduction 52720.1.2. The Object and Method o f Legal Theory
from the Standpoint o f Psychological Realism 52720.1.3. A Realist Criticism o f Normativism 53120.1.4. The Psychological Theory o f Law and Phenomenology 53420.1.3. Law without Norms? 53720.1.6. The Realist Interpretation o f Natural Law 539
2 0 .2 . Czeslaw Znamierowski: From Social Ontologyto Legal Realism (by Giuseppe Lorini and Wojciech Zelaniec) 54220.2.1. The Threefold Realist Dimension o f Czeslaw
Znamierowski s Philosophy o f Law 54220.2.2. On the Origins o f Social Ontology 54320.2.3. Czeslaw Znamierowski’s Ontology o f Social Reality 54520.2.4. Czeslaw Znamierowski’s Ontology o f Thetic Reality 54820.2.3. The Ontology o f Legal Reality and Occam’s Razor 555
XIV TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TH CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD
P art F our - L egal R ea so n in g
Introduction: A N o te on Term inology and Purpose(,by Pierluigi Chiassoni and Eveline Feteris) 561
Chapter 21 - T he H eritage o f the 19th Century:T he A ge o f Interpretive C ognitivism(by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 565
21.1. Foreword 56521.2. The Exegetical School 565
21.2.1. The Professional Ideology o f the Exegetical Jurists 56621.2.2. The Interpretive Codes o f the Exegetical Jurists
(the Exegetical Codes) 57021.3. The Organicistic Legal Hermeneutics of Friedrich Carl
von Savigny 58221.3.1. A n Organicistic Conception o f Legal Interpretation:
Savigny’s Interpretive Code 58321.3.1.1. Interpreting Single, Non-defective, Laws 58321.3.1.2. Interpreting Defective Laws 58621.3.1.3. Interpreting Legal Sources as a Whole:
Antinomies and Gaps 58821.4. Legal Interpretation in the Heaven of Concepts 589
21.4.1. R udo lf von Jhering 59021.4.2. Bernhard Windscheid 597
Chapter 2 2 - T he A ge o f D iscontent: T he R evolt against InterpretiveCognitivism(by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 601
22.1. Foreword 60122.2. Frangois Geny: Critique de la rnethode traditionnelle
and libre recherche scientifique 60122.3. The Free Law Movement 608
22.3.1. Back to the Future: Ehrlich's Vindication o f Free JudicialLaw-Finding 609
22.3.2. Down with “the Last Strongholds o f Scholasticism":Kantorowicz’s Free Legal Science 613
22.4. The Jurisprudence of Interests 61822.5. The Pure Theory of Law 622
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
Chapter 23 - Taking Stock o f the Past: Rhetoric, Topics,H erm eneutics 627
23.1. Foreword {by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 62723.2. The Rediscovery of Rhetoric {by Eveline Feteris) 627
23.2.1. Perelman’s New Rhetoric 62723.2.2. Perelman’s General Argumentation Theory 62823.2.3. Perelman’s Legal Argumentation Theory 629
23.3. Arguing by Topics {by Hanna Maria Kreuzbauer) 63023.3.1. Theodor Viehweg’s Topics 63123.3.2. The Two Styles o f Reasoning: Topical and
Deductive-Systematic Reasoning 63123.3.3. Legal Reasoning Should Become Topical Reasoning 63223.3.4. Critique 63323.3.3. Conclusion 634
23.4. Legal Interpretation and Hermeneutics{by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 63423.4.1. The Legal Hermeneutics o f Emilio Betti 63523.4.2. Betti vs. Gadamer 64323.4.3. Esser and the German Hermeneutical Movement 645
Chapter 24 - T he A ge o f Analysis: Logical Em piricism, Ordinary Language, and the Sim ple Truth o f the Matter{by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 647
24.1. Foreword 64724.2. The Spell of Logical Positivism 647
24.2.1. Norberto Bobbio’s Linguistic Turn 64724.2.2. Eugenio Bulygin’s Two-Tier Model 649
24.3. Analysis as a Plain Tool: Wroblewski’s Way 65224.4. Analysis and Realism 655
24.4.1. A l f Ross’s Fundamental Break 65524.4.2. Giovanni Tarello and Genoese Analytical Realism 658
Chapter 25 - Advancing R eason to Its Further Borders{by Eveline Feteris) 665
25.1. Introduction 66525.2. MacCormick’s Institutional Theory of Legal Reasoning
and Legal Justification 66523.2.1. Introduction 66523.2.2. A n Institutional Approach to Law and Legal Justification 66723.2.3. Universalizability and Deductive Justification 668
XVI TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TH CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD
25.2.4. Problems with Deductive justification 66925.2.5. Consequentialist Argumentation and Argumentation
from Coherence 67025.3. Habermas’s Discourse Theory and the Rationality
of Legal Discourse 67325.3.1. Introduction 67325.3.2. The Theory o f Rational Practical Discourse
and the Communicative Character o f theRational Acceptability o f Moral Claims 67 3
25.3.3. The Rationality and Legitimacy o f Legal Discourse 67625.3.4. Law, Morality, and the Relation between Legal
Discourse and Moral Discourse 67725.4. Alexy’s Theory of Legal Discourse as a Theory of Rational
Practical Discourse in a Legal Context 67925.4.1. Introduction 67925.4.2. The Theory o f Rational Practical Discourse 67925.4.3. The Theory o f Legal Argumentation (by Eveline Feteris
and Harm Kloosterhuis) 68125.4.4. Legal and General Practical Discourse 685
25.5. Aarnio’s Theory of the Justification of Legal Interpretations 68625.5.1. Introduction 68625.5.2. The Interpretation o f Legal Norms 68725.5.3. The justification o f an Interpretation Standpoint 68825.5.4. Internal and External justification 68825.5.5. The Rationality and Acceptability o f Legal
Interpretations 68925.5.5.1. The Procedural Component of the Theory:
The Rationality of Discussions about Legal Interpretations 689
25.5.5.2. The Substantial Component of the Theory:The Acceptability of Legal Interpretations 691
25.6. Peczenik’s Theory of Legal Reasoning and Legal Justification 69325.6.1. Introduction 69325.6.2. The Analytical-Reconstructive Component:
The Reconstruction o f the Different Levels o f theProcess o f the justification o f Legal Decisions 694
25.6.3. The Various Transformations in the justificationo f Legal Decisions 69525.6.3.1. The Transformation into the Law 69525.6.3.2. The Transformation inside the Law 696
25.6.4. Different Levels o f justification and Transformation 69825.6.5. The Normative-Evaluative Component: The Deep
justification o f Legal Reasoning 699
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
25.6.5.1. The Rationality of Legal Argumentation 69925.6.5.2. The Legal Ideology 700
25.7. The Pragma-Dialectical Theory of Legal Argumentationin the Context of a Critical Discussion 70125.7.1. Introduction25.7.2. The General Theory o f Argumentation as Tart
701
o f a Critical Discussion 70225.7.3. Legal Argumentation as Part o f a Critical Discussion25.7.4. The Analysis and Evaluation o f Legal Argumentation
704
in the Context o f a Critical Discussion 70625.7.5. Strategic Manoeuvring in Legal Argumentation 708
Chapter 26 - Law and Logic in the 2 0 th Century(by Jan Wolehski) 709
26.1. Introduction 70926.2. Logic and Legal Logic 70926.3. Notes on Normatives 71426.4. The Jörgensen Dilemma 71926.5. Prehistory of Normative Logic 72126.6. Attempts at NL Construction from 1926 to 1951 72826.7. Deontic Logic: The Standard System 73326.8. The Issues Discussed in Deontic Logic 736
26.8.1. Paradoxes 73626.8.2. Lessons from Paradoxes 73726.8.3. Some Problems in Deontic Logic 738
26.9. Logic and Legal Arguments 741
Chapter 27 - Recent D evelopm ents in Legal Logic(by Davide Grossi and Antonino Rotolo) 743
27.1. Introduction 74327.2. The Logic of Obligations: Beyond Standard Deontic
Logic 74327.2.1. Contrary-to-Duty Obligations and Preferences 74327.2.2. Beyond Obligation and Permission 744
27.3. Normative Systems 74527.3.1. Input/O utput Logic 74627.3.2. Algebras o f Norma tive Systems 747
27.4. Defeasibility in Legal Reasoning 74827.4.1. Meanings o f “Defeasibility” in the Law 74827.4.2. Defeasibility and Argumentation: Layers in the Law 750
XVIII TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TI I CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD
27.5. Legal Dynamics27.5.1. AGM -based Approaches - j ^27.5.2. Dynamic Logic Approaches
21.6 . Conclusions
Bibliography 7 _7
Index o f Subjects ^ 9
Index o f N am es 837