1. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 2008U NUM E PLURIBU S MARCH 2010 VOLUME IA OF VOLUMES IA AND IB CURRENT LEGISLATION AND RELATED EXECUTIVE ORDERS U.S. SENATE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Printed for the use of the Committees on Foreign Relations and Foreign Affairs of the Senate and the House of Representatives respectively U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 2010 51120 PS For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 5121800; DC area (202) 5121800 Fax: (202) 5122250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 204020001 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5025 Sfmt 5025 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE congress.#15 2. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin BARBARA BOXER, California ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania JIM WEBB, Virginia JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire EDWARD E. KAUFMAN, Delaware KIRSTEN E. GILLIBRAND, New York RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana BOB CORKER, Tennessee JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho JIM DEMINT, South Carolina JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma DAVID MCKean, Staff Director KENNETH A. MYERS, JR., Republican Staff Director COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOWARD L. BERMAN, California, Chairman GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American Samoa DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey BRAD SHERMAN, California ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York BILL DELAHUNT, Massachusetts GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York DIANE E. WATSON, California RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia MICHAEL E. MCMAHON, New York JOHN S. TANNER, Tennessee GENE GREEN, Texas LYNN WOOLSEY, California SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas BARBARA LEE, California SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York MIKE ROSS, Arkansas BRAD MILLER, North Carolina DAVID SCOTT, Georgia JIM COSTA, California KEITH ELLISON, Minnesota GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona RON KLEIN, Florida VACANT ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey DAN BURTON, Indiana ELTON GALLEGLY, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois EDWARD R. ROYCE, California RON PAUL, Texas JEFF FLAKE, Arizona MIKE PENCE, Indiana JOE WILSON, South Carolina JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas J. GRESHAM BARRETT, South Carolina CONNIE MACK, Florida JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas TED POE, Texas BOB INGLIS, South Carolina GUS BILIRAKIS, Florida RICHARD J. KESSLER, Staff Director YLEEM POBLETE, Republican Staff Director (II) VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 3. FOREWORD This volume of legislation and related material is part of a five volume set of laws and related material frequently referred to by the Committees on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Foreign Af- fairs of the House of Representatives, amended to date and anno- tated to show pertinent history or cross references. Volumes I (A and B), II (A and B), III and IV contain legislation and related material and are republished with amendments and additions on a regular basis. Volume V, which contains treaties and related material, was last updated through 2005. We wish to express our appreciation to Dianne E Rennack of the Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, and Suzanne Kayne of the U.S. Government Printing Office who prepared volume IA of this years compilation. JOHN F. KERRY, Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations. HOWARD L. BERMAN, Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs. March 30, 2010. (III) VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 4. EXPLANATORY NOTE The body of statutory law set out in this volume was in force, as amended, at the end of 2008, with two exceptionsPublic Law 1118, as amended, and Public Law 11132, enacted in 2009. This volume sets out session law as originally enacted by Con- gress and published by the Archivist of the United States as slip law and later in the series United States Statutes at Large (as sub- sequently amended, if applicable). Amendments are incorporated into the text and distinguished by a footnote. Session law is orga- nized in this series by subject matter in a manner designed to meet the needs of the Congress. Although laws enacted by Congress in the area of foreign rela- tions are also codified by the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, typically in title 22 United States Code, those codifications are not positive law and are not, in most instances, the basis of further amendment by the Congress. Cross references to the United States Code are included as footnotes for the conven- ience of the reader. All Executive orders and State Department delegations of au- thority are codified and in force as of December 30, 2008. Corrections may be sent to Dianne E Rennack at Library of Con- gress, Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C., 20540 7460, or by e-mail at drennack@crs.loc.gov. (V) VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 5. ABBREVIATIONS Bevans ..................... Treaties and Other International Agree- ments of the United States of America, 17761949, compiled under the direction of Charles I. Bevans. CFR ......................... Code of Federal Regulations. EAS ......................... Executive Agreement Series. F.R ........................... Federal Register. LNTS ....................... League of Nations Treaty Series. I Malloy, II Malloy Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Pow- ers, 17761909, compiled under the di- rection of the United States Senate by William M. Malloy. Stat .......................... United States Statutes at Large. TIAS ........................ Treaties and Other International Acts Se- ries. TS ............................ Treaty Series. UNTS ...................... United Nations Treaty Series. U.S.C ....................... United States Code. UST ......................... United States Treaties and Other Inter- national Agreements. (VI) VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 6. C O N T E N T S Page FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... III EXPLANATORY NOTE ........................................................................................ V ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. VI A. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ................................................................................ 1 1. Foreign Assistance and Arms Export Acts ..................................................... 11 2. Foreign Assistance Appropriations ................................................................. 1098 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 1597 INDEX ...................................................................................................................... 1641 (VII) VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 7. (1) A. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE CONTENTS Page 1. Foreign Assistance and Arms Export Acts ..................................................... 11 a. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (Public Law 87 195) ................................................................................................................. 11 Part I Chapter 1Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations ......... 15 Section 101General Policy ..................................................... 15 Section 102Development Assistance Policy .......................... 17 Section 103Agriculture, Rural Development, and Nutri- tion ........................................................................................ 29 Section 103AAgricultural Research ...................................... 32 Section 104Population and Health ........................................ 32 Section 104AAssistance to Combat HIV/AIDS ..................... 40 Section 104BAssistance to Combat Tuberculosis ................. 57 Section 104CAssistance to Combat Malaria ......................... 61 Section 105Education and Human Resources Develop- ment ...................................................................................... 61 Section 106Energy, Private Voluntary Organizations, and Selected Development Activities ......................................... 63 Section 107Appropriate Technology ...................................... 66 Section 109Transfer of Funds ................................................ 67 Section 110Cost-Sharing and Funding Limits ..................... 68 Section 111Development and Use of Cooperatives .............. 68 Section 113Integrating Women Into National Economies .. 69 Section 116Human Rights ..................................................... 70 Section 117Environment and Natural Resources ................ 76 Section 118Tropical Forests ................................................... 77 Section 119Endangered Species ............................................ 81 Section 120Sahel Development ProgramPlanning ........... 83 Section 122General Authorities ............................................. 84 Section 123Private and Voluntary Organizations and Co- operatives in Overseas Development ................................. 85 Section 124Relatively Least Developed Countries ............... 87 Section 125Project and Program Evaluation ........................ 88 Section 126Development and Illicit Narcotics Production .. 89 Section 127Accelerated Loan Repayments ........................... 89 Section 128Targeted Assistance ............................................ 90 Section 129Program to Provide Technical Assistance to Foreign Governments and Foreign Central Banks of De- veloping or Transitional Countries ..................................... 90 Section 130Assistance for Victims of Torture ...................... 95 Section 133Programs to Encourage Good Governance ........ 96 Section 134Assistance to Foreign Countries to Meet Min- imum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking ......... 98 Section 135Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children ................................................................................ 99 Section 135Assistance to Provide Safe Water and Sanita- tion ........................................................................................ 103 Chapter 2Other Programs ............................................................. 104 Title IMultilateral and Regional Development Programs ........... 104 Section 206Regional Development in Africa ........................ 104 Section 209Multilateral and Regional Programs ................. 104 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 8. 2 Title IIAmerican Schools and Hospitals Abroad; Prototype Desalting Plant ............................................................................... 106 Section 214American Schools and Hospitals Abroad .......... 106 Section 219Prototype Desalting Plant .................................. 107 Title IIIHousing and Other Credit Guaranty Programs ............. 108 Section 221Housing Guaranties ............................................ 108 Section 222Authorization ....................................................... 108 Section 222AAgricultural and Productive Credit and Self- Help Community Development Programs ......................... 110 Section 223General Provisions .............................................. 112 Section 224Trade Credit Insurance Program for Central America ................................................................................. 115 Section 225Trade Credit Insurance Program for Poland .... 116 Section 226Loan Guarantees to Israel Program .................. 118 Title IVOverseas Private Investment Corporation ...................... 122 Section 231Creation, Purpose and Policy ............................. 122 Section 231AAdditional Requirements ................................. 125 Section 232Capital of the Corporation .................................. 127 Section 233Organization and Management ......................... 127 Section 234Investment Insurance and Other Programs ..... 129 Section 234AEnhancing Private Political Risk Insurance Industry ................................................................................ 136 Section 235Issuing Authority, Direct Investment Author- ity and Reserves ................................................................... 138 Section 236Income and Revenues ......................................... 141 Section 237General Provisions Relating to Insurance Guaranty, and Financing Program .................................... 142 Section 238Definitions ........................................................... 146 Section 239General Provisions and Powers ......................... 147 Section 240Small Business Development ............................. 151 Section 240AReports to the Congress ................................... 151 Section 240BProhibition on Noncompetitive Awarding of Insurance Contracts on OPIC Supported Exports ............ 154 Title VDisadvantaged Children in Asia ........................................ 155 Section 241Assistance to Certain Disadvantaged Children in Asia ................................................................................... 155 Title VIMicroenterprise Development Assistance ........................ 155 Subtitle AGrant Assistance ........................................................... 155 Section 251Findings and Policy ............................................. 155 Section 252Authorization; Implementation; Targeted As- sistance ................................................................................. 156 Section 253Monitoring System .............................................. 158 Section 254Development and Certification of Poverty Measurement Methods; Application of Methods ............... 158 Section 255Additional Authorities ........................................ 159 Subtitle BCredit Assistance ........................................................... 159 Section 256Microenterprise Development Credits ............... 159 Subtitle CUnited States Microfinance Loan Facility ................... 162 Section 257United States Microfinance Loan Facility ........ 162 Subtitle DMiscellaneous Provisions .............................................. 164 Section 258Report ................................................................... 164 Section 259Definitions ........................................................... 165 Title IXUtilization of Democratic Institutions in Development .. 167 Section 281Utilization of Democratic Institutions in Devel- opment .................................................................................. 167 Title XIIFamine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger ........... 168 Section 296General Provisions .............................................. 168 Section 297General Authority ............................................... 173 Section 298Board for International Food and Agricultural Development ......................................................................... 176 Section 299Authorization ....................................................... 178 Section 300Annual Report ..................................................... 178 Chapter 3International Organizations and Programs ................ 179 Section 301General Authority ............................................... 179 Section 302Authorization ....................................................... 181 Section 303Indus Basin Development .................................. 185 Section 305Integration of Women ......................................... 186 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 9. 3 Section 306Reports on International Organizations ............ 186 Section 307Withholding of United States Proportionate Share for Certain Programs of International Organiza- tions ...................................................................................... 186 Chapter 5Contingencies ................................................................ 190 Section 451Contingencies ...................................................... 190 Chapter 6Central America Democracy, Peace, and Develop- ment Initiative ................................................................................ 191 Section 461Statement of Policy ............................................. 191 Section 462Conditions on Furnishing Assistance ................ 192 Section 463Peace Process in Central America ..................... 192 Section 464Economic Assistance Coordination .................... 192 Section 465Authorization for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 . 194 Section 466Definitions ........................................................... 194 Chapter 7Debt-For-Nature Exchanges ........................................ 194 Section 461Definition ............................................................. 194 Section 462Assistance for Commercial Debt Exchanges ..... 195 Section 463Eligible Projects ................................................... 195 Section 464Eligible Countries ................................................ 196 Section 465Terms and Conditions ......................................... 196 Section 466Pilot Program for Sub-Saharan Africa .............. 197 Chapter 8International Narcotics Control ................................... 197 Section 481Policy, General Authorities, Coordination, For- eign Police Actions, Definitions, and Other Provisions .... 197 Section 482Authorization ....................................................... 203 Section 483Prohibition on Use of Foreign Assistance for Reimbursements for Drug Crop Eradications ................... 206 Section 484Requirements Relating to Aircraft and Other Equipment ............................................................................ 206 Section 485Records of Aircraft Use ....................................... 208 Section 486Reallocation of Funds Withheld from Coun- tries Which Fail to Take Adequate Steps to Halt Illicit Drug Production or Trafficking .......................................... 208 Section 487Prohibition on Assistance to Drug Traffickers . 209 Section 488Limitations on Acquisition of Real Property and Construction of Facilities ............................................. 209 Section 489Reporting Requirements ..................................... 210 Section 490Annual Certification Procedures ........................ 215 Chapter 9International Disaster Assistance ............................... 222 Section 491Policy and General Authority ............................. 222 Section 492Authorization ....................................................... 222 Section 493Disaster AssistanceCoordination .................... 223 Section 494Disaster Relief Assistance .................................. 223 Section 495Cyprus Relief and Rehabilitation ...................... 224 Section 495BItaly Relief and Rehabilitation ........................ 224 Section 495CLebanon Relief and Rehabilitation .................. 225 Section 495DRomanian Relief and Rehabilitation ............... 225 Section 495ETurkey Relief, Rehabilitation, and Recon- struction ................................................................................ 226 Section 495FAfrican Rehabilitation and Resettlement ....... 226 Section 495GSpecial Caribbean Hurricane Relief Assist- ance ....................................................................................... 227 Section 495HCambodian Disaster Relief Assistance ........... 227 Section 495IAssistance for Displaced Persons in Central America ................................................................................. 228 Section 495JLebanon Emergency Relief, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction Assistance ........................................... 229 Section 495KAfrican Famine Assistance .............................. 229 Chapter 10Development Fund for Africa ..................................... 231 Section 496Long-Term Development Assistance for Sub- Saharan Africa ..................................................................... 231 Section 497Authorizations of Appropriations for the Devel- opment Fund for Africa ....................................................... 236 Chapter 11Support for the Economic and Democratic Develop- ment of the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union ..... 238 Section 498Assistance for the Independent States .............. 238 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 10. 4 Section 498ACriteria for Assistance to Governments of the Independent States .............................................................. 241 Section 498BAuthorities Relating to Assistance and Other Provisions ............................................................................. 245 Section 498CAuthorization of Appropriations ...................... 248 Chapter 12Support for the Economic and Political Independ- ence of the Countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia . 252 Section 499United States Assistance to Promote Reconcili- ation and Recovery from Regional Conflicts ...................... 252 Section 499AEconomic Assistance ......................................... 252 Section 499BDevelopment of Infrastructure ........................ 253 Section 499CBorder Control Assistance ............................... 253 Section 499DStrengthening Democracy, Tolerance, and the Development of Civil Society ........................................ 254 Section 499EAdministrative Authorities .............................. 254 Section 499FDefinitions ......................................................... 255 Part II Chapter 1Policy .............................................................................. 255 Section 501Statement of Policy ............................................. 255 Section 502Utilization of Defense Articles and Services ..... 256 Section 502BHuman Rights ................................................... 257 Chapter 2Military Assistance ....................................................... 264 Section 503General Authority ............................................... 264 Section 504Authorization ....................................................... 266 Section 505Conditions of Eligibility ...................................... 266 Section 506Special Authority ................................................. 271 Section 511Considerations in Furnishing Military Assistance ............................................................................. 275 Section 514Stockpiling of Defense Articles for Foreign Countries .............................................................................. 276 Section 515Overseas Management of Assistance and Sales Programs .............................................................................. 279 Section 516Authority to Transfer Excess Defense Articles . 280 Section 517Designation of Major Non-NATO Allies ............ 284 Chapter 3Foreign Military Sales .................................................. 285 Section 524Reimbursements .................................................. 285 Chapter 4Economic Support Fund ............................................... 286 Section 531Authority .............................................................. 287 Section 532Authorizations of Appropriations ....................... 288 Section 533Emergency Assistance ........................................ 290 Section 534Administration of Justice ................................... 290 Chapter 5International Military Education and Training ......... 292 Section 541General Authority ............................................... 292 Section 542Authorization ....................................................... 293 Section 543Purposes ............................................................... 294 Section 544Exchange Training .............................................. 294 Section 545Training in Maritime Skills ............................... 295 Section 546Prohibition on Grant Assistance for Certain High Income Foreign Countries. ........................................ 296 Section 547Consultation Requirement. ................................. 296 Section 548Records Regarding Foreign Participants. .......... 296 Section 549Human Rights Report. ........................................ 297 Chapter 6Peacekeeping Operations ............................................. 297 Section 551General Authority ............................................... 297 Section 552Authorization of Appropriations ........................ 297 Section 553Administrative Authorities ................................. 299 Section 554Data on Costs Incurred in Support of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations ...................................... 299 Chapter 7Air Base Construction in Israel ................................... 299 Section 561General Authority ............................................... 299 Section 562Authorization and Utilization of Funds ............ 300 Section 563Waiver Authorities .............................................. 300 Chapter 8Antiterrorism Assistance .............................................. 301 Section 571General Authority ............................................... 301 Section 572Purposes ............................................................... 301 Section 573Limitations .......................................................... 301 Section 574Authorizations of Appropriations ....................... 303 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 11. 5 Section 575Administrative Authorities ................................. 304 Chapter 9Nonproliferation and Export Control Assistance ....... 304 Section 581Purposes ............................................................... 304 Section 582Authorization of Assistance ................................ 304 Section 583Transit Interdiction ............................................. 305 Section 584International Nonproliferation Export Control Training ................................................................................ 306 Section 585Limitations .......................................................... 306 Section 586Authorization of Appropriations ........................ 307 Part III Chapter 1General Provisions ........................................................ 307 Section 601Encouragement of Free Enterprise and Private Participation ......................................................................... 307 Section 602Small Business .................................................... 310 Section 603Shipping on United States Vessels .................... 311 Section 604Procurement ........................................................ 311 Section 605Retention and Use of Certain Items and Funds .................................................................................... 313 Section 606Patents and Technical Information ................... 314 Section 607Furnishing of Services and Commodities .......... 314 Section 608Advance Acquisition of Property ........................ 316 Section 610Transfer Between Accounts ................................ 318 Section 611Completion of Plans and Cost Estimates .......... 320 Section 612Use of Foreign Currencies .................................. 321 Section 613Accounting, Valuation, Reporting, and Admin- istration of Foreign Currencies ........................................... 323 Section 614Special Authorities .............................................. 324 Section 615Contract Authority .............................................. 325 Section 616Availability of Funds ........................................... 326 Section 617Termination of Assistance .................................. 326 Section 618Assistance for a Reconstruction and Stabiliza- tion Crisis ............................................................................. 327 Section 620Prohibitions Against Furnishing Assistance ..... 328 Section 620AProhibition on Assistance to Governments Supporting International Terrorism .................................. 340 Section 620CUnited States Policy Regarding the Eastern Mediterranean ...................................................................... 342 Section 620EAssistance to Pakistan ..................................... 345 Section 620FNuclear Non-Proliferation Policy in South Asia ....................................................................................... 349 Section 620GProhibition on Assistance to Countries That Aid Terrorist States ............................................................. 350 Section 620HProhibition on Assistance to Countries That Provide Military Equipment to Terrorist States ............... 351 Section 620IProhibition on Assistance to Countries That Restrict United States Humanitarian Assistance ............. 352 Section 620JDepleted Uranium Ammunition ...................... 352 Section 620KLimitation on Assistance to the Palestinian Authority .............................................................................. 353 Section 620LLimitation on Assistance for the West Bank and Gaza ............................................................................... 355 Section 620JLimitation on Assistance to Security Forces ... 357 Chapter 2Administrative Provisions ............................................ 358 Section 621Exercise of Functions .......................................... 358 Section 621AStrengthened Management Practices ............. 359 Section 622Coordination With Foreign Policy ...................... 359 Section 623The Secretary of Defense .................................... 360 Section 624Statutory Officers ................................................ 360 Section 625Employment of Personnel ................................... 361 Section 626Experts, Consultants, and Retired Officers ...... 364 Section 627Detail of Personnel to Foreign Governments .... 365 Section 628Detail of Personnel to International Organizations ....................................................................... 365 Section 629Status of Personnel Detailed .............................. 365 Section 630Terms of Detail or Assignment .......................... 366 Section 631Missions and Staffs Abroad ................................ 366 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 12. 6 Section 632Allocation and Reimbursement Among Agencies ................................................................................ 367 Section 633Waivers of Certain Laws .................................... 370 Section 633AFurnishing Information .................................... 370 Section 634Annual Report ..................................................... 371 Section 634ANotification of Program Changes .................... 374 Section 634BClassification of Reports .................................. 375 Section 635General Authorities ............................................. 375 Section 636Provisions on Uses of Funds .............................. 378 Section 637Administrative Expenses .................................... 383 Section 638Exclusions ............................................................ 384 Section 640AFalse Claims and Ineligible Commodities ...... 384 Section 640BCoordination ...................................................... 385 Section 640CShipping Differential ........................................ 387 Chapter 3Miscellaneous Provisions .............................................. 387 Section 641Effective Date and Identification of Programs . 387 Section 642Statutes Repealed ............................................... 387 Section 643Saving Provisions ................................................ 388 Section 644Definitions ........................................................... 388 Section 645Unexpended Balances ......................................... 391 Section 646Construction ........................................................ 391 Section 647Dependable Fuel Supply ..................................... 392 Section 648Special Authorization for Use of Foreign Currencies ............................................................................ 392 Section 650Use of United States Armed Forces .................. 392 Section 652Limitation Upon Exercise of Special Authorities ............................................................................ 392 Section 653Change in Allocation of Foreign Assistance ...... 393 Section 654Presidential Findings and Determinations ....... 394 Section 655Annual Military Assistance Report ................... 394 Section 656Annual Foreign Military Training Report ........ 396 Section 660Prohibiting Police Training ................................ 397 Section 661Trade and Development Agency ........................ 400 Section 663Exchanges of Certain Materials ......................... 403 Section 666Discrimination Against United States Personnel .............................................................................. 404 Section 667Operating Expenses ............................................ 404 Part IV Enterprise for the Americas Initiative ............................................. 408 Section 701Purpose ................................................................ 408 Section 702Definitions ........................................................... 409 Section 703Eligibilty for Benefits .......................................... 409 Section 704Reduction of Certain Debt .................................. 410 Section 705Repayment of Principal ...................................... 411 Section 706Interest on New Obligations .............................. 411 Section 707Enterprise for the Americas Funds ................... 411 Section 708Americas Framework Agreements ..................... 412 Section 709Enterprise for the Americas Board .................... 414 Section 710Annual Reports to the Congress ........................ 414 Part V Debt Reduction for Developing Countries with Tropical Forests ... 415 Section 801Short Title ............................................................ 415 Section 802Findings and Purposes ....................................... 416 Section 803Definitions ........................................................... 417 Section 804Establishment of the Facility ............................. 418 Section 805Eligiblity for Benefits .......................................... 418 Section 806Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States As a Result of Concessional Loans Under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ......................................................... 419 Section 807Reduction of Debt Owed to the United States As a Result of Credits Extended Under Title I of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 ....................................................................................... 420 Section 808Authority to Engage in Debt-for-Nature Swaps and Debt Buybacks .............................................................. 421 Section 809Tropical Forest Agreement ................................. 423 Section 810Tropical Forest Fund .......................................... 425 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 13. 7 Section 811Board .................................................................... 425 Section 812Consultations with the Congress ....................... 426 Section 813Annual Reports to the Congress ........................ 426 b. Arms Export Control Act (Public Law 90629) ......................................... 427 c. Child Soldiers Protection Act of 2008 (Public Law 110457) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 553 d. Naval Vessel Transfer Act of 2008 (Public Law 110429) ....................... 558 e. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007International Provi- sions (Public Law 110140) (partial text) ................................................... 562 f. Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act of 2006 (Public Law 109456) ............................................. 589 g. Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006 (Public Law 109446) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 596 h. Iran Freedom Support Act (Public Law 109293) (partial text) ............. 602 i. Transfer of Items in the War Reserves Stockpile for Allies, Korea (Public Law 109159) ................................................................................... 607 j. Naval Vessels Transfer Act of 2005 (Public Law 109134) ...................... 609 k. Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005 (Public Law 109121) (partial text) .................................................................................. 611 l. Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005 (Public Law 10995) (partial text) ......................... 618 m. Millennium Challenge Act of 2003 (Public Law 108199) ...................... 623 n. HELP Commission Act (Public Law 108199) .......................................... 642 o. Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003 (Public Law 108175) ................................................................................... 649 p. HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Assistance .................................... 657 (1) United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (Public Law 10825) ............................. 657 (2) Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leader- ship Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthor- ization Act of 2008 (Public Law 110293) (partial text) .............. 719 (3) Assistance for International Malaria Control Act (Public Law 106570) (partial text) .................................................................... 723 (4) Global AIDS and Tuberculosis Relief Act of 2000 (Public Law 106264) .................................................................................. 727 (5) Access to AIDS/HIV Pharmaceuticals and Medical Tech- nologies (Executive Order 13155) .................................................. 739 q. Afghanistan .................................................................................................. 742 (1) Afghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002 (Public Law 107 327) .................................................................................................. 742 (2) Afghanistan Freedom Support Act Amendments of 2004 (Public Law 108458) (partial text) .............................................. 766 r. Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea ...................................................... 769 (1) North Korea Human Rights Act of 2004 (Public Law 108 333) .................................................................................................. 769 (2) North Korea Human Rights Reauthorization Act of 2007 (Public Law 110346) ..................................................................... 782 s. Sudan ............................................................................................................ 785 (1) Sudan Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (Public Law 110174) .................................................................................. 785 (2) Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 2006 (Public Law 109344) .......................................................................................... 793 (3) Comprehensive Peace in Sudan Act of 2004 (Public Law 108 497) .................................................................................................. 805 (4) Sudan Peace Act (Public Law 107245) ..................................... 811 t. Trafficking in Persons .................................................................................. 821 (1) Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (Public Law 106386) . 821 (2) William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2008 (Public Law 110457) (partial text) ..................................................... 865 (3) Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 (Pub- lic Law 109164) (partial text) ............................................................. 888 (4) Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 (Pub- lic Law 108193) (partial text) ............................................................. 898 (5) 18 United States CodeTrafficking in Persons ............................... 900 (6) Presidents Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Traf- ficking in Persons (Executive Order 13257) ........................................ 909 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 14. 8 u. Jobs Through Trade Export Act of 1994 (Public Law 103392) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 913 v. Jobs Through Export Act of 1992 (Public Law 102549) ......................... 915 w. Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1988 (Public Law 100461) (partial text) ............................................................. 924 x. Earlier Foreign Assistance Authorization Acts ......................................... 926 (1) Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1986 (Public Law 99529) (par- tial text) .................................................................................................. 926 (2) International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 9983) (partial text) ......................................................... 932 (3) International Security and Development Assistance Authorization Act of 1983 (Public Law 98151) (partial text) ................................... 990 (4) International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97113) (partial text) ....................................................... 994 (5) International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96533) (partial text) ....................................................... 1012 (6) International Security Assistance Act of 1979 (Public Law 96 92) (partial text) ..................................................................................... 1025 (7) International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 9653) (partial text) ............................................................................... 1028 (8) International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Pub- lic Law 95424) (partial text) ............................................................... 1039 (9) International Security Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95 384) (partial text) ................................................................................... 1043 (10) International Security Assistance Act of 1977 (Public Law 95 92) (partial text) ..................................................................................... 1047 (11) International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977 (Public Law 9588) (partial text) ......................................................... 1050 (12) International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (Public Law 94329) (partial text) .......................................... 1054 (13) International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 94161) (partial text) ....................................................... 1062 (14) Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 (Public Law 93559) (partial text) ......................................................................................................... 1064 (15) Foreign Assistance Act of 1973 (Public Law 93189) (partial text) ......................................................................................................... 1070 (16) Foreign Assistance Act of 1971 (Public Law 92226) (partial text) ......................................................................................................... 1076 (17) Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1971, as amended (Public Law 91652) (partial text) .................................................................... 1078 (18) Foreign Military Sales Act Amendments, 1971, as amended (Public Law 91672) (partial text) ....................................................... 1080 (19) Foreign Assistance Act of 1969, as amended (Public Law 91 175) (partial text) ................................................................................... 1083 (20) Foreign Assistance Act of 1968 (Public Law 90554) (partial text) ......................................................................................................... 1090 (21) Foreign Assistance Act of 1967 (Public Law 90137) .................... 1092 (22) Foreign Assistance Act of 1966 (Public Law 89583) .................... 1093 (23) Foreign Assistance Act of 1965 (Public Law 89171) .................... 1094 (24) Foreign Assistance Act of 1964 (Public Law 88633) (partial text) ......................................................................................................... 1095 (25) Foreign Assistance Act of 1963 (Public Law 88205) .................... 1096 (26) Foreign Assistance Act of 1962 (Public Law 87565) .................... 1097 2. Foreign Assistance Appropriations ................................................................. 1098 a. Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Ap- propriations Act, 2009 (Public Law 1118) ................................................. 1098 b. Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (Public Law 11132) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 1201 c. Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropria- tions Act, 2009 (Public Law 110329) (partial text) .................................. 1222 d. Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008 (Public Law 110252) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 1228 e. Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Ap- propriations Act, 2008 (Public Law 110161) (partial text) ...................... 1246 f. U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 (Public Law 11028) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 1350 VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 6041 Sfmt 6646 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 15. 9 g. Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (Public Law 109289) (partial text) .................................................................................................. 1365 h. Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006 (Public Law 109234) (partial text) .................................................................................................. 1373 i. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 2006 (Public Law 109102) .................................................. 1380 j. Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005 (Public Law 10913) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 1469 k. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 2005 (Public Law 108447) .................................................. 1471 l. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 2004 (Public Law 108199) .................................................. 1476 m. Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004 (Public Law 108106) (partial text) .................................................................................................. 1477 n. Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003 (Public Law 10811) .................................................................................................. 1493 o. Kenneth M. Ludden Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Re- lated Programs Appropriations Act, 2002 (Public Law 107115) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 1497 p. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 2001 (Public Law 106429) (partial text) ............................ 1499 q. Emergency Supplemental Act, 2000 (Public Law 106246) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 1506 r. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 2000 (Public Law 106113) (partial text) ............................ 1515 s. Miscellaneous Appropriations, 2000 (Public Law 106113) (partial text) ................................................................................................................ 1524 t. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1999 (Public Law 105277) (partial text) ............................ 1529 u. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1997 (Public Law 104208) (partial text) ............................ 1537 v. Mexican Debt Disclosure Act of 1995 (Public Law 1046) (partial text) 1545 w. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Supple- mental Appropriations Act, 1994 (Public Law 103306) (partial text) ..... 1549 x. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1993 (Public Law 102391) (partial text) ............................ 1551 y. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101513) (partial text) ............................ 1555 z. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1990 (Public Law 101167) (partial text) ............................ 1566 aa. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1989 (Public Law 100460) (partial text) ............................ 1581 bb. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1988 (Public Law 100202) (partial text) ............................ 1583 cc. Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1984 (Deobligation of funds for Syria) (Public Law 98151) (partial text) ....... 1588 dd. Title 31, United States CodeValid Obligations ................................... 1590 NOTE.Volume I is printed in two parts, IA and IB, effective 1994. Volume IB contains legislation and Exec- utive orders relating to other foreign assistance matters, the Armed Forces, agricultural commodities, and the Peace Corps. VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 6042 Sfmt 6602 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 16. VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 6042 Sfmt 6602 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.000 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 17. (11) * NOTE.The Foreign Assistance Act will be referred to as the FA Act and this Act. 1. Foreign Assistance and Arms Export Acts * a. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended Public Law 87195 [S. 1983], 75 Stat. 424, approved September 4, 1961, as amended by Public Law 87329 [Foreign Assistance and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 1962; H.R. 9033], 75 Stat. 717, approved September 30, 1961; Public Law 87565 [Foreign Assistance Act of 1962, S. 2996], 76 Stat. 255, approved August 1, 1962; Public Law 87793 [Postal Service and Fed- eral Employees Salary Act of 1962, H.R. 7927], 76 Stat. 832, approved Octo- ber 11, 1962; Public Law 88205 [H.R. 7885], 77 Stat. 379, approved Decem- ber 16, 1963; Public Law 88426 [Government Employees Salary Reform Act of 1964, H.R. 11049], 78 Stat. 400, approved August 14, 1964; Public Law 88448 [Dual Compensation Act, H.R. 7381], 78 Stat. 484, approved August 19, 1964; Public Law 88633 [H.R. 11380], 78 Stat. 1009, approved October 7, 1964; Public Law 88638 [Amendments to Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, as amended; S. 2687], 78 Stat. 1035, approved October 8, 1964; Public Law 89171 [Foreign Assistance Act of 1965; H.R. 7750], 79 Stat. 653, approved September 6, 1965; Public Law 89371 [H.R. 12169], 80 Stat. 74, approved March 18, 1966; Public Law 89583 [Foreign Assistance Act of 1966; H.R. 15750], 80 Stat. 795, approved September 19, 1966; Public Law 90137 [Foreign Assistance Act of 1967; S. 1872], 81 Stat. 445, approved November 14, 1967; Public Law 90554 [Foreign Assistance Act of 1968; H.R. 15263], 82 Stat. 960, approved Octo- ber 8, 1968; Public Law 90629 [Foreign Military Sales Act, H.R. 15681], 82 Stat. 1320, approved October 22, 1968; Public Law 91175 [Foreign As- sistance Act of 1969; H.R. 14580], 83 Stat. 805, approved December 30, 1969; Public Law 91652 [Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1971, H.R. 19911], 84 Stat. 1942, approved January 5, 1971; Public Law 92226 [For- eign Assistance Act of 1971; S. 2819], 86 Stat. 20, approved February 7, 1972; Public Law 92352 [Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1972, H.R. 14734], 86 Stat. 489, approved July 13, 1972; Public Law 93189 [For- eign Assistance Act of 1973; S. 1443], 87 Stat. 714, approved December 17, 1973; Public Law 93333 [Foreign Disaster Assistance Act of 1974, H.R. 12412], 88 Stat. 290, approved July 8, 1974; Public Law 93390 [Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1974, S. 2957], 88 Stat. 763, approved August 27, 1974; Public Law 93559 [Foreign Assist- ance Act of 1974; S. 3394], 88 Stat. 1795, approved December 30, 1974; Pub- lic Law 94104 [S. 2230], 89 Stat. 508, approved October 6, 1975; Public Law 94161 [International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975; H.R. 9005], 89 Stat. 849, approved December 20, 1975; Public Law 94273 [Fiscal Year Adjustment Act; S. 2445], 90 Stat. 375, approved April 21, 1976; Public Law 94276 [Guatemala Relief and Rehabilitation Act of 1976; S. 3056], 90 Stat. 397, approved April 21, 1976; Public Law 94329 [International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976; H.R. 13680], 90 Stat. 729, approved June 30, 1976; Public Law 9521 [Ro- manian Relief and Rehabilitation; H.R. 5717], 91 Stat. 48, approved April 18, 1977; Public Law 9523 [Supplemental Military Assistance to Portugal for Fiscal Year 1977; S. 489], 91 Stat. 54, approved April 30, 1977; Public Law 9588 [International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977; H.R. 6714], 91 Stat. 533, approved August 3, 1977; Public Law 9592 [Inter- national Security Assistance Act of 1977; H.R. 6884], 91 Stat. 614, ap- proved August 4, 1977; Public Law 95105 [Foreign Relations Authoriza- tion Act, Fiscal Year 1978; H.R. 6689], 91 Stat. 844 at 846, approved August 17, 1977; Public Law 95268 [OPIC Amendments Act of 1978; H.R. 9179], 92 Stat. 213, approved April 24, 1978; Public Law 95384 [International Se- curity Assistance Act of 1978; S. 3075], 92 Stat. 730, approved September VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 6621 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 18. 12 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) 26, 1978; Public Law 95424 [International Development and Food Assist- ance Act of 1978; H.R. 12222], 92 Stat. 937, approved October 6, 1978; Pub- lic Law 9635 [Special International Security Assistance Act of 1979; S. 1007], 93 Stat. 89, approved July 20, 1979; Public Law 9653 [International Development Cooperation Act of 1979; H.R. 3324], 93 Stat. 359, approved August 14, 1979; Public Law 9692 [International Security Assistance Act of 1979; H.R. 3173], 93 Stat. 701, approved October 29, 1979; Public Law 96109 [Caribbean Hurricane Relief Assistance Authorization; H.R. 5218], 93 Stat. 842, approved November 9, 1979; Public Law 96110 [Cambodian Disaster Relief Assistance Authorization; H.R. 4995], 93 Stat. 843, ap- proved November 13, 1979; Public Law 96257 [Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979; H.R. 6081], 94 Stat. 422, approved May 31, 1980; Public Law 96327 [S. 1916], 94 Stat. 1026, approved August 8, 1980; Public Law 96450 [Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1981; S. 2597], 94 Stat. 1975 at 1981, approved October 14, 1980; Public Law 96465 [For- eign Service Act of 1980; H.R. 6790], 94 Stat. 2071 at 2158, approved Octo- ber 17, 1980; Public Law 96525 [H.R. 8388], 94 Stat. 3043, approved De- cember 12, 1980; Public Law 96533 [International Security and Develop- ment Cooperation Act of 1980; H.R. 6942], 94 Stat. 3131, approved Decem- ber 16, 1980; Public Law 9765 [OPIC Amendments Act of 1981; H.R. 3136], 95 Stat. 1021, approved October 16, 1981; Public Law 97113 [Inter- national Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981; S. 1196], 95 Stat. 1519, approved December 29, 1981; Public Law 97164 [Federal Courts Improvement Act; H.R. 4482], 96 Stat. 25 at 48, approved April 2, 1982; Public Law 97208 [Humanitarian Assistance for the People of Leb- anon; H.R. 6631], 96 Stat. 138, approved June 30, 1982; Public Law 97377 [Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 1983; H.J. Res. 631], 96 Stat. 1830 at 1831, approved December 21, 1982; Public Law 97438 [H.R. 7143], 96 Stat. 2286, approved January 8, 1983; Public Law 98151 [Further Con- tinuing Appropriations, 1984; H.J. Res. 413], 97 Stat. 964, approved No- vember 14, 1983; Public Law 98164 [Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1984 and 1985; H.R. 2915], 97 Stat. 1017, approved No- vember 22, 1983; Public Law 98473 [Continuing Appropriations, 1985; H.J. Res. 648], 98 Stat. 1837 at 1884, approved October 12, 1984; Public Law 998 [African Famine Relief and Recovery Act of 1985; S. 689], 99 Stat. 21, approved April 2, 1985; Public Law 9964 [Export Administration Amendments Act of 1985; S. 883], 99 Stat. 156, approved July 12, 1985, Public Law 9983 [International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985; S. 960], 99 Stat. 190, approved August 8, 1985; Public Law 99 93 [Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1986 and 1987; H.R. 2068], 99 Stat. 405 at 442, approved August 16, 1985; Public Law 99204 [Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1985; S. 947], 99 Stat. 1669 approved December 23, 1985; Public Law 99399 [Omni- bus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986; H.R. 4151], 100 Stat. 853, approved August 27, 1986; Public Law 99440 [Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986; H.R. 4868], 100 Stat. 1086, approved October 2, 1986; Public Law 99514 [Tax Reform Act of 1986; H.R. 3838], 100 Stat. 2085, approved October 22, 1986; Public Law 99529 [Special Foreign As- sistance Act of 1986; S. 1917], 100 Stat. 3010, approved October 24, 1986; Public Law 99570 [Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986; H.R. 5484], 100 Stat. 3207, approved October 27, 1986; Public Law 99661 [National Defense Au- thorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987; S. 2368], 100 Stat. 3816, approved No- vember 14, 1986; Public Law 100202 [Continuing Appropriations Act, 1988; H.J. Res. 395], 101 Stat. 1329, approved December 22, 1987; Public Law 100204 [Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989; H.R. 1777], 101 Stat. 1331, approved December 22, 1987; Public Law 100418 [Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988; H.R. 4848], 102 Stat. 1107, approved August 23, 1988; Public Law 100461 [Foreign Oper- ations, Export Financing and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1989; H.R. 4637], 102 Stat. 2268, approved October 1, 1988; Public Law 100690 [International Narcotics Control Act of 1988; H.R. 5210], 102 Stat. 4181, approved November 18, 1988; Public Law 101165 [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1990; H.R. 3072], 103 Stat. 1112, approved November 21, 1989; Public Law 101167 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1990; H.R. 3743], 103 Stat. 1195, ap- proved November 21, 1989; Public Law 101179 [Support for East Euro- pean Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989; H.R. 3402], 103 Stat. 1298, approved November 28, 1989; Public Law 101189 [National Defense Authorization VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 6621 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 19. 13Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991; H.R. 2461], 103 Stat. 1352, approved November 29, 1989; Public Law 101218 [Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness Act of 1989; S. 488], 103 Stat. 1868, approved December 11, 1989; Public Law 101222 [Anti-Terrorism and Arms Export Amendments Act of 1989; H.R. 91], 103 Stat. 1892, approved December 12, 1989; Public Law 101231 [International Narcotics Control Act of 1989; H.R. 3611], 103 Stat. 1954, approved December 13, 1989; Public Law 101240 [International Development and Finance Act of 1989; H.R. 2494], 103 Stat. 2492, approved December 19, 1989; Public Law 101302 [Dire Emergency Supplemental Appropriation for Disaster Assistance, Food Stamps, Unemployment Compensation Administration, and Other Urgent Needs, and Transfers, and Reducing Funds Budgeted for Military Spending Act of 1990; H.R. 4404], 104 Stat. 213, approved May 25, 1990; Public Law 101510 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991; H.R. 4739], 104 Stat. 1485, approved November 5, 1990; Public Law 101513 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991; H.R. 5114], 104 Stat. 1979, approved November 5, 1990; Public Law 101604 [Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990; H.R. 5732], 104 Stat. 3066, approved November 16, 1990; Public Law 101 623 [International Narcotics Control Act of 1990; H.R. 5567], 104 Stat. 3350, approved November 21, 1990; Public Law 10288 [Intelligence Au- thorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991; H.R. 1455], 105 Stat. 429, approved Au- gust 14, 1991; Public Law 102190 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993; H.R. 2100], 105 Stat. 1290, approved December 5, 1991; H.R. 2621 as passed by the House on June 19, 1991 [parts of which were enacted by reference in Public Law 102145, as amended by Public Law 102266, 106 Stat. 92, approved April 1, 1992]; Public Law 102391 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1993; H.R. 5368], 106 Stat. 1633, approved October 6, 1992; Public Law 102484 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993; H.R. 5006], 106 Stat. 2315, approved October 23, 1992; Public Law 102511 [FREEDOM Support Act; S. 2532], 106 Stat. 3320, approved Octo- ber 24, 1992; Public Law 102549 [Jobs Through Exports Act of 1992; H.R. 4996], 106 Stat. 3651, approved October 28, 1992; Public Law 102550 [Housing and Community Development Act of 1992; H.R. 5334], 106 Stat. 3672, approved October 28, 1992; Public Law 102572 [Federal Courts Ad- ministration Act of 1992; S. 1569], 106 Stat. 4506, approved October 29, 1992; Public Law 102583 [International Narcotics Control Act of 1992; H.R. 6187], 106 Stat. 4914, approved November 2, 1992; Public Law 103 87 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appro- priations Act, 1994; H.R. 2295], 107 Stat. 931, approved September 30, 1993; Public Law 103149 [South African Democratic Transition Support Act of 1993; H.R. 3225], 107 Stat. 1503, approved November 23, 1993; Pub- lic Law 103160 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994; H.R. 2401], 107 Stat. 1547, approved November 30, 1993; Public Law 103 199 [FRIENDSHIP Act; H.R. 3000], 107 Stat. 2317, approved December 17, 1993; Public Law 103236 [Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995; H.R. 2333], 108 Stat. 382, approved April 30, 1994; Public Law 103306 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1995; H.R. 4426], 108 Stat. 1608, approved August 23, 1994; Public Law 103392 [Jobs Through Trade Expansion Act of 1994; H.R. 4950], 108 Stat. 4098, approved October 22, 1994; Public Law 103437 [United States Code Technical Amendments; H.R. 4777], 108 Stat. 4581, approved November 2, 1994; Public Law 103447 [International Nar- cotics Control Corrections Act of 1994; H.R. 5246], 108 Stat. 4691, ap- proved November 2, 1994; Public Law 10466 [Federal Reports Elimi- nation and Sunset Act of 1995; S. 790], 109 Stat. 707, approved December 21, 1995; Public Law 10499 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1996; H.R. 1868], enacted by ref- erence in section 301 of H.R. 2880, 110 Stat. 26, approved January 26, 1996, enacted again as Public Law 104107 [H.R. 1868], 110 Stat. 704, ap- proved February 12, 1996; Public Law 104106 [National Defense Author- ization Act for Fiscal Year 1996; S. 1124], 110 Stat. 186, approved Feb- ruary 10, 1996; Public Law 104114 [Cuban Liberty and Democratic Soli- darity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996; H.R. 927], 110 Stat. 785, approved March 12, 1996; Public Law 104132 [Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996; S. 735], 110 Stat. 1214, approved April 24, 1996; Public Law 104164 [H.R. 3121], 110 Stat. 1421, approved July 21, 1996; Public Law VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 6621 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 20. 14 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) 104188 [Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996; H.R. 3448], 110 Stat. 1755, approved August 20, 1996; Public Law 104208 [Omnibus Consoli- dated Appropriations Act, 1997; H.R. 3610], 110 Stat. 3009, approved Sep- tember 30, 1996; Public Law 104319 [Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions Act of 1996; H.R. 4036], 110 Stat. 3864, ap- proved October 19, 1996; Public Law 105118 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998; H.R. 2159], 111 Stat. 2386, approved November 26, 1997; Public Law 105214 [Tropical Forest Conservation Act of 1998; H.R. 2870], 112 Stat. 885, approved July 29, 1998; Public Law 105277 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1999; Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998; and Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fis- cal Years 1998 and 1999; H.R. 4328], 112 Stat. 2681, approved October 21, 1998; Public Law 105292 [International Religious Freedom Act of 1998; H.R. 2431], 112 Stat. 2787, approved October 27, 1998; Public Law 105320 [Torture Victims Relief Act of 1998; H.R. 4309], 112 Stat. 3016, approved October 30, 1998; Public Law 105362 [Federal Reports Elimination Act of 1998; S. 1364], 112 Stat. 3280, approved November 10, 1998; Public Law 10631 [1999 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act; H.R. 1141], 113 Stat. 57, approved May 21, 1999; Public Law 10687 [Torture Victims Re- lief Reauthorization Act of 1999; H.R. 2367], 113 Stat. 1301, approved No- vember 3, 1999; Public Law 106113 [Silk Road Strategy Act of 1999; For- eign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropria- tions Act, 2000; H.R. 3324 enacted by reference in sec. 1000(a)(2) of Con- solidated Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2000; H.R. 3194], 113 Stat. 1501, approved November 29, 1999; Public Law 106113 [Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001; H.R. 3427 enacted by reference in sec. 1000(a)(7) of Consolidated Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2000; H.R. 3194], 113 Stat. 1501, approved November 29, 1999; Public Law 106113 [Arms Con- trol, Nonproliferation, and Security Assistance Act of 1999; division B of H.R. 3427, enacted by reference in sec. 1000(a)(7) of Consolidated Appro- priations Act for Fiscal Year 2000; H.R. 3194], 113 Stat. 1501, approved No- vember 29, 1999; Public Law 106158 [Export Enhancement Act of 1999; H.R. 3381], 113 Stat. 1745, approved December 9, 1999; Public Law 106200 [African Growth and Opportunity Act; title I of H.R. 434], 114 Stat. 252, approved May 18, 2000; Public Law 106264 [Global AIDS and Tuber- culosis Relief Act of 2000; H.R. 3519], 114 Stat. 748, approved August 19, 2000; Public Law 106280 [Security Assistance Act of 2000; H.R. 4919], 114 Stat. 845, approved October 6, 2000; Public Law 106309 [Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act of 2000; H.R. 1143], 114 Stat. 1078, approved October 17, 2000; Public Law 106373 [Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger Improvement Act of 2000; H.R. 4002], 114 Stat. 1427, approved October 27, 2000; Public Law 106386 [Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000; H.R. 3244], 114 Stat.1464, approved October 28, 2000; Public Law 106429 [For- eign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropria- tions Act, 2001; H.R. 5526, enacted by reference in H.R. 4811], 114 Stat. 1900A3, approved November 6, 2000; Public Law 10726 [H.R. 2131], 115 Stat. 206, approved August 17, 2001; Public Law 107228 [Foreign Rela- tions Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003; H.R. 1646], 116 Stat. 1350, ap- proved September 30, 2002; Public Law 107246 [Russian Democracy Act of 2002; H.R. 2121], 116 Stat. 1511, approved October 23, 2002; Public Law 107372 [H.R. 4883], 116 Stat. 3078, approved December 19, 2002; Public Law 10825 [United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003; H.R. 1298], 117 Stat. 711, approved May 27, 2003; Public Law 10831 [H.R. 192], 117 Stat. 775, approved June 17, 2003; Pub- lic Law 108158 [Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 2003; S. 1824], 117 Stat. 1949, approved December 3, 2003; Public Law 108193 [Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003; H.R. 2620], 117 Stat. 2875, approved December 19, 2003; Public Law 108 287 [Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005; H.R. 4613], 118 Stat. 951, approved August 5, 2004; Public Law 108323 [H.R. 4654], 118 Stat. 1218, approved October 6, 2004; Public Law 108332 [Global Anti-Semi- tism Review Act of 2004; S. 2292], 118 Stat. 1282, approved October 16, 2004; Public Law 108447 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Re- lated Programs Appropriations Act, 2005; H.R. 4818], 118 Stat. 2809, ap- proved December 8, 2004; Public Law 108458 [Intelligence Reform and VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 6621 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 21. 15Sec. 101 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) 1 Sec. 111 of the Foreign Assistance and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 1962 (Public Law 87329; 75 Stat. 719) added the short title. 2 Sec. 101(a) of the FA Act of 1963 struck out the words Short Title and in the chapter heading, which formerly read Short Title and Policy. Sec. 2(1) of the FA Act of 1973 added the following words to the chapter heading: Development Assistance Authorizations. 3 22 U.S.C. 2151. Sec. 101 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 937) added sec. 101. Previously, sec. 101 had related to the short title before being repealed by the FA Act of 1963. This general policy statement was formerly contained in sec. 102 before 1978. Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004; S. 2845], 118 Stat. 3638, approved De- cember 17, 2004; Public Law 108484 [Microenterprise Results and Ac- countability Act of 2004; H.R. 3818], 118 Stat. 3922, approved December 23, 2004; Public Law 10913 [Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005; H.R. 1268], 119 Stat. 231, approved May 11, 2005; Public Law 10995 [Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005; H.R. 1409], 119 Stat. 2111, approved November 8, 2005; Public Law 109102 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2006; H.R. 3057], 119 Stat. 2172, approved November 14, 2005; Public Law 109121 [Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005; H.R. 1973], 119 Stat. 2533, approved December 1, 2005; Public Law 109177 [USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005; H.R. 3199], 120 Stat. 192, approved March 9, 2006; Public Law 109234 [Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, The Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006; H.R. 4939], 120 Stat. 418, approved June 15, 2006; Public Law 109446 [Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006; S. 2370], 120 Stat. 3318, approved December 21, 2006; Public Law 109472 [Department of State Authorities Act of 2006; H.R. 6060], 120 Stat. 3554, approved January 11, 2007; Public Law 110161 [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008; H.R. 2764], 121 Stat. 1844, approved December 26, 2007; Public Law 110246 [Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008; H.R. 6124], 122 Stat. 1651, enacted over the Presidents veto June 18, 2008; Public Law 110293 [Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008; H.R. 5501], 122 Stat. 2918, approved July 30, 2008; and Public Law 11132 [Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009; H.R. 2346], 123 Stat. 1859, approved June 24, 2009 AN ACT To promote the foreign policy, security, and general welfare of the United States by assisting peoples of the world in their efforts toward economic develop- ment and internal and external security, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. 1 PART I Chapter 1Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations 2 Sec. 101.3 General Policy.(a) The Congress finds that funda- mental political, economic, and technological changes have resulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity, and security of the people of the United States are best sustained and enhanced in a commu- nity of nations which respect individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which work together to use wisely the worlds limited resources in an open and equitable international economic system. Furthermore, the Congress reaffirms the traditional hu- manitarian ideals of the American people and renews its commit- ment to assist people in developing countries to eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, and ignorance. VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 8838 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 22. 16 Sec. 101Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) 4 Sec. 203(a)(1) of the International Anti-Corruption and Good Governance Act of 2000 (title II of Public Law 106309; 114 Stat. 1091) struck out four and inserted in lieu thereof five. 5 Sec. 203(a) of the International Anti-Corruption and Good Governance Act of 2000 (title II of Public Law 106309; 114 Stat. 1091) struck out and at the end of para. (3), replaced a pe- riod at the end of para. (4) with ; and, and added a new para. (5). 6 The responsibilities of the Agency mentioned in this subsection were transferred to the Di- rector of IDCA, pursuant to sec. 6 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1979 (establishing IDCA). The responsibilities of the Secretary of State, insofar as they relate to policy guidance other than foreign policy guidance, were also transferred to the Director. Subsequently, the Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1979 ceased to be effective with enactment of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Re- structuring Act of 1998, pursuant to sec. 1422(a)(1) (division G of Public Law 105277; 112 Stat. 2681). Sec. 1413 of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6563; 112 Stat. 2681791), furthermore, provided the following: SEC. 1413. STATUS OF AID. (a) IN GENERAL.Unless abolished pursuant to the reorganization plan submitted under sec- tion 1601, and except as provided in section 1412, there is within the Executive branch of Gov- ernment the United States Agency for International Development as an entity described in sec- tion 104 of title 5, United States Code. (b) RETENTION OF OFFICERS.Nothing in this section shall require the reappointment of any officer of the United States serving in the Agency for International Development of the United States International Development cooperation Agency as of the day before the effective date of this title.. Sec. 1522 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 6592; 112 Stat. 2681794), furthermore, provided the fol- lowing: SEC. 1522. ADMINISTRATOR OF AID REPORTING TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. The Administrator of the Agency for International Development, appointed pursuant to sec- tion 624(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2384(a)), shall report to and be under the direct authority and foreign policy guidance of the Secretary of State.. Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal objective of the foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement and sus- tained support of the people of developing countries in their efforts to acquire the knowledge and resources essential to development and to build the economic, political, and social institutions which will improve the quality of their lives. United States development cooperation policy should emphasize five 4 principal goals: (1) the alleviation of the worst physical manifestations of poverty among the worlds poor majority; (2) the promotion of conditions enabling developing countries to achieve self-sustaining economic growth with equitable dis- tribution of benefits; (3) the encouragement of development processes in which in- dividual civil and economic rights are respected and en- hanced; 5 (4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and equitable international economic system; and (5) 5 the promotion of good governance through combating corruption and improving transparency and accountability. The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires that development concerns be fully reflected in United States foreign policy and that United States development resources be effectively and efficiently utilized. (b) 6 Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, the agency primarily responsible for administering this part should have the responsibility for coordinating all United States develop- ment-related activities. VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 8838 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 23. 17Sec. 102 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) 7 22 U.S.C. 21511. Sec. 101 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 927) struck out sec. 102, which concerned a statement of policy, and added a new sec. 102. Sec. 102.7 Development Assistance Policy.(a) The Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to build and maintain the social and economic institutions necessary to achieve self-sus- taining growth and to provide opportunities to improve the quality of life for their people depend primarily upon successfully marshal- ling their own economic and human resources. The Congress recog- nizes that the magnitude of these efforts exceeds the resources of developing countries and therefore accepts that there will be a long-term need for wealthy countries to contribute additional re- sources for development purposes. The United States should take the lead in concert with other nations to mobilize such resources from public and private sources. Provision of development resources must be adapted to the needs and capabilities of specific developing countries. United States as- sistance to countries with low per capita incomes which have lim- ited access to private external resources should primarily be pro- vided on concessional terms. Assistance to other developing coun- tries should generally consist of programs which facilitate their ac- cess to private capital markets, investment, and technical skills, whether directly through guarantee or reimbursable programs by the United States Government or indirectly through callable cap- ital provided to the international financial institutions. Bilateral assistance and United States participation in multilat- eral institutions shall emphasize programs in support of countries which pursue development strategies designed to meet basic human needs and achieve self-sustaining growth with equity. The Congress declares that the principal purpose of United States bilateral development assistance is to help the poor majority of people in developing countries to participate in a process of equi- table growth through productive work and to influence decisions that shape their lives, with the goal of increasing their incomes and their access to public services which will enable them to satisfy their basic needs and lead lives of decency, dignity, and hope. Ac- tivities shall be emphasized that effectively involve the poor in de- velopment by expanding their access to the economy through serv- ices and institutions at the local level, increasing their participa- tion in the making of decisions that affect their lives, increasing labor-intensive production and the use of appropriate technology, expanding productive investment and services out from major cities to small towns and rural areas, and otherwise providing opportuni- ties for the poor to improve their lives through their own efforts. Participation of the United States in multilateral institutions shall also place appropriate emphasis on these principles. (b) Assistance under this chapter should be used not only for the purpose of transferring financial resources to developing countries, but also to help countries solve development problems in accord- ance with a strategy that aims to insure wide participation of the poor in the benefits of development on a sustained basis. Moreover, assistance shall be provided in a prompt and effective manner, using appropriate United States institutions for carrying out this VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 8838 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 24. 18 Sec. 102Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) 8 Sec. 203(b)(1) of the International Anti-Corruption and Good Governance Act of 2000 (title II of Public Law 106309; 114 Stat. 1092) struck out and at the end of subpara. (E), replaced a period at the end of subpara. (F) with ; and, and added a new subpara. (G). strategy. In order to achieve these objectives and the broad objec- tives set forth in section 101 and in subsection (a) of this section, bilateral development assistance authorized by this Act shall be carried out in accordance with the following principles: (1) Development is primarily the responsibility of the people of the developing countries themselves. Assistance from the United States shall be used in support of, rather than substi- tution for, the self-help efforts that are essential to successful development programs and shall be concentrated in those countries that take positive steps to help themselves. Max- imum effort shall be made, in the administration of this part, to stimulate the involvement of the people in the development process through the encouragement of democratic participation in private and local governmental activities and institution building appropriate to the requirements of the recipient coun- tries. (2) Development planning must be the responsibility of each sovereign country. United States assistance should be adminis- tered in a collaborative style to support the development goals chosen by each country receiving assistance. (3) United States bilateral development assistance should give high priority to undertakings submitted by host govern- ments which directly improve the lives of the poorest of their people and their capacity to participate in the development of their countries, while also helping such governments enhance their planning, technical, and administrative capabilities need- ed to insure the success of such undertakings. (4) Development assistance provided under this chapter shall be concentrated in countries which will make the most effective use of such assistance to help satisfy basic human needs of poor people through equitable growth, especially in those coun- tries having the greatest need for outside assistance. In order to make possible consistent and informed judgments in this re- spect, the President shall assess the commitment and progress of countries in moving toward the objectives and purposes of this chapter by utilizing criteria, including but not limited to the following: (A) increase in agricultural productivity per unit of land through small-farm, labor-intensive agriculture; (B) reduction of infant mortality; (C) control of population growth; (D) promotion of greater equality of income distribution, including measures such as more progressive taxation and more equitable returns to small farmers; (E) reduction of rates of unemployment and under- employment; 8 (F) increase in literacy; and (G) 8 progress in combating corruption and improving transparency and accountability in the public and private sector. VerDate Aug 31 2005 14:13 Apr 22, 2010 Jkt 051120 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 8838 Sfmt 8838 H:DOCSLFRDIANNE751120.001 CRS2 PsN: SKAYNE 25. 19Sec. 102 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87195) 9 Sec. 104(a) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 9653; 93 Stat. 360) added the reference to energy development and production. 10 Sec. 301 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 9983; 99 Stat. 190) added paras. (13), (14), (15), and (16). (5) United States development assistance should focus on critical problems in those functional sectors which affect the lives of the majority of the people in the developing countries; food production and nutrition; rural development and genera- tion of gainful employment; population planning and health; environment and natural resources; education, development administration, and human resources development; and energy development and production.9 (6) United States assistance shall encourage and promote the participation of women in the national economies of developing countries and the improvement of womens status as an impor- tant means of promoting the total development effort. (7) United States bilateral assistance shall recognize that the prosperity of developing countries and effective development ef- forts require the adoption of an overall strategy that promotes the development, production,9 and efficient utilization of en- ergy and, therefore, consideration shall be given to the full im- plications of such assistance on the price, availability, and con- sumption of energy in recipient countries. (8) United States cooperation in development should be car- ried out to the maximum extent possible through the private sector, including those institutions which already have ties in the developing areas, such as educational institutions, coopera- tives, credit unions, free labor unions, and private and vol- untary agencies. (9) To the maximum extent practicable, United States pri- vate investment should be encouraged in economic and social development programs to which the United States lends sup- port. (10) Assistance shall be planned and utilized to encourage regional cooperation by developing countries in the solution of common problems and the development of shared resources. (11) Assistance efforts of the United States shall be planned and furnished to the maximum extent practicable in coordina- tion and cooperation with assistance efforts of other countries, including the planning and implementation of programs and projects on a multilateral and multidonor basis. (12) United States bilateral development assistance should be concentrated on projects which do not involve large-scale capital transfers. However, to the extent that such assistance does involve large-scale capital transfers, it should be fur- nished in association with contributions from other countries working together in a multilateral framework. (13) 10 United States encouragement of policy reforms is nec- essary if developing countries are to achieve economic growth with equity. (14) 10 Development assistance should, as a fundamental ob- jective, promote private sector activity in open and competitive markets in developing countries, recogniz