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Johannes Lehmann
Department of Crop and Soil SciencesCornell University
Biochar Systems Science:Climate Change Mitigation with
Multiple Sustainability Outcomes?
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Agricultural Carbon Sequestration
Tillage practices
Organic matter applications (manures,
composts)
Residue retention
AgroforestryBiochar systems
Kimetu
Climate Change mitigationmust first explore allemission reductions from
energy generation!
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Multiple Biomass Use in Agricultural andForestry Systems
FoodBioenergy
Bioproducts
Soil health (soil protection,soil organic matter, nutrients)
Climate forcing (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrousoxide, black carbon)
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Smart Biochar Systems Exploring Synergies
Lehmann, 2007, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment7, 381-387
CO2 making more out of a scarce resource.
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Systems Components
Type of Biochar
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Biochar Properties
Lehmann, 2007, Frontiers in Ecology and theEnvironment7, 381-387
Temperature (C)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Carbonrecovery(%ofinitia
lC)
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
pH
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
CEC(m
molckg-1)
Surfacea
rea(m2g-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350Carbon
recovery
pHOp
timum
CEC
Surface area
Biochar from black locust(N=3)
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Quality of Biochar - Stability
Corn-BC Oak-BC
0
5
10
15
20
350C
600Ca
b
b b
(1 year, 30C, in sandculture, N=8)
C
arbonlossrate(%year-1)
Nguyen and Lehmann, 2009, Organic Geochemistry40, 846-853
A (corn-350-BC) B (corn-600-BC)
5 nm 5 nm
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Quality of Biochar N2O Emissions
Bhupanderpal-Singh et al., 2009, JEQin press
N2O: Up to 73% reduction
VertisolAlfisolpoultry manure 400C
poultry manure 550C
wood 550C
wood 400C
control
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Systems Components
Emissions Budgets
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Biochar Systems View
Roberts et al., Environmental Science and Technology, in press
Life-cycle energy and emission balances
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Life-Cycle Emissions
Roberts et al., Environmental Science and Technology, in press
0 300 600 900
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
Greenhouse gases (kg CO2e t-1
dry feedstock)
LUC & field
emiss.agrochems
field ops
other
stable C
avoid foss fuelgen. & comb.land-use seq.
reduced soilN2O emiss.avoid compost
Late
stov
er
Early
stover
Switch
grassB
ar
waste
Net = - 864
Net = - 793
Net = - 442
Net = + 36
Net = - 885
Switch
grassA
(b)0 300 600 900
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
emit.
reduct.
Greenhouse gases (kg CO2e t-1
dry feedstock)
LUC & field
emiss.agrochems
field ops
other
stable C
avoid foss fuelgen. & comb.land-use seq.
reduced soilN2O emiss.avoid compost
Late
stov
er
Early
stover
Switch
grassB
ar
waste
Net = - 864
Net = - 793
Net = - 442
Net = + 36
Net = - 885
Switch
grassA
(b)
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Economic Analysis
Roberts et al., Environmental Science and Technology, in press
-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200cost ($ t
-1dry feedstock)
+$35
-$17Late
stover
Switch
grassA
Yard
waste
Switch
grass
B
+$8
-$18
-$28
-$30
+$69
+$16
(a)
-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200cost ($ t
-1dry feedstock)
+$35
-$17Late
stover
Switch
grassA
Yard
waste
Switch
grass
B
+$8
-$18
-$28
-$30
+$69
+$16
(a)biomass collectionpyrolysisbiochar application
tipping fee
biochar P & K contentcarbon value
biomass collectionpyrolysisbiochar application
tipping fee
biochar P & K contentcarbon value
biomass transport
biochar transport
lost compost revenue
avoided compost cost
biochar improved fertilizer usesyngas heat
biomass transport
biochar transport
lost compost revenue
avoided compost cost
biochar improved fertilizer usesyngas heat
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Sensitivity Analysis
Roberts et al., Environmental Science and Technology, in press
Biomass collection energy sensitivity:
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Sensitivity Analysis
Roberts et al., Environmental Science and Technology, in press
Distance (km)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
NetGHG(
kgCO2et-1
drystove
r)
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Netenergy(MJt-1
drystover)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Revenue($
t-1
drystover)
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
Net energy
Net revenue
Net GHG
(b)
Distance (km)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
NetGHG(
kgCO2et-1
drystove
r)
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Netenergy(MJt-1
drystover)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Revenue($
t-1
drystover)
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
Net energy
Net revenue
Net GHG
(b)
Transportation distance
Late stover scenario
High revenue
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Cook Stoves Lower indoor pollution=lower respiratory+ eye infections
Torre
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Cook Stoves - ExamplesWorldStoves Project - Burkina Faso, Burundi
Mulcahy
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Cook Stoves - ExamplesGOOD STOVES AND BIOCHAR COMMUNITIES PROJECT - India
Sai Bhaskar Reddy
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Emission Reductions with Biochar Cookstoves
Whitman and Lehmann, Environmental Science and Policy12, 1024-1027
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Emission Reductions
Whitman et al., unpublished
MRT of BC 600yrsFraction of passive BC: 0.85
Fraction of crop residue used: 25%Fraction converted to BC: 0.6Systems dynamics modeling (Vensim)
Case Study Western Kenya preliminary data
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Time since conversion (years)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Maizegrain
yield(tha-1)
2
4
6
8
10
12
Biochar
Sawdust
Manure
Tithonia
LSD0.05
Soil and Crop BenefitsCase Study Western Kenya
Kimetu et al., 2008, Ecosystems11: 726-739
Biochar applied eachseason
Kenya (n=3)
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Biochar Systems Waste ManagementPoultry Manure: low value, risk of pathogen contamination,
disease development in chicken
West Virginia Poultry Farm
99,000 chickens125-600 t/yr poultry litter
Pyrolysis of 300 kg/hr dry litter(at 500C)Off-sets 114,000L propane gasUS$66,000 /yr
25-120 t/yr biochar
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Biochar Systems Waste Management
Wasatch-Cache National Forest, UtahUSDA Forest Service - Ogden Archive, USDA Forest Service
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Biochar Systems Waste Management
Flottwick
Canada
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Integrated Biomass Systems with Biochar
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Energy
Production
Soil
Improvement
Mitigation of
Climate Change
Social, Financial Benefits
Biochar Systems What systemsbenefits have tobe harnessed?
Waste
Management
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Energy
Production
Soil
Improvement
Mitigation of
Climate Change
Social, Financial Benefits
Biochar Systems
Waste
Management
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Energy
Production
Soil
Improvement
Mitigation of
Climate Change
Social, Financial Benefits
Biochar Systems How manyopportunitiesexist?
Waste
Management
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Biochar The Way Forward
Not WHETHER, but WHERE/HOW
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Biochar The Way ForwardInformed by solid science
Taking a systems perspective (alsotogether with other approaches)
Implementation with R&D support wherewe know enough