Symposium SEPT20Years – The Co-existence of Nature, Economy and Society as Base for Sustainable Economic Development, Leipzig, 24 November 2012
PES and REDD+ for sustainable land management in developing countries – case studies from Latin America, South East Asia, and Africa
Udo Nehren, Cologne University of Applied Sciences
Higher Education Excellence in Development Cooperation – exceed
— The CNRD is one of five competence centers for development cooperation in Germany, funded by the German Ministery of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
— CNRD is coordinated by the Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics (ITT) at Cologne University of Applied Sciences
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Orientation towards Millennium Development Goal 7 (MDG 7) in research, teaching, and training
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The CNRD network
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"The ninth-century collapse and abandonment of the Central Maya Lowlands in the Yucatán peninsular region were the result of complex human–environment interactions“ (Cook et al. 2012)
© Roy Andersen, National Geographic
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Maya civilization, depended on agriculture, technological and cultural progress
Growing population
Deforestation for agricultural land, urban expansion, building materials, etc. = internal pressure
Longest dry spell of the last 2,000 years = external pressure
Cook et al. (2012): - Reduced annual precipitation - Regional climate change, severe droughts
Few centuries later: Change of regional climate towards moister conditions In many areas forests expanded Collapse of Maya civilization
Population reduced to 10% if its maximum
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… Civilization
…technical progress
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Fotos Yucatán Kultur und Karst Slides Nummerieren
Climate Change Scenarios
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Earth System under stress – people under stress
Source: UNEP
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Hans Carl von Carlowitz: Sylvicultura oeconomica. Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht (1713): Nachhaltigkeit (Sustainability)
Wood scarcity in Central Europe; reforestation, “forest romanticism”; Acc. to Radkau (2008) start of the modern environmental movement
US: preservation (= nature set aside for its own sake) versus conservation (= managing for human use)
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Club of Rome (1972): Limits to growth
Brundtland report (1987)
UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992 Rio Summit
Global 2000 (1980)
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2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg
UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 2012 Rio+20
Kyoto Protocol 1997
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Action on all fronts and at all levels
Soil erosion Food security
Water scarcity Sea level rise
Kyoto Protocol
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Agenda 21
Sustainable development IWRM
ICZM Ecosystem management
People
Researchers
Markets and economic incentives?
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Biodiversity loss
„We'll lose uncounted new benefits. These are what the economists call opportunity costs, and they are enormous because we haven't even identified the vast majority of species out there.“
E.O. Wilson 1993: The Threatened Biosphere, Defenders Magazine, Summer 1993
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The crucial role of tropical and subtropical ecosystems
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Significance of tropical and subtropical Ecosystems
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Carbon storage
Deforestation is responsible for an estimated release of 5.8 billion tons of CO2 equivalents per year, of which 96% are emitted by developing countries of the tropics (Stern Report 2006, IPCC 2007)
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Protection from natural hazards
www.cnx.org
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(Sub)tropical countries prone to disasters
Alliance Development Works (2012): World Risk Report 2012
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Population growth, economic growth
Population data for 2011 (CIA fact book 2012) Economic data for 2011 (World Bank 2012)
Numbers = Average growth rate of real GDP 2007-2011
+1.2
+6.6 +5.9
+4.2 +3.6 +4.2
+10.5
+7.7
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FAO Global Forest Assessment 2010
Consequences
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Ecosystem Services for human well-being – The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
Regulating services (climate, water, erosion, pest, disease regulation, and others): protection of natural resources
Provisioning services (food, fiber, genetic resources, biochemicals, fresh water): demand of natural resources
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Mechanismen:
CDM
REDD+
PES
Paying people for sustainable forest and land use management?
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Climate Change Mitigation
a) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions b) Increasing their sinks: Optimizing forest and land use management
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Deforestation and forest degradation in tropical rainforests: 12-20% of global GHG emissions (IPCC, 2007, van der Werf et al. 2009)
- Maintaining existing C pools - Restoring lost C pools - Creating new C pools
Low-cost GHG emission reduction
FAO 2010
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
Concentration of REDD+ projects in rainforest countries of the Amazon Basin, Congo Basin, and South East Asia
1997 2005
Idea of REDD in the context of LULUCF
“Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action“ requested by “Coalition of Rainforest Nations“
Bali Action Plan: Sustainable forest management, participation of local communities and indigenous peoples
Copenhagen Accord: Mobilization of financial resources from developed countries
Cancún Agreements: Provide countries with guidance on REDD+ readiness
2007 2009 2010
Montreal (COP-11) Bali (COP-13) Copenhagen (COP-15) Cancún (COP-16) Kyoto Protocol
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REDD vs. PES
PES Payments for sustainable ecosystem management to protect natural resources
Usually four ecosystem services: - Carbon sequestration - Water quality and availability - Biodiversity protection - Landscape beauty and tourism
Funding particularly for small farmers and land owners
Mainly governmental payments, no trading system
REDD Financial compensation for C storage or emission reduction through forest management and reforestation
REDD+: sustainable use of forests and benefits for local communities
Monetary value for stored C; included in international carbon trade system
Projects financed by international funds and grants, such as UN-REDD or FCPC (Forest Carbon Partnership Fund)
Currently: Developing methodologies and implementation in national policies
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Potentials and Risks of REDD+ implementation in indigenous community lands in the
Ecuadorian Amazon Toa Loaiza-Lange, Udo Nehren, Gerhard Gerold
Case study I: Ecuador 26
How can indigenous groups participate in the REDD+ mechanism?
REDD+ project in the buffer zone of Yasuní NP
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Rio Napo
Kichwas Pop 80,000
Shuar Pop 45,000
Peasants
Agriculture, livestock production, forestry Fishing, hunting, gathering forests products
Extended families Nuclear Family Clan arrangements
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Nearly 900 petroleum companies are active in NE Amazon (80% of the surface) (Larrea et al. 2009)
Road opening, expansion of agricultural & pasture lands, illegal logging -> annual loss of virgin forest 2000-2010 = 1.8% (FAO, 2011)
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Legal issues in Indigenous territories
de facto vs de jure rights Benefit
Sharing
Carbon Rights
ownership
Legal Framework Analysis Local
Global
Oil Concessions
Laoiza Lange et al. 2012
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• REDD+ is known in the indigenous communities • Unclear land tenure and overlapping of properties • Shape & Limits of properties changed to allow oil
concessions • Actual territories do not match ancestral lands • Kichwas and Shuar also used legal mechanisms for
land titling to gain properties in non-traditional territories
• Land speculation, carbon rights - Who will benefit?
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Case study II: Atlantic Forest of Brazil
Climate Change Scenarios
Potential natural forest area ~1.0-1.5 million km² *) Percentage of original forest area ~ 8.0% *) / 11.4-16.0% **) Highly fragmented ~ 232,000 forest fragments *) One of 25 biodiversity hotspots ***)
*) Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica / INPE 2009 **) Ribeiro et al. 2009 ***) Myers et al. 2000
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Climate Change Scenarios
Serra do Mar corridor
SOS Mata Atlântica 2010, modified by Heinrich, Nehren & Sattler 2010
Study Area of the German-Brazilian Research Project DINARIO
Altlantic Ocean
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4.04% 0.14%
50.37% 45.45%
Potentials for REDD+?
Close to megacity Rio de Janeiro: suburbanization processes, fragmented landscape, many small farmers Lack of information about REDD+
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EMBRAPA 2010
Climate Change Scenarios
Legal framework
REDDy?
Nehren et al. 2012
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Upper Guapi- Macacu watershed
No additionality
PES for reforestation and management of small forest fragments:
+ biodiversity + carbon storage + water quantity and quality + tourism
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Case study III: Deforestation and degradation of dry forests due for wood fuel extraction,
Mutomo district, Kenya
Date: 27th of September, 2012
Geoffrey Ndegwa1, Dieter Anhuf2, Udo Nehren3, Sabine Schlüter4, Miyuki Iiyama5
1 University Passau 2 Cologne University of Applied Sciences 3 ICRAF – World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi
Key figures Mutomo District (GOK, 2011)
Location Eastern province of Kenya
Population / land area
About 180,000 (2009), 33,000 households, 20,400 km2; high population growth rate
Main sources of income
Casual labour (41%), remittances (21%), petty trading (18%), formal employment (3%) charcoal production (9%)
Rainfall 500-1,050mm (with 30% reliability)
Population below poverty line
65%
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Household distribution by main cooking fuel
firewood paraffin electricity charcoal
How can a PES scheme support sustainable land management and reduce deforestation and forest degradation?
+ biodiversity + carbon storage + tourism
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ICRAF 2012
Case studies IV and V: Vietnam and Indonesia
Hazards and environmental problems
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Climate Change Scenarios
Ecosystems under pressure
Slash and burn Acacia and rubber plantations
Dam construction Illegal mining
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Evolving technologies and community-‐based monitoring for effective REDD+ implementation University of Wageningen (The Netherlands), Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Vietnam Academy for Water Resources, Hue University (Vietnam)
Ecosystem and community- based adaptation to climate related disasters Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Hue University (Vietnam)
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Climate Change Scenarios
Indonesia, Karimunjawa Island Mangrove forest carbon stock mapping in small islands using remote sensing: above and below ground carbon mapping on medium resolution satellite image Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia), Cologne University of Applied Sciences
Focus: Baseline for REDD+ implementation Community-based ecosystem management
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Lessons learned so far
Much attention paid to economic approaches for land and ecosystem management, such as REDD+ and PES
Success strongly depends on the political, socioeconomic, cultural and ecological circumstances
PES successfully implemented in (sub)tropical countries; relatively low risks
REDD+ bears risks of top-down governance, land speculation, violation of indigenous rights, apart from technical challenges
REDD+ requires strong involvement of communities to improve knowledge and acceptance; safeguards for communities and ecosystems needed
Can economic approaches help to prevent the 21st century ecological collapse?
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Thank you very much for your attention
And thanks to the PhD students:
Toa Loaiza Lange (Ecuador) Vanesa Rodriguez (Bolivia, Brazil)
Geoffrey Ndegwa (Kenya) Arun Pratihast (Nepal, Vietnam)
Pramaditya Wicaksono (Indonesia)
20 THE CO-EXISTENCE OF NATURE, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY AS BASE FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC: THE IMPACT OF SACOLA(SABYINYO
COMMUNITY LIVELIHOODS ASSOCIATION) IN THE CONSERVATION
OF VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK- REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Presented by: NSHIMIYIMANA Gonzalves
INES-Ruhengeri, E-mail: [email protected]
Outline
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1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT RWANDA 1. Akagera National Park (East of Rwanda) 2. Nyungwe National Park (South of Rwanda) 3. Volcanoes National Park (North Rwanda)
2. SACOLA : THE COEXISTANCE OF NATURE, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
1. The nature of SACOLA 2. Main achievements of SACOLA (socio-cultural, economic, tourism)
3. Conclusion: Overall impact
1. Basic information about Rwanda
Size: 26,338km2; Landscape: Hilly Pop: 11m (54% women, 46% men) Life: 85% agriculture Religion: 95 christians Languages: Kinyarwanda, English, French
1.1. Akagera National Park (East of Rwanda)
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Is the largest in Rwanda with various wild animals (Zebra, Giraffes, hippos, lions, impala,
Distance: 2hrs drive from Kigali
Inside the Park: Akagera Game Lodge
1.2. Nyungwe National Park (South of Rwanda)
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One the largest populations of endemic species in all of Africa.
East Africa's largest protected high-altitude rainforest.
Distance: 3hrs drive from Kigali
Species inside the Park: 86 mammals, 14 of primates, 280 of avian species, 43 species of reptiles, 1100 species of orchids
What else? Canopy walkway: 90m long, 50m high Nyungwe forest Lodge
1.3. Volcanoes National Park (North Rwanda) (the focus of this presentation)
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Home population of the remaining endangered Mountain Gorillas Distance: 2h30 from Kigali Inside and around the Park:
Mountain Gorillas Many lodges
Questions? How local communities benefit the volcanoes park? What do they do to protect it?
2. SACOLA : THE COEXISTANCE OF NATURE, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
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SACOLA means Sabyinyo (the mountain above) Community Livelihood Association
Created in 2004 by Kinigi District authorities in collaboration with the former Rwanda Office of Tourism and National Parks (Now: RDB)
Objectives: Improve and promote the lives of population surrounding the park who were suffering heavily from the consequences of the guerilla war of 1997-1998 Protect the park against human activities and disease transmission from humans to gorillas
2.1. The nature of SACOLA
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1. Domains of Intervention: Socio- cultural Economic Tourism
2. Means Using, supporting and synchronizing services provided by local organizations and communities Profit sharing with surrounding communities.
3. Tools used: Community cooperatives born after .
UNICOPAV (Ex-poachers, Amizero poters club, crafters, bee-keepers), ANNICO (Producers of tourism products made in Bamboos) Muhisimbi (tourism guides)
2.2. Main achievements of SACOLA 1. Socio-cultural
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Construction of full houses 31 for genocide survivors 20 for other vulnerables:
2,600 iron sheets + nails (16m Rwf)
Cows donated in the program one cow per family:
150 cows from 2010 to 2012
SACOLA cultural center: (traditional dancers, healers, iron
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Money inject locally from 2008 to 2011 (SACOLA in partnership with SSBL): 442,114 USD for:
construction of schools,
roads, rain harvest water tanks
2. Economic achievements
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Investment: 750,000USD in Sabyinyo Silver Back Lodge (18 beds in total; 5 cottages, 2 suites and 1 family suite) Management by Governors camps, a British Kenya-based group
Prices: From normal to high season
300-500USD (Single)
700 to 1,000USD (Suite)
Revenue sharing: 58USD per day &per head allocated to SACOLA, 30USD per visit to cultural center paid directly to SACOLA which also allocates a tip to the owners of the visited site
60% of employees must come from local community
Basic food is supplied by locals
NB: With this money SACOLA invests back in the community
3. Achievements in Tourism
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Gorilla naming ceremony (yearly) Introduced in 2005 to create awareness for safeguarding of the mountain Gorillas that are in danger of extinction
Gorillas increased from 300 to 480 in 2012, 2005-2006-2007-2008: 30, 12, 23 and 20 respectively.
Visit permit: from 500USD to 750USD
There are 8 gorilla families that can be visited 10 people each every day
Walls preventing other animals going out of the VNP
Conclusion:Overall impact
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1. Social benefits: Improved education, health care, Community united around one cause Problems, experiences and solutions sharing Openness toward the outside world
2. Economic benefits: Hotel construction, Job creation and food market Revenue sharing
3.Tourism benefits
Environmental conservation Increased number of Gorillas Increased cost of Gorilla visit permit
TtHhAaNnKk YyOoUu!
Sources Interview with Florence Secretary, Founder, One of Gorilla Naming Personalities in 2010 www.nyungwe.org www.igcp.org
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