Lenin Articles

8/6/2019 Lenin Articles

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vDeifaqmif;yg; (3) apmif

• u|efawmfwd k @&J @vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwd k @&J @vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwd k @&J @vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwd k @&J @vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwd k @&J @vkyfief;pOf

• u|efawmfwd k @&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwd k @&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwd k @&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwd k @&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwdk @&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;

• tjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvd kaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvd kaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvd kaomjy\emwck

2011 ck/ arv 31?2011 ck/ arv 31?2011 ck/ arv 31?2011 ck/ arv 31?2011 ck/ arv 31?



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- vDeif0g'ud k avhvmcsif&if vDeif&J @tawG;tac:awGud k

od&r,f? avhvm&r,f?,ckaqmif;yg;pkud k vDeifa&;om;csdef (1899) qd kwmawmfawmfapmygw,f? abmf&S DApf - rif&S DApf ruG Jao;bl;? tpPu&m(1900 - 01) awmif rxGufao;bl;?

- ArmjynfrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfu Zmbk&ifxuf ravsmhwJ h/yd k&ufpufwJ h/ yd kaumufuspfwJ h t=urf;zufvkyf[efawGeJ @ jynfolawGtay: &mpkESpf0ufcef @ zdES dyfxm;csdef/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;jyefvnfEdk;xpðyaecsdef?

- vDeifwd k @acwfu pnf;±H k;a&;yH ko¿mef/ wd kufyG JyH ko¿mefawGud k avhvmEd kifzd k @

ud k,f hEd kifiHud k,f htajctaeeJ @ ud kufnDr,f hvkyfief;pOfud kq0g;Ed kifzdk @TpmpOfud k xkwfa0vd kufygw,f?

A[d k0g'jzef @csda&;XmeArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD?(2011 ck ar 31 &uf)



“tvkyform;owif;pm” twGuf“tvkyform;owif;pm” twGuf“tvkyform;owif;pm” twGuf“tvkyform;owif;pm” twGuf“tvkyform;owif;pm” twGufaqmif;yg;rsm;aqmif;yg;rsm;aqmif;yg;rsm;aqmif;yg;rsm;aqmif;yg;rsm;

‘u|efawmfwd k @&J @vkyfief;pOf’ ‘u|efawmfwd k @&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;’ eJ @ ‘tjref&Sif;&r,f hjy\emwck’ aqmif;yg;rsm;ud k vDeifonf Ed kifiHjcm;rSm&S dpOf‘tvkyform;owif;pm’ twGuf 1899 'kwd,ESpf0ufumvwGif a&;om;cJ honf?



u|efawmfwdk@&J@vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwd k@&J@vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwdk@&J@vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwd k@&J@vkyfief;pOfu|efawmfwdk @&J@vkyfief;pOf(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)

EdkifiHwumqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtiftm;rsm;[m tcktcg tawG;tac: ,drf;,d kifr_awG jzpfaeygw,f? rmhufpftdef*,fwk d @&J @ oif=um;csufawGud ktcktcsdeftxd ckdifrmwJhawmfvSefa&;oabmw&m; tajccHawGtjzpf,lqcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh tckwavmrSmawmh 'Doif=um;csufawG[mrvH kavmufawmhbl;? acwfaemufusae+yDpwJh pum;oHawGud k ae&mwumrSm =um;ae&w,f? ud k,f hud k,fud k qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD0g'orm;tjzpfowfrSwf+yD; qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDtmabmfowif;pmwapmifxGufzd k @ &nf&G,fxm;olrSef&if *smr%DeJ@wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm;aZmif;ay;pOf;pm;ae=uwJ h 'Djy\emtay: b,fvd koabmxm;rvJqd kwm&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &S dae&ygr,f?

u|efawmfwd k @[m rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;bufrSm vH k;0&yfwnfygw,f? rmhufpf0g'[m qd k&S,fvpf0g'ud k pdwful;,Oftqif hu ody` Henf;ustqifhod k @ yxrOD;qHk;ajymif;vJcJ hw,f? 'DodyHynm&yftwGuf cdkifrmwJ htajccHud k yxrqH k;csay;cJ hw,f? qd k&S,fvpf0g'ud k bufaygif;pH kyd krd kjynf hpH k/tao;pdwfusatmif zG H @òz;ap&mrSm av#muf&r,f hvrf;ud k yxrqH k;!ïefjycJ hw,f? tvkyform;ud k iSm;&rf;jcif;/ vkyftm;ud k 0,f,ljcif;awG&J @ aemufuG,frSm vufwqkyfpmt&if;&Sif/ ajr&Sif/ puf±H kyd kif&Sif/ owWKwGif;yd kif&SifpwmawGu OpPm"erJ h jynfoloef;aygif;rsm;pGmtay: aus;u|efðyaew,fqdkwJ htcsufud k b,fenf;b,fyH k zH k;uG,fxm;w,fqd kwm &Sif;jyvd kuf+yD;

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vDeif

acwfrDt&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepf&J @ obm0ud k zGif hjyvdkufygw,f? acwfrDt&if;&Sifpepf zG H @òz;wd k;wufvmwmeJ @tr# t}uD ;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;u ti,fpm;xkwfvkyfa&;av;awGud k 0g;rsdKzsufqD;ypfw,f? aemuf+yD; qd k&S,fvpfpepfvl @tzG J @tpnf;w&yfxlaxmifzd k @ vd kvnf;vdktyf/ jzpfvnf;jzpfEd kifwJ htajctaeawG ay:xGufvmw,f? tJ'Dtcsufud k rmhufpf0g'u !ïefjycJ hw,f? tjrpfwG,faewJ h xH k;wrf;pOfvmawG/ Ed kifiHa&;vkyf}uHr_awG/ em;vnf

&cufwJ h Oya'awG/ ±_yfaxG;ayGvDwJ h oabmw&m;awG&J @ aemufuG,frSmykef;uG,faewJ h vlwef ;pm;wd kuf y G J/ trsdK;rsdK;aom "eOpPmyd kif&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;eJ @ "eOpPmrJ hvlxk ("eOpPmrJ hawG&J @a&S @qH k;rSm ypPnf ;rJ hvlwef ;pm; ) t=um;wd kufyG Jud k b,fvd kjrifatmif =unf h&r,fqd kwm rmhufpf0g'u oif=um;ay;cJhygw,f? awmfvSefwJh qdk&S,fvpfygwDw&yf vkyf&r,fh wu,fhtvkyfwm0efu vl@tzGJ @tpnf; jyefyHkoGif;tvSqifa&; tpDtpOfawGcsrSwfaezd k @r[kwf? tvkyform;b0 jr‡if hwifay;a&;w&m;ud k t&if;&SifawG/ol @aemufvdkufawGxH em;csa[majymaezdk @r[kwf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; wdkufyGJudkpnf;±Hk;/ 'DwdkufyGJudk acgif;aqmifzdk@ jzpfw,f? 'DwdkufyGJ&J@aemufqHk;ydwf &nf&G,fcsufu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;

tm%mud k od rf ;yd kuf +yD ;aemuf qd k&S,f vpf vl @tzG J @tpnf ;w&yf ud k xlaxmif zd k @ jzpf w,f qd kwmud k rmhufpf0g'u oif=um;cJ hygw,f?uJ tck u|efawmfwd k @ar;r,f? u|efawmfwd k @acwfrSm toHus,f

[pf+yD; *smrefqd k&S,fvpf bef;pwdef;ab;rSm pkpnf;rdae=uwJ h ‘qef;opfrGrf;rHa&;orm;rsm;’ qd kolawG[m rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;xJud k wpH kw&mtopftqef; jznfhoGif;ay;cJhygovm;? bmtopftqef;rS rjznfhqnf ;cJ hygbl;? rmhufpf0g' ody` Hynm&yfud k a&S @wd k;wufatmif qufvkyfoGm;zd k @ rmhufpfeJ @tdef*,fwd k@u u|efawmfwd k @ud k ajymoGm;cJ hwmyg? ‘qef;opfrGrf;rHa&;orm;’ qd kolrsm;u 'gud k a&S @wvSrf;av;awmif wd k;wufatmifrvkyfcJ h=uygbl;? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;wd kufyG Joabmw&m;awG ajymjywm

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r[kwfbJ tav#mhay;a&; oabmw&m;awGyJ ajymjycJ hwmyg? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;&J @ tqd k;0g;qH k;&efolawG/ tpd k;&eJ @ "e&SifygwDawGud k tav#mhay;zd k @yJ a[majymcJ hwmyg? 'D&efolawGuawmh qd k&S,fvpfawGud k b,fvd kaxmifacsmufqif&rvJqdkwJhenf;emopfawG rarmryef; &SmazG}uHqae=uygw,f? ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD wnfaxmifol/ acgif;vnf;acgif;aqmifolawGxJu yvufcaemhtaeeJ@ bef;pwdef;&J@ aemufqHk;

‘a0zefa&;’ tay: r!‡mrwma0zefcJ hwm vH k;0rSefuefygw,f? tckvnf;yJ([efEdkAmuGef*&ufrSm) *smreftvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uvnf;bef;pwdef;&J @ tjrifawGud k y,fcsvd kufjyefyg+yD?

qd k&S,fvpfygwDud k ‘tppftrSef,H k=unfol’ awG v$rf;wJ h tzG J @tpnf;wckjzpfatmif u|efawmfwd k @u ajymif ;ypfcsifaew,fqd kwJ h atmfoHawG/ ‘topfóuufol’ awGudk ‘w&m;ao’ twdkif; vdkufrvkyf&aumif;vm;/ trSDtcdkuif;wJh tjrifawG&Sd&aumif;vm; bmnmqdk+yD;u|efawmfwd k @u tjypfay;=uawmhr,fqd kwJ h atmfoHawG ay:vmygawmhr,f cifAsm;? tJ'DatmfoHawG ay:vmawmhr,fqd kwJ hta=umif; u|efawmfwd k @ ajymvd kufwJ htwGufvnf; u|efawmfwd k @ud k trsdK;rsdK;pGyfpG J=uygOD;r,f?

'DatmfoHawGrSmygwJ h acwfqefqef &SwwJ hpum;vH k; tm;vH k;&J @ t"dym,fudk u|efawmfwdk@ aemausaeyg+yD? 'Dpum;vHk;awGxJrSm rSefuefwm/t"dym,f&S dwmqd kvd k @ wvH k;wavawmifrS rygygbl;? awmfvSefwJ hoabmw&m;w&yfrygbJeJ @ awmif hwif;cd kifrmwJ h qd k&S,fvpfygwDw&yf rxlaxmifEd kifyg? tJ'Dvd koabmw&m;eJ @yJ qd k&S,fvpf0g'Dtm;vH k;ud k pkpnf;&wmyg?'Doabmw&m;eJ@yJ qdk&S,fvpfawG[m em;vnf,Hk=unfcsufawG &&Sdvmwmyg? olwdk@&J @wdkufyGJy&d,m,fawG/ v_yf&Sm;r_enf;emawGxJrSm 'Doabmw&m;udk toHk;cs=u&wmyg? udk,f^m%frDoavmuf rSefuefw,fvd k @ ,lqxm;wJ h 'Dvd koabmw&m;rsdK;ud k zsufvd kzsufqD; t&rf;uma&m wdkufcdkufvm&if udk,fu umuG,f&ygw,f? 'DvdkumuG,fwm

3



vDeif

ta0zef rcHEd kif &m ra&muf ygbl;? rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;qd kwm +yD;jynf hpH kaewJ ht&m/ razmuf

zsufEdkifwJht&m&,fvd k@ u|efawmfwdk @ r,lqygbl;? 'geJ @ ajymif;jyef,lqwmyg? rmhufpf&J @oabmw&m;[m qd k&S,fvpfody` Hynm&yftwGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfud kyJ csay;cJ hw,f? qd k&S,fvpf0g'DawG[m vufawG @b0eJ @ wajy;nDjzpfcsif&if 'Dody` Hynm&yfud k bufaygif;pH krSm wd k;yGm;jznf hqnf;ae&ygr,f?

u|efawmfwdk@u tJ'Dvdk ,lqwmyg? rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;udktrSDtcdkuif;uif; eJ @ tao;pdwfzGH@òz;apzdk@ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpfawGtwGuftxl;vd ktyfaew,fvd k @ xifygw,f? bmvd k @vJqd kawmh 'Doabmw&m;ua,bk,svrf ;!ïef rlawGud kyJ csay;xm;wmjzpfvd k @ygyJ? 'DrlawGud k t*Fvefwd k @/ jyifopfwd k @/ *smr%Dwd k @/ ±k&Sm;wd k @rSm rwluG Jjym;pGm usif hoH k;cJ hygw,f?'ga=umifh u|efwmfwdk@ owif;pmrSm oabmw&m;a&; aqmif;yg;awGa&;r,fqdk&if 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omeJ @ ae&may;óuygr,f? tjiif;yGm;zG,ftcsuftvufawGudk yGifyGif hvif;vif; aqG;aEG;=uzd k@ &Jabmftm;vHk;udkzdwfac:ygw,f?

qdk&S,f'Drd kua&pD0g'orm; tm;vH k;twGuf bH kuswJ h vkyfief;

pOfudk ±k&Sm;rSm toHk;csr,fqdk&if xGufay:vmr,fh t"dujy\emubmawGygvJ? 'Dvkyfief;pOf&J @tESpfom&u ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;wdkufyG Judkpnf;±H k;/ 'Dwd kufyG Jud kacgif;aqmifzd k @/ 'Dwd kufyG J&J @ aemufqH k;ydwf&nf&G,fcsufuypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;taeeJ @ Ed kifiHa&;tm%mud k odrf;yd kuf+yD;aemuf qd k&S,fvpf vl @tzG J @tpnf;w&yf xlaxmifzd k @ jzpfw,f? 'gud k txufrSmvnf;ajym+yD;yg+yD? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;wd kufyG JrSmqd k&if pD;yGm;a&;wd kufyG J (wOD;csif;t&if;&Sifrsm; od k @r[kwf wpkcsif;t&if;&Siftkyfpkrsm;ud k &ifqd kifum tvkyform;rsm; b0tajctae wd k;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf qifE$ JwJ hwd kufyG J)eJ @ Ed kifiHa&;wd kufyG J (jynfol @tcGif hta&;rsm; wd k;csJ @&&S da&; wenf;tm;jzif h'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;eJ @ ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;&J @ Ed kifiHa&;tcGif htm%m wd k;csJ @a&;

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wd k @twGuf tpd k;&ESif h &ifqd kifqifE$ JwJ hwd kufyG J) rsm; yg0ifygw,f?(Rabochaya Mysl ‘tvkyform;rsm;&J @tawG;’ owif;pmud k

!ïef =um;aeolawG txift&Sm;yg0ifwJ h) ±k&Sm;qd k&S,f'Dr d kua&pDorm;wcsdK@uawmh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJ[m trsm;}uD;yd kta&;}uD;w,fvdk @,lq=uw,f? tem*wftawmf=umumvtxd EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJudkaemufwef;ydk@xm;zdk@awmif tpGef;a&mufajym=uwmawG &Sdygw,f?'Dtjrif[m vHk;0rSm;,Gif;ygw,f? qdk&S,f'Drd kua&pD0g'orm;awGtm;vH k;taeeJ @ oabmwlxm;+yD;om; tjrifawG &S dygw,f? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&J @ pD;yGm;a&;wd kufyG Jud k pnf;±H k;ay;zd k @ vd ktyfw,f? 'DtajccHeJ @tvkyform;awG=um;rSm v_ H @aqmfzd k @ vd ktyfw,f? wenf;tm;jzif h tvkyf&SifawGeJ @ &ifqd kif&wJ h ae@pOfwd kufyG Jav;awGrSm tvkyform;awGud k ulnDzd k @vd ktyfw,f? zdES dyfwJ ho¿mef/ zdES dyfwJ hudpPrSefor#ud k *±kðyrdatmif vkyfay;&r,f? 'Dvd keJ @ b0wlcsif; yl;aygif;zd k @vd kw,fqd kwm &Sif;&Sif;jrifvmatmifulnD&r,f? 'gawGu tm;vHk;oabmwlxm;+yD;om;awGyg? 'gayrJ hpD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJyJ tav;xm;+yD; EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJudk ypfxm;&if EdkifiHwumqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'&J@ tajccHrlawGudk aoGzD&m usygvdrfhr,f?tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;wckvHk;u ay;xm;cJ hwJh oifcef;pmawGudkarhypf&m usygvdrf hr,f? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ @ ol @ud ktvkyftau|;ðyaewJ htpd k;&wd k @&J @ xif&Sm;wJ h aemufvd kufawG[m pD;yGm;a&;oufouf tvkyform;or*~awGudk pnf;±Hk;xlaxmifzdk@/ 'Dor*~awGudk ‘EdkifiHa&;’ eJ@

a0;uGmoGm;apzd k @ óu;pm;cJ h =uw,f? ±k&Sm;tpdk;&uvnf;yJ tJ'Dvdkvrf;v$ JwmrsdK; vkyfvmp&m jzpfEd kifajc rsm;ygw,f? jynfolawG tzdES dyfcHae&wm tcGifhta&;rJhaewmudk tm±Hkrpdkufrdaeapzdk@avmufyJ rjzpfpavmuf tav#mhay;wm/ twkta,miftav#mhay;wmrsdK;awG tpd k;&uwav#mufvHk; vkyfvmcJhwmyg? *smr%DeJ@ wjcm;Oa&myEdkifiHtm;vHk;(wl&uDeJ@±k&Sm;ryg) tvkyform;awG &&Sdxm;=uovdk tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;/ or*~rsm; vGwfvyfpGmpnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmifcGifh/ udk,fydkifowif;pmrsm; xkwfa0cGifh/ rdrdwdk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;od k @ apv$wfcGif h r&&S dxm;bl;qd k&if bmpD;yGm;a&;wd kufyG Jvkyfvkyf tvkyform;b0 a&&Snfwd k;wufr_ &vmrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'grSr[kwf }uD;}uD;rm;rm; pD;yGm;a&;wd kufyG Jawmif qifE$ JEd kifrSm r[kwfygbl;?'gayrJ h tvkyform;tcGif hta&;awG &&S dzd k @qd k&if Ed kifiHa&;wd kufyG J qifE$ Jzd k @

5



vDeif

vd kygw,f?±k&Sm;tvkyform;awGomru jynfoltm;vH k; Ed ki fi Ha&;

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yxrqHk;eJ@ t"du&nf&G,fcsufu EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sda&;/EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&; jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG&J@ tultnDtenf;i,fr#eJ @ pdef @yDwmpbwftvkyform;awGcsnf;yJ tvkyfcsdefav#mhayghay;wJ h Oya'csrSwfay;zd k @ tpd k;&u vd kufavsmvmatmif wd kufyG JqifwmtvsiftjrefatmifjrifcJ h=uwmyJ? 'Dawmh ±k&Sm;tvkyform; vlwef;pm;w&yfvH k;tzd k @ qd k&ifvnf; wckwnf;pkpnf;xm;wJ h ±k&Sm;qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDtvkyform;ygwD&J @ acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ ZG Jrav#mhbJ vHk;yef;&if 'Dxufydkrdkta&;}uD;wJ h tav#mhay;r_awG &&S datmif vkyfEd kifrSmyg?

wjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ tultnDudk r&awmifrSbJ ±k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;csnf;yJ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJudk qifE$JEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJ h Ed kifiHa&;wdkufyG JqifE$ J&mrSm tvkyform;awG[mwaumifºuufr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxk tcGif hta&;rSefor# qH k;±H _;ae&wm/

6



aqmif ;yg;pk

xifwd kif;}uJwwfwJ h tpd k;&t&m&S dawGuvnf; Oya'rJ h/ pnf;rJ hurf;rJ h t&rf;vkyfwmawGa=umifh vGwfvyfpGmawG;awm/ ajymqdkr_udk vHk;0txdyg;rcHEd kifwJ h ±d k;om;wJ h ynmwwfawGvnf; rausreyf jzpfae=uw,f? 'ghtjyiftzdESdyfcHae&wJ h yd kvef/ zifvef *sL;eJ @±k&Sm;vlrsdK; bmoma&;avmuuvlawGvnf; rausreyf jzpfae=uw,f? tpd k;&t&m&S dawG&J @&efu rvGwfuif;Ed kifwJ h ukefonfyG Jpm;av;awG/ tvkyf±H kyd kif&SifawG/ v,form;awGvnf;rausreyf jzpfae=uw,f? 'Dvl@tv$mawG[m oD;jcm;pDtaeeJ@qdk&ifEd kifiHa&;wdkufyGJudk a&&SnfrqifE$ JEd kif=uygbl;? 'gayrJ h tvkyform;

vlwef;pm;u Ed kifiHa&;wdkufyGJtvHud k v$if hxlvmwJ htcgrSmawmh ae&mwumu axmufcHr_ud k &&S dvmrSmyg? jynfol @tcGif hta&;twGuf wd kufyG J0ifolawG/ 'Drd kua&pDa&;twGuf wd kufyG J0ifolawG tm;vH k;&J @a&S @qH k;rSm ±k&Sm;qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDygwDu &yfwnf+yD; zsufqD;vd k @r&wJ h tiftm;jzpfa=umif;jyooGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?

tJ'gawGuawmh u|efawmfwd k @&J @ tajccHtjrifawGygyJ?'DtjrifawGud k pepfwuseJ @ bufaygif;pHkvnf;usatmif u|efawmfwd k @&J @owif;pmrSm wdk;csJ@wifjyoGm;ygr,f? 'Denf;eJ@ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtvkyform;ygwD&J@ a=unmpmwrf;rSm !ïefjyxm;wJh vrf;twdkif;vSrf;oGm;&r,fvd k @ u|efawmfwd k @ ,lqygw,f?

vDeif (1899)

7



vDeif

u|efawmfwdk@&J@vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwdk@&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwdk@&J@vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwdk@&J @vwfwavmvkyfief;u|efawmfwd k@&J@vwfwavmvkyfief;(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)

±k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_[m tcktcgrSm tul;tajymif;umvwckud k jzwfoef;aeygw,f? taemufbufyd kif;a'o pdef @yDwmpbwf/uD;,ufAfeJ @ wjcm;òr@rsm;rSm qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD tvkyform;tzG J @tpnf;rsm;[m vkyfief;rsm;ud k ajymifajrmufpGm pwifEd kifcJ h=u+yD; ±k&Sm;qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD tvkyform;ygwD (1898 aEGOD;) ud k wnfaxmifvd kufjcif;tm;jzif hyxrajcvSrf;udk tqHk;owfvdkufygw,f? 'Dvdk}uD;rm;wJh ajcvSrf;udktm;ukefvSrf;vd kuf&wJ htwGuf vwfwavmrSm ±k&Sm;qd k&S,f'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyH k[m EGr f;vsoGm;yH k&ygw,f? 'ga=umif h woD;wjcm;a'otzGJ@tpnf;uav;awG v_yf&Sm;cJ h =uwJh [dkt&ifyH kpHtqifhudkaemufqkwfvd kuf=uygw,f? ygwD[m aysmufysufroGm;cJ hyg? ud k,f hbmomaemufqkwfvdkufjcif;om jzpfygw,f? tm;tifawG pkpnf;zdk@/ ±k&Sm;wEdkifiHvHk;rS qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'orm;rsm; aoG;pnf;a&;udk cdkif+rJwJhtajccHay: csay;zd k @ aemufqkwfvd kufjcif;om jzpfygw,f? TaoG;pnf;r_ud k

taumiftxnfazmf&ef oif havsmfaomnD!Gwfa&;yH kpHw&yf azmfaqmif&efa'ocsif; oD;jcm;uif;uGmwJ h/ usOf;ajrmif;wJ hpdwf"mwfud k z,f&Sm;ypf&efóu;yrf;a&;onfum; ±k&Sm;qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&J @ tvsiftvd kqH k;vwfwavmvkyfief;wm0ef jzpfygw,f?

ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;wd kufyG Jud k pnf;±H k;pkpnf;ay;a&;[m u|efawmfwd k @&J @tvkyf jzpfw,fqd kwmuaum bmud kqd kvd kwmygvJ? puf±H kw±H k od k @r[kwf pufr_vkyfief;cG Jwcku tvkyform;awG[m olwd k @&J @tvkyf&Sif (awG)eJ @ wd kufyG Jqif=uw,fqd kygpd k @? tJ'g[m vlwef;pm;wd kufyG Jvm;? b,f[kwfrvJ? tJ'g[m vlwef;pm;wd kufyG J&J @ oaE<om;avmif;av;r#omyJ jzpfao;w,f? tvkyform;awG&J @ ±kef;uefwd kufyGJqifr_[m b,ftcgrS tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wd kufyG J&,fvd k @ jzpfvmrSmvJ? wjynfvH k;&S d tvkyform;vlwef;pm; w&yfvHk;&J@ a&S@wef;a&mufudk,fpm;vS,f tm;vHk;[m

8



aqmif ;yg;pk

olwdk @ud k,folwd k @ wckwnf;aom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;taeeJ@todpdwf"mwf&S dae=u+yD; wOD;csif;tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk OD;wnf&ifqdkifwmrsdK;r[kwfbJ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; w&yfvHk;eJ@ 'Dvlwef;pm;udkaxmufray;xm;wJ h tpdk;&ud k OD;wnf&ifqdkifqef@usifwJh wd kufyGJw&yfqifE$JwJhtcgrSom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;vdk@ ajymvdk@&rSmyg? tvkyform;wOD;csif;pD[m ol @ud k,fol tvkyform;vlwef;pm; w&yfvH k;&J @ tzG J @0ifwOD;tjzpf oabmaygufae+yD; oleJ @ywfoufaewJ h tvkyf&SifwOD;csif;eJ @tpd k;&t&m&S dwOD;csif;tay: olae@pOfqifE$ Jae&wJ h wd kufyG Jao;ao;av;[m

wu,fawmh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;eJ @ tpdk;&wckvHk;tay:qifE$JwJ hwd kufyGJvnf; jzpfyguvm;qdkwm wd k;csJ @oabmaygufaewJ htcgrsdK;rSomol @&J @wd kufyG Jqifr_[m vlwef;pm;wd kufyG Jqifr_ jzpfvmygw,f? “vlwef;pm;wd kufyG Jwd kif;[m Ed kifiHa&;wd kufyG JyJ jzpfw,f” qd kwm rmhufpf&J @ausmf=um;vSwJ hpum;w&yfyg? 'gudk b,fvdkem;vnf&rvJ? tvkyf&Siftay: tvkyform;u qifE$ JwJ h wd kufyG Jwd kif;[m t+rJwrf;yJ Ed kifiHa&; (oabmygwJ h) wd kufyG Jjzpfudkjzpf&r,fvk d@ em;vnfvdk @ rjzpfygbl;? t&if;&SifawGtay: tvkyform;awG qifE$ JwJ hwd kufyG J[m txufrSmajymcJ hwJ h yH kpHrsdK; vlwef;pm;wd kufyG JjzpfvmwJ htcgrSom 'Dwd kufyG J[m Ed kifiHa&;wd kufyG Jvnf; jzpfvmw,f? 'Dvd kem;vnf&rSmyg? rdrdwd k @tay: zdES dyfolrsm;tay: tvkyform;rsm; qifE$ JaewJh/ tvdktavsmufjzpfaewJh wdkufyGJudk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;&J @ wd kufyGJtjzpfodk @ ajymif;oGm;atmifvkyfzdk @ vdkw,f? 'Dtvd ktavsmufwd kufyG JawGud k tck diftrmEd kifiHa&;ygwDu tcd kiftrm Ed kifiHa&;/vlr_a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf qifE$ JwJ h wd kufyG Jtjzpfod k @ ajymif;oGm;atmifvkyfzdk@ vdkw,f? 'DtwGuf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtiftm;rsm;[mtvkyform;awGud k pnf;±H k;pkzG J @ay;&r,f? olwd k @t=um;rSm 0g'jzef @csda&;/v_ H @aqmfa&;awG vkyf&r,f? 'gawG[m a'ouGufuGufcsif; v_yf&Sm;r_eJ @r&wJ h tvkyfrsdK; jzpfygw,f?

u|efawmfwdk@Ed kifiHrSm a'ouGufuGufcsif; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m tawmfav; tqif hjrif haeyg+yD? ±k&Sm;wEd kifiHvH k;rSm qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD tawG;tac:rsdK;aphrsm; }uJxm;+yD;yg+yD? qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDpmay&J @tapmqH k;yH kpHjzpfwJ h tvkyform;vufurf; pmapmifrsm;ta=umif;ud k pdef @yDwmpbwfrS u&mpEdk,mhpfcftxd/ aumhau;&Sawmifwef;rS ,l&,fawmifwef;txd/ ±k&Sm;tvkyform;awG tm;vHk;odae=u+yDyJ? 'Da'ouGufuGufcsif; tvkyfawGud k wckwnf;wom;wnf;aom ygwDw&yf&J @

9



vDeif

tvkyfjzpfatmif pkpnf;ay;zd k @y J vd ktyfaewmyg? u|efawmfwd k @&Sdor#tm;awGoHk;+yD; ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;&r,fh tm;enf;csufuawmhwa'ocsif; tvky fawGr Sm awG@awG@ae&wJ h usOf;ajrmif;wJ h /‘taysmfwrf;qef’wJh tusif h jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtaysmfwrf;qefwJhvuQ%m&S daewma=umif hy Jayg h? ± k& Sm;tvky form;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_&J@tcsif;t&m tawmfrsm;rsm;[m a'ouGufuGufcsif;tjzpftysufoabmoufoufyJ jzpfaewmyg? 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHkwckvHk;twGuf erlemawGtjzpf

ta&;}uD;w,f? ±k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wckvH k;xJutqifhwqifhtjzpfvnf; ta&;}uD;w,fqdkwJh ta&;ygr_awGvnf;ray:rvGifjzpfaewmyg? tJ'Dtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_uav;awGtxJrSm±k&Sm;wjynfvHk; qdkif&m bHktusdK;pD;yGm;awG yg0ifaeygvm;qdkwJhtodtvkyform;awGacgif;xJrSm tjynf ht0r&&S dao;bl;? tvkyform;awG[molwdk@&J@wdkufyGJudk ±k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ ±k&Sm;'Drdkua&pD0g' tawG;tac:awGeJ @ tjynf ht0rqufpyfEd kif=uao;bl;? 'g[m taysmfwrf;qefwJ htusifhawGa=umif hyJ? &JabmfawGrSm oabmw&m;eJ @vufawG@jy\emqd kif&m tjriftrsdK;rsdK; &S dae=uygw,f? 'gayrJ h 'DtjrifawGud k jynfvH k;qd kif&mowif;pmwckxJrSm yGif hyGif hvif;vif; aqG;aEG;wm rvkyfEd kifbl; jzpfaew,f?'DtjrifawGud k wckwnf;aom vkyfief;pOfw&yf tao;pdwfa&;qG Ja&;/ ygwDtwGuf wckwnf;aom enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf csrSwfa&;qd kwJ h udpPtwGuftoH k;rcsEd kifbl; jzpfaew,f? 'DtjrifawG[m usOf;ajrmif;wJ h avhvma&;

tpkxJrSmyJ wdrfðryfoGm;&ifoGm;/ 'grSr[kwf a'ouGufuGufcsif;udpP/ñuHovdkjzpfwJ h udpPawGtjzpf tquftpyfrJhum;csJ@ypfvdkuf=uw,f?'gvnf; taysmfwrf;qefwJh tusifhp±dkufawGa=umifhyJ? u|efawmfwdk@taysmfwrf;qefwmawGud k &yfwef;u&yf=uygpd k @? bH kv_yf&Sm;r_qD OD;wnfzd k @/wckwnf;aom ygwDvkyfief;pOfw&yf azmfxkwfzdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@ygwDenf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf/ ygwDtzG J @tpnf;udpPawG yl;aygif;aqG;aEG;zd k @twGufvH kavmufwJ h &if husufr_awG u|efawmfwd k @rSm &S dae=u+yDyJ[m?

±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD[m a[mif;EGrf;wJh awmfvSefa&;/qd k&S,fvpfa&; oabmw&m;awGud k tawmfrsm;rsm; a0zefcJ h+yD;yg+yD? a0zef±H k/oabmw&m;zefwD;±H kyJ r[kwfygbl;? qdk&S,f'Drd kua&pD vkyfief;pOf[mavxJrSmyJ atmufajcvGwf wnf&Sdaewm r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxk/puf±HkawGxJu ypPnf;rJ hvlxktwGif; tus,ftjyef@eJ@ tvdktavsmuf

10



aqmif ;yg;pk

ay:aygufaewJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@vnf; aygif;pyfrdae+yDqdkwmudkvnf;oufaojycJh+yD;yg+yD? tckawmh tvGefcufcJ/ tvGefvnf;ta&;}uD;wJ hatmufygajcvSrf;ud k vSrf;&ygawmhr,f? tJ'guawmh - v_yf&Sm;r_awGud ku|e fawmfwd k @& J @ tajctaeeJ @ vd kufavsmnDp Gm acgi f;aqmifwJ htzGJ@tpnf;wck wnfaxmifzdk@ jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDqdkwmtvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_ud k omrefr# tvkyftau|;ðy±H keJ @yJ +yD;wmr[kwfygbl;?(uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf;yg tajccHtawG;tac:rsm;ud k xyfavmif;zGif hqd kxm;wJ h um;vfaumufpuD;&J @ zGif hqd kcsufud k oH k;ajym&&if) qd k&S,f'Drd k

ua&pDqd kwm “qd k&S,fvpf0g'eJ @ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_wd k @ud kaygif;pyfjcif;” udk qdkvdkwmyg? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD&J@vkyfief;u tvdktavsmufjzpfaewJ h tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ud k cd kifrmwduswJ hqdk&S,fvpfa&;OD;wnfcsufwdk@eJ@ aygif;pyfay;zdk@ jzpfygw,f? acwfòyifody` Hynma&csdefeJ @ ud kufnDwJ h qd k&S,fvpf tawG;tac:rsm;eJ @ qufpyfay;zd k @jzpfygw,f? qd k&S,fvpfpepfud koGm;&mrSm 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&; yH krSefEd kifiHa&;wdkufyGJrsm; &Sd&ygw,f? 'DwdkufyGJrsm;eJ@vnf; tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_udkqufpyfay;zd k @ jzpfygw,f? wcGef;wnf;ajym&&if 'Dtvd ktavsmuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ud k awmfvSefaomygwD&J @ vkyfaqmifcsufjzif hwaygif;wpnf;wnf; cd kifrmodyfonf;atmif aygif;pnf;ay;zd k @ jzpfygw,f?taemufOa&my EdkifiHrsm;rS 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ qdk&S,fvpf0g'ordkif;/ ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ordkif;/ ±k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_tawG@tñuHwd k@ud k ydkifEdkifatmifavhvm+yD; cdkifrmjywfom;wJh tzG J @tpnf;wck

wnfaxmif+yD; u|efawmfwd k @ygwDtwGuf ck difrmjywfom;wJ h enf;y&d,m,frsm; azmfxkwf=u&ygr,f? 'Dordkif;tawG@tñuH tcsuftvufrsm;udk“cG Jjcrf;pdwfjzm” wJ h tvkyfud k trS Dtcd kuif;uif; vkyf=u&r,f? bmvd k @vJqdkawmh toifh&Sd+yD;om; erlemyHkpHudk b,frSmrS &SmrawG@Edkifvdk@ygyJ?wzufu=unf h&if taemufOa&myeJ @ ±k&Sm;[m tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ tajctaecsif; rwlnD=uygbl;? 'gud k rjrif&if tvGeftEW&m,f&Sdygw,f? wjcm;wzufu=unfh&if ±k&Sm;EdkifiHt&ifu awmfvSefa&;ygwDawGeJ@ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDvnf; trsm;}uD;uGmjcm;ygw,f?'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&;enf;emawGta=umif;/ ordkif;u v#dK@0SuftzGJ@tpnf;awGta=umif; avhvmzd k @ vd ktyfw,f? ('gud k vH k;0vufcHw,f)qd kayr,f h a0zefyd kif;jcm;r_&S d&S d avhvm&r,f? avhvm+yD; ud k,f hud k,fyd kiftzG J @tpnf;w&yfud k trS Dcd kuif;uif; wnfaqmuf=u&ygr,f?

11



vDeif

'Dvkyfief;wm0efrsdK;udk wifjy&rSm t"duar;cGef; 2 ck txl;xif&Sm;pGm xGufay:vmygw,f? (1) a'oawGu qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtiftm;awG[m vH k;0vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;Ed kifzd k @vd kw,fqd kwJ h tcsufeJ @ -wom;wnf;aomygwD? qdkvdkwmu A[d kwckwnf;u csKyfud kifxm;wJhygwDw&yf wnfaxmifzd k @ vd ktyfw,fqd kwJ h tcsufwd k @ud k b,fvd k aygif;pyfay;rvJ? qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDygwD[m ol @&J @tiftm;rsm;udk pufr_òr@}uD;awGrSm rwlwJ humv/ rwlwJ h toGiftjyifawGeJ @ jzpfay:aewJ h tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tvd ktavsmuf v_yf&Sm;r_awGuwqif h jznf hwif;&&S daewmyg?

ygwD&J @ v_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#ud k a'otoD;oD;&S d qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDtzG J @tpnf;rsm;&J @ v_yf&Sm;r_tay:rSm tajccHxm;ygw,f? a'otzG J@tpnf;awG&J @v_yf&Sm;r_[m woD;woef @pD uG JaewJ h “taysmfwrf;orm;” rsm;&J @ v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfaer,fqd k&if wu,fwrf;rn‡mrwm ajym&&if 'g[m qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_vd k @ ajymvd k @r&ygbl;? bmvd k @vJqd kawmh 'g[m ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;ay;wm/ acgif;aqmifwm r[kwfvdk@ygyJ? (2)qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m Ed kifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_&a&; wd kufyG JqifE$ Jzd k @t"duOD;wnfwJ h awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yf xlaxmifzd k @ óu;pm;&r,fqd kwJ htcsufeJ@ qd k&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'u EdkifiHa&;vkyf}uHr_awGtwGuf pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmifwmud k jywfjywfom;om; qef @usifw,f? tvkyform;awGud k“uwkwfawG wl;xm;zd k @” v_ H @aqmfwmud k tav;teuf qef @usifw,f?('gud k P.B. Axelrod uvnf; rSefuefpGm axmufjycJ hw,f?) ðcHajym&&iftpd k;&tay: xd k;ppfqifwd kufcd kufa&;/ [d k[d k'D'D “pDrHudef;” qd kwmawGud k

awmfvSefa&;orm;wpku a&;qG J+yD;/ tvkyform;awGud k taumiftxnfazmfcd kif;wmrsdK;ud k tav;teuf qef @usifw,fqd kwJ h tcsufawGud k b,fvd kaygif;pyfrvJ?

tJ'Dar;cGe f;awGtwGuf oabmw&m;a&;t& tajzudk±k&Sm;qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD0g'u ay;xm;+yD;jzpfw,fqd kwm rkcs,H k=unfygw,f?“u|efawmfwd k @&J @vkyfief;pOf” aqmif;yg;xJrSm ajymcJ h+yD;yg+yD? xyfrajymvd kawmhyg? tck[mu 'Dar;cGef;awGtwGuf vufawG @/ tcd kiftrma&;t&tajzud k &Sm=uzd k @yg? wOD;wa,mufcsif;/ tiftm;pkwpkcsif;u vkyfvd k @r&yg?qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD tiftm;pkw&yfvH k; pnf;±H k;pkzG J @r_&S d&S d &SmazGrSom 'Dtajzud k&&SdrSmyg? avmavmq,f tvsiftvd kqH k; vkyf&rSmu 'Dar;cGef;awG&J @vufawG @tajzud k &Sm=uzd k @yJ? 'DtwGuf&nf&G,f+yD; yH krSefxkwfa0r,f h ygwDtmabmfowif;pmwapmif vwfwavmxlaxmif=u&r,f? 'Dowif;pm

12



aqmif ;yg;pk

[m a'otoD;oD;u tpkawGeJ @ eD;eD;uyfuyf qufoG,fr_&S dae&r,f?vmr,fhumvwckvHk;rSm qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk;[m 'D(owif;pmxlaxmifa&;) &nfrSef;csufudk OD;wnfxm;oifhygw,f?'Dvd kowif;pm r&S d&if a'otoD;oD; vkyfief;awG[m ‘taysmfwrf;qef’+yD; usOf;ajrmif;aeOD;rSmyJ? wnfaxmifr,f hygwD[m b,fvd kygwDjzpf&rvJqd kwm owif;pmwapmifxJrSm pkpnf;a&mifjyef[yfaqG;aEG;xm;wm r&S d&if/tJ'DygwD wnfaxmifa&;qd kwm tenf;eJ @trsm; Avmpum;om jzpfaeygvdrf hr,f? pD;yGm;a&;wd kufyG Jwck[m wjynfvH k; A[d kowif;pmwapmifu

pkpnf;ay;xm;wmr&S d&if ±k&Sm;ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm; w&yfvH k;&J @ vlwef;pm;wd kufyG J jzpfvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? ygwD[m wckvH k;taeeJ @ ay:vpDjy\emtm;vH k;rSm a=unmcsufawG ray;Ed kif&if/ Ed kifiHa&;wd kufyG Jwckud k qifE$ JEd kifrSmr[kwfygbl;? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;awGud k pnf;±H k;pkpnf;/ pnf;urf;wusjzpfatmif vkyfzd k @eJ @ awmfvSefa&;enf;y&d,m,fawG azmfxkwfzd k @qd kwmvnf;'Djy\emawGud k wjynfvH k;A[d k owif;pmwapmifrSm aqG;aEG;zd k @ vd kw,f?udpPt00 ajz&Sif;&mrSm vd kufem&r,f h pnf;urf;awG/ ajz&Sif;wJ hyH kpHawGud kpkaygif;owfrSwfxm;zdk@ vdkw,f? A[dkowif;pmuwqifh wygwDvHk;tay:rSm ygwD0ifwd kif;u b,fvd kwm0ef,l&r,fqd kwm owfrSwfxm;zd k @vd kw,f?

&Sd&Sdor# ygwDtiftm; (pmaytiftm;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;pGrf;tm;/±kyf0wKtiftm;pwm) tm;vH k;ud k pkpnf;toH k;ðyum ygwDwckvH k;twGuftmabmfowif;pmud k wnfaxmif+yD; rSefuefpGmpDrHvnfywfa&; ta=umif;

ud k ajymqd kwJ htcgrSm wjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_ o¿mefawGud k aemufwef;yd k @xm;zd k @qd kwJ htawG; enf;enf;rS r&S dygbl;? Oyrm a'otoD;oD;rSm v_ H @aqmfa&;vkyfwm/ qENjywm/ oydwfarSmufwm/ olv#dKawGudk azmfxkwftjypfay;wm/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk qef@usifzdk@v_ H @aqmfwm/ oydwfwd kufyG JqifE$ JwmpwJ h wjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_o¿meftm;vH k;tay:rSm tajccHwmyg? 'gayrJh 'gawGudk ygwDw&yfvHk;&J@tmabmfowif;pmuae pkpnf;/ pnf;±H k;ray;&if 'DawmfvSefa&;wd kufyG Jo¿mefawG&J @ta&;ygr_ 90µ [m qH k;±H _;oGm;ygvdrf hr,f? 'Dwd kufyG JawGuwqif h ygwD&J @tawG @tñuH/ tpOftvmawG/ ajcvSrf;awG ay:aygufvmrSm r[kwfygbl;?ygwDowif;pm[m 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awG&J@ ,SOfòyifbufr[kwfwJhtjyif'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wdk;csJ@zd k@/ odyfonf;cdkifrmapzdk@/ pepfwusjzpfapzdk@trsm;}uD; taxmuftulðyygvdrf hr,f?

13



vDeif

±k&Sm;'Drd kua&pDygwD&J @tajctae[m wjcm;Oa&myEd kifiHawGuqd k& S,f' Dr d kua&pDygwDawGe J @vnf;rwl/ ± k& Sm;awmfvSe fa&;ygwDa[mif;awGeJ@vnf; rwlwma=umifh tiftm; tm;vHk;pkpnf;+yD; ygwDowif;pmwapmif wnfaxmifum yH krSefxkwfa0jzef @csdEd kifatmif vkyf=uzd k @vd ktyfaewmyg? *smr%D/ jyifopfpwJ h EdkifiHawGu tvkyform;awGrSmolwd k@&J @v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk trsm;odatmif azmfxkwfzdk @/ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudkpepfwusjzpfatmifvkyfzd k @ owif;pmawGtjyif wjcm;enf;emawGtrsm;}uD; &S d=uygw,f? Oyrm ygvDrefxJ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_/ a&G;aumufyG J

v_ H @aqmfr_rsm;/ w&m;0iftpnf;ta0;rsm;/ (òr@jyaus;vuf) a'o vlxktoif;tzG J @rsm;rSm yg0ifr_/ (vkyfief;}uD;/ vkyfief;ao;) or*~rsm; w&m;0ifxlaxmifr_ pwmpwmawG &Sd=uygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@uawmh 'gawGtm;vH k; ([kwfygw,f 'gawGtm;vH k;) ae&mrSm (u|efawmfwd k @ Ed kifiHa&;vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;cGifh r&rcsif;) awmfvSefa&;owif;pmwapmifeJ@tpm;xd k; vkyfaqmif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvd kowif;pm r&S d&if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ wckvH k;ud k us,fus,fjyef @jyef @ pnf ;±H k;zd k @ rjzpfEd kifygbl;?u|efawmfwdk@[m v#dK@0Sufvkyf}uHr_awGudk r,Hk=unfygbl;? tpdk;&udkzsufqD;zdk@/ wOD;csif; awmfvSefa&;qefqef pGef@pm;vkyf=uwmudkvnf;qef @usifygw,f? *smrefqd k&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD&J@ &if husufwJ h ygwD0if}uD;vpfbfnuf&J @pum;awGud k u|efawmfwd k @ v_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGuf owday;aqmifyk'ftjzpf ,lqyg? “avhvmyg? tod§0g' jzef @csda&; vkyfyg? pnf;±H k;yg” 'gawGvkyfzd k @ qH kcsufuawmh ygwDtmabmf owif;pmyJ jzpfEd kifygw,f?jzpf&ygr,f?

'gayrJ h yH krSefvnfywf+yD; tenf;eJ @trsm; wnf+idrfr_&S dwJ h owif;pmwpmifaxmifzd k @ jzpfEd kifygovm;? b,fvd ktajctaersdK;rSm jzpfEd kifrvJqd kwJ hudpPud kawmh aemufwcgrSm aqG;aEG;ygr,f?

vDeif (1899)

14



aqmif ;yg;pk

tjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvd kaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvd kaomjy\emwcktjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwck(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)(vDeif 1899)

u|efawmfwdk@twGuf vwfwavmvkyf&r,fh tvkyfu ygwDtmabmfowif;pmwapmif xlaxmifzdk@ jzpfw,f? owif;pmud k yHkrSef

xkwfa0jzef @csdzd k @jzpfw,f qd kwJ hta=umif; ,cifaqmif;yg;rSm u|efawmfwd k @ajymcJ hygw,f? aemuf+yD; 'gjzpfEd kifrvm;/ b,ftajctaerSm jzpfEd kifrvJqd kwJ hjy\emud kvnf; wifjycJ hw,f? tck 'Djy\em&J @ yd kta&;}uD;wJ hbufrsm;ud koH k;oyfygr,f?

'D&nf&G,fcsuf txajrmufzd k @qd k&if a'oqd kif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awGoGufvufaezd k @ yxrqH k;vd kvdrf hr,fqd kwJ h apm'u t"duwuf=uvdrf hr,fxifygw,f? 'Dapm'uudk tus,ftjyef@ajymaewJhwdkifatmif 'g[mrSm;,Gif;w,fvd k @ u|efawmfwd k @ jrifygw,f? ygwDtmabmfowif;pmaxmifzd k @/xd krSwqif h ygwDyifud k,fud k xlaxmifzd k @/ owif;pmeJ @ygwDud k tajccHcd kifrmatmifvkyfzd k @ jzpfEd kifw,f? csufcsif;vnf; pvkyf=u&r,fvd k @ jrifygw,f?'DajcvSrf;udkvSrf;zd k @ tc&muswJh tcsuftvufawG &S dae+yDyJ? =unf hyg?a'ocsif; ygwDvkyfief;awG vkyfaqmifae=u+yDyJ? tjrpfwG,faewmvnf;txift&Sm;yJ? tpdk;&ykvdyfu wdkufcdkufwm pdyfpdyfvmaewJh=um;u

vkyfief;awG[m c%wmavmufom &yfqd kif;oGm;wmyJ? qH k;±H _;tiftm;awGae&mrSm tiftm;opfawG tjreftpm;xd k; 0ifvmae=uwmyJ? aemuf+yD;ygwDrSm owif;pmxkwfzd k @ t&if ;tjrpfawG/ pmaytiftm;pkawG/ jynfyrSmomru jynfwGif;rSmyg &S daeygw,f? 'ga=umifh jy\emu vkyfvufptvkyfawGud k “taysmfwrf;qefqef” qufvkyfae=urvm;? 'grSr[kwf'DtvkyfawGud k wom;wnf;aom ygwD&J @ vkyfief;twGif; pkpnf;ay;+yD;tm;vH k;ud k ygwDtmabmfowif;pmrSm a&mifjyef[yf azmfjywm vkyfrvm;qd kwJ htcsuf jzpfygw,f?

'Dae&mrSm u|efawmfwd k @v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tjrefqH k;ajz&Sif;&r,f hjy\emudk ajymygr,f? wdkwdkajym&&if pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_jy\emyJ?awmfvSefa&;tzG J@tpnf;/ awmfvSefa&;pnf;urf;awGud k aumif;atmifvkyfzdk@/ ajratmufenf;emawGud k aumif;rGefatmifvkyfzdk@ vHk;0vdktyf

15



vDeif

ygw,f? yGif hyGif hvif;vif; 0efcH&&if 'DudpPawGrSm u|efawmf[m ±k&Sm;ygwDa[mif;rsm;ud k rDatmifrvd kufEd kifao;ygbl;? rDatmif/ ausmfwufEd kifatmiftpGrf;ukefóu;pm;=u&ygr,f? tzG J @tpnf;t&nftaoG; rjrif hbJeJ @ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ wdk;wufa&;[m rjzpfEdkifyg? 'g,kwfpGtqHk;ajymwmyg? txl;ojzif h owif;pmw&yfud k yH krSefOD;aqmifvnfywfxm;wJ h/wufºuwJ hygwDw&yf xlaxmifa&; rjzpfEd kifyg? 'guwzuf? tjcm;wzufrSmqdk&if vuf&S dygwDXmersm; (vkyfief;tzGJ @rsm;/ tpkrsm;/ owif;pmrsm;)pnf;±H k;zG J @pnf;r_jy\emawGud k yd krd k*±kpd kuf=u&r,f? a'otoD;oD; tpkrsm;

ud k pnf;±H k;a&;udpPeJ @ywfouf+yD; wGef;tm;ay;=u&r,f?a'otoD;oD;rSm taysmfwrf;qefqefawGvkyf&if; yk*~ dKvfa&;qufoG,fr_awG tvGeftu|Hrsm;oGm;wmcsnf;ygyJ? avhvma&;tpkvkyf[efawG jzpfoGm;wmcsnf;yJ? u|efawmfwd k @[m avhvma&;tpktqif huae }uD;xGm;vm=uwmyg? 'Dtqif h[m vuf&S du|efawmfwd k @vkyfief;awGtzd k @ tawmf hud k usOf;ajrmif;vmae+yD? 'Dtqif hvkyf&if;uae tiftm;pkawGtvGeftu|Hðzef;wD;&m a&mufoGm;wwfygw,f? tiftm;awGud k wom;wnf;/ wckwnf;aomygwD tjzpfod k @ pkpnf;vd kufrSom tvkyfwm0efcGJvkyfaqmifa&;/ tiftm;ac|wma&;rlawGud k twdtusvd kufemvkyfud kifEd kifrSmyg? 'Dvd k vkyfud kifEd kifrSvnf; qH k;±H _;r_awGud k av#mhypfEd kifrSmyg? 'grSvnf;oufOD;qHyd kiftpd k;&&J @ zdES dyfr_eJ @ t&rf;uma&m zrf;qD;r_awGud k &ifqd kifEd kifwJ htrmcHtiftm;udk twwfEdkifqHk; cdkifrmatmif wnfaqmufEdkifrSmyg?u|efawmfwd k @vd k ±k&Sm;rSm “,l*sD” avmuxJ v#dKae&wJ h qd k&S,fvpftpk

ao;ao;av;awG &ifqd kifae&wmu qd k&S,fvpfeJ @'Drd kua&pDud k acsr_ef;zd k @tpGrf;ukefóu;pm;aewJ h tiftm;t}uD;qH k; acwfrDtpd k;&,EW&m;}uD; jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'DzdESdyfa&;,EW&m;udk aemufqHk;rSm acsr_ef;ypfEdkifvdrf hr,fvd k @ u|efawmfwd k @ ,H k=unfygw,f? bmvd k @vJqd kawmh u|efawmfwd k @vl @tzG J @tpnf;rSm a,bk,syH krSefus+yD; zG H @òz;aewJ hvlrSef&if 'Drd kua&pDpepfeJ @qd k&S,fvpfpepfud k óuuf=uwm jzpfvd k @ygyJ? 'gayrJ h tpd k;&ud k pepfwuswdkufyGJqifzdk@qdk&if awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ pnf;urf;eJ@ ajratmufvkyfief;enf;y&d,m,fawGud k taumif;rGefqH k;jzpfatmif jr‡if hwif=u&ygr,f?ygwD0ifwOD;csif;/ ygwD0iftpktzG J @ wpkcsif;[m trsdK;rsdK;aom ygwDvkyfief;awGud k ud k,fpDcG Ja0+yD; txl;oD;oef @ vkyfae=u&ygr,f? wcsdK@u pm&Gufpmwrf; rlyGm;wJhvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u e,fpyfjzwfausmf+yD; pmapmifawGyd k @wJ hvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u ±k&Sm;jynfwGif; pmapmifjzef @a0wJ hvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u

16



aqmif ;yg;pk

òr@}uD;awGrSm pmapmifjzef @a0wJ hvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u v#dK@0Suftpnf;ta0;ae&mawG pDpOfay;wJ hvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u &efyH kaiG pkaqmif;wJ hvkyfief;/ wcsdK@uowif;awG/ v_yf&Sm;r_tcsuftvufawG yd k @ay;wJ hvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u tquftoG,f jywfroGm;atmif xdef;odrf;wJ hvkyfief; pwJ hpwJ h vkyfief;awGud kcG Ja0vkyfae=u&ygr,f? cgwd kif;vkyfaeus avhvma&;tpkawGxJu tvkyfawG vkyfwmeJ @pm&if tckvd k tvkyfwm0efcG Ja0+yD; oD;oef @vkyfwmrsdK;[mud k,f hud k,fud k trsm;}uD;xdef;csKyfzd k @ vd kw,f? ao;ao;r$m;r$m; vlolrjrifwJ hae@pOftvkyfuav;awGud k tm±Hkpd kufEdkifzdk @ trsm;}uD;vd kw,f? wu,f h

ol&Jaumif;0g'&S dzd k @ trsm;}uD;vd kw,f?bmyJjzpfjzpf ±k&Sm;qd k&S,fvpfawG&J @ ±k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSm ol&Jaumif;yDowJh t&nftaoG;awG &Sdw,fqd kwm jyocJ h+yD;yg+yD?'ga=umif h omreftm;jzif h ajym&&if vlrvH kavmufbl;qd k&if nnf;nLaewm[m raumif;ygbl;? tvkyform;vli,fawGrSm 'Drd kua&pDeJ @ qd k&S,fvpfa&;twGuf jyif;xefwJ h/ rxdef;csKyfEd kifwJ h wufºur_awG&S daewm awG @Ed kifw,f?axmifxJrSm vlawGtrsm;}uDyJ? jynfESif'%feJ@ EdkifiHjcm;a&mufae&olawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yJqd kayr,f h ynmwwfawG[m tvkyform;awGud kulnDzdk @ tqufrjywf a&mufvmaewkef;yJ? 'Dtiftm;opfawG=um;rSmpnf;urf;wif;usyfwJh tzGJ @tpnf;w&yf&Sdzdk @ vdkw,fqd kwJh pOf;pm;r_rsdK;tus,ftjyef @&S dvmatmif vkyfEd kif&if yH krSefxkwfa0jzef @csdr,f h ygwDowif;pmwapmifaxmifzdk@ pDrHudef;qdkwm tdyfrufr# r[kwfawmhyg? 'DpDrHudef;jzpfajrmufzd k @ &S d&r,f hvk dtyfcsufwckud k =unf h&atmif? owif;pmtwGuf

owif;awGeJ @wjcm;ukef=urf; tcsuftvufawG ae&mwumu yHkrSefay;yd k @aezd k @ vd kw,fqd kwJ h tcsufyg? u|efawmfwd k @eJ @ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_jrefjrefay:vmwJ htcgwd kif; owif;pmxkwfa&;[m jzpfEd kifw,f? Ed kifiHjcm;uae xkwfa0wJ h pmapmifawGtwGufawmif jzpfEd kifw,fqd kwm ord kif;uoufaojycJ h+yD r[kwfygvm;? a'otoD;oD;rSm tvkyfvkyfae=uwJ h qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD tiftm;rsm;taeeJ @ ygwDowif;pmud k olwd k @ud k,fyd kif owif;pmtjzpf ,lqvm=uum owif;pmeJ @ yH krSeftquftoG,f xdef;odrf;xm;a&;/olwd k @jy\emrsm;ud k owif;pmxJrSm a&mifjyef[yfaeapa&;wd k @ud k olwd k @&J @t"duvkyfief;tjzpf oabmxm;vm=ur,fqd k&if v_yf&Sm;r_owif;tcsuftvuf tjynf htpH kud k owif;pmqDta&muf yd k @zd k @[m jzpfud kjzpfEd kifygw,f?"rRwmyJ v#dK@0Sufa&;pnf;urf;enf;vrf;awGtwd kif; vd kufemvkyfzd k @awmhvdkwmaygh? 'gawGuvnf; odyfr±_yfvSygbl;? wjcm;vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh

17



vDeif

owif;pmud k ±k&Sm;EdkifiHa'otm;vH k;od k@ yH krSefta&muf jzef@a0a&;qd kwJhtcsufuawmh vkyfaezd k @ cufygw,f? owif;pmawGud k vlxkw&yfvH k;qDta&mufydk@a&;udk tckavmuf tav;rxm;cJhwJh [dkwkef;u ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ umvawGxuf vkyf&yd kcufygw,f? 'gayrJ h qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pD owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0jcif; &nf&G,fcsuft&=unf h&if 'Djzef @a0a&;udpP[m odyfrcufjyefygbl;? 'Dowif;pmud k yH krSefusus/ apmifa&rsm;rsm; yd k @ay;&r,f h t"duae&mawGu tcsuftcsm pufr_ZH ke,fajrawG/puf±H kòr@&GmawG/ òr@jypuf±H k&yfuGufawGpwJ h ae&mawG jzpfygw,f? 'Dvd kae&m

rsdK;awGrSm ae=uwJ hvl tm;vH k;vd kvd k[m tvkyform;awGcsnf;ygyJ? wu,f hvufawG @rSm 'Dvd kae&mrsdK;rSm tvkyform;u tajctaeud k xdef;csKyfxm;wmyg? tvkyform;rSm ykvdyfudkvSnfhjzm;wJh enf;emawG trsm;}uD;&S dygw,f? teD;tem; puf±H ktkyfpkawGeJ @ qufqH&mrSm rdrdwd k @ud k,fpD txl;yd kifEd kifwJ h v_yf&Sm;r_uav;awGtay: rlwnfqufqH=uygw,f? 1878 -90 *smr%DrSm qdk&S,fvpfESdyfuGyfa&; txl;Oya'usifhoHk;pOfumvu*smrefykvdyfawG vkyfyH kud kifyH k[m ±k&Sm;ykvdyfawGxuf rnH hygbl;? omcsifawmif omygvdrfhOD;r,f? 'gayrJh 'Dwkef;u *smreftvkyform;awG[molwd k @&J @ pnf ;±H k;zG J @pnf;r_/ pnf;urf;&S dr_awG tm;ud k;+yD; w&m;r0if tywfpOfowif;pmwapmifudk e,fpyfydwfqdk@r_udk jzwfausmfyHkrSefo,fydk@umowif;pmrSm,lolawGqD ta&mufyd k@ay;EdkifcJ hygw,f? 'ga=umif h tpd k;&0ef}uD;awGuawmif qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDpmwd kuf (“teDa&mifpmwd kuf”) ud ktm;rusbJ raeEd kifcJ hygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@qDrSmawmh 'Davmufxd

ajymifajrmufzd k @ r&nfrSef;bl;aygh? 'gayrJ h u|efawmfwd k @ 'DOD;wnfcsuftwd kif;tm;xkwfvkyf=ur,fqd k&if ygwDowif;pmud kyJ tenf;qH k;weSpf 12 }udrfxkwfEd kif+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_tcsuftcsmae&m tm;vH k;rSm &S dae=uwJ h qd k&S,fvpf0g' vd kvm;ol tvkyform;tpktm;vH k;qD yH krSefta&muf yd k @Ed kifrSm aocsmygw,f?

vkyfief;wm0efcG Ja0+yD; oD;oef @pDvkyfzd k @udpP jyefaqG;aEG;&r,fqd k&if'Dvd k rvkyfEd kifao;wm[m wyd kif;u “taysmfwrf;qef” wJ h tvkyfawGyJrsm;aewma=umif htjyif aemufwyd kif;u u|efawmfwd k @ qd k&S,f'Drd kua&pDowif;pmawGtaeeJ @ pnf ;±H k;a&; jy\emawGtay: tav;xm;r_ odyfud kenf;yg;wma=umif hygyJ?

wapmifwnf;aom jynfvH k;qd kif&m ygwDowif;pm axmifEd kifrSom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ‘us&me,fy,fwcku tvkyform;’

18



aqmif ;yg;pk

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19



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20



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vDeif (1899)

vDeif&J @ Our ImmediateTask, Our Programme ESif h An Urgent

Question wd k @ud k bmomjyefxm;wm jzpfygw,f?

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Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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