LESSON 01

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES THAT HELP IN THE CONTROL OF DISEASES

Name and appreciate the health benefits brought about by modern technology.

Identify the factors that contribute to the prevalence of communicable disease.

Participate actively in the discussion.

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES THAT HELP IN THE CONTROL OF DISEASE

One of the greatest contributions of modern science is the conquest of communicable disease and the promulgation of the human life. There are many diseases that can be treated due to modern medicine such as cholera, chicken pox, tuberculosis, and malaria. Diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella or German measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio, and hepatitis can be prevented and controlled through immunization.

Included in the inventions for health in the field of medicine and science are the development of modern techniques in medication and operation, modern techniques in the prevention of diseases, heart operation and modern equipment such as laser and bio-energizer.

There are also invention of medicines and ways of preventing severe body pains through acupuncture. Aside from these, there are also banks for blood, eyes, skin, and bones that have been put up. At present, we can determine the sex of the fetus from a mother’s uterus through the ultrasound.

SOME OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED GREATLY IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH:

1. LOUIS PASTEUR – called the “Father of Bacteriology”.

2. EDWARD JENNER – known as the conqueror of small pox; developed vaccination.

3. ANTON VAN LEEUWENWHOEK - discoverer of germs; invented the microscope.

4. ROBERT KOCH – discovered the germ-causing tuberculosis.5. JONAS SALK –discovered vaccine for paralytic poliomyelitis.6. ALBERT SABIN –discovered oral vaccine for paralytic poliomyelitis.7. ALEXANDER FLEMING –discovered penicillin for antibiotic therapy.8. WILLIAM ROENTGEN –discovered X-ray.9. WILLIAM HARVEY –discovered blood circulation.10.MARIE CURIE –discovered radium.11.GERHARD HANSEN –discovered leprosy.

LESSON 02

FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES

OBJECTIVES: Describe the modern concepts of disease. Identify and explain the relationship of the three factors in the existence

of disease. Enumerate and explain the six essential factors in the development of

the infection process. Present the relationship of the different factors in the infection process. Plan a course of action or set of measures as to how one can break the

chain of infection.

THE MODERN CONCEPTS OF DISEASE

Disease may be defined as a failure of the adaptive mechanics of an organism to counter act adequately the stimuli and stress to which it is subjected,

resulting in a disturbance in function or structure of some parts of the body.

Disease may be described as a departure from a positive state of health or well-being.

A disease exists whenever there is an impairment of the normal state of organisms that affect the performance of vital functions.

Disease results when, in struggle between the organism and the individual, there is a visible evidence of interaction.

Disease is the detectable reaction of an individual, the human host to a parasite (an infectious agent in a particular environment).

FACTORS THAT CAUSES DISEASE

To understand disease and its processes, it is important to consider the factors or forces that produce a healthy state free from disease, on one hand, or a disease condition on the other. These are the forces: Host (Man)

Agent Environment

1. The Host

a. Man may become an obligate host where the microbiological agent has been established in man and only in man for its survival. Man is an obligate host to the virus of measles. Only in the cells of man can the virus of measles survive. Man is only its reservoir.

b. Man may be a principal host of some disease where he is chiefly responsible for the propagation of the parasite as in salmonella infection (typhoid). Man is the reservoir of infection.

c. Man may be an occasional host. Animals are the principal reservoir; man is an unimportant reservoir.

Examples: rabies - principal host is animal- occasional host is man

The host accidentally steps in the life cycle of the organisms.

2. Disease Agents

There are substances or elements, the presence or absence of which, may imitate or perpetrate a disease process.

Effects of microorganisms in the body:

1. Destroys body cells and tissues e.g., boils, tuberculosis

2. Causes mechanical injury e.g., due to rapid multiplication

3. Secretes toxins or poisons e.g., bacterial disease, sore throat, diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid fever

4. Causes uncomfortable body reactions such as fever and aching e.g., influenza

Types of agents

Biological - amoebic dysentery Chemical - fluorosis Physical - trauma or accident Nutritional - anemia, goiter, beriberi, etc. Psychological - stress, tension, neurosis, psychosis

3. Environment

There are ecological factors that are favorable and unfavorable in the development of diseases.

The favorable ecological factors are:

Good hereditary Good environment Proper nutrition Adequate medical care Satisfying work and recreation Personal-social fulfillment Emotional maturity, etc.

The unfavorable ecological factors are:

Poor heredity Poor environment Low living standards Stress, pathogenic organisms Psychogenic-emotional factors Aging Unhealthful practices

The biological concept of disease is disease occurs when an imbalance exist between the host and the disease agent as they interact in the environment.

Health is maintained when s state of balance exist between the three forces. Infection is the successful entry, lodgment and multiplication of disease agents of the body. The presences of parasites alone do not result in disease, while disease results when the parasites overcome the resistance of the host and cause destruction or disturbance in the function of the body.

SIX ESSENTIAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFECTION PROCESS

A. CAUSITIVE AGENT

The agent in communicable disease process is any specific organism or its substance which is capable of producing infection in the host. The different organisms and the corresponding diseases they produce in man are the following:

1. Bacteria – are microscopic organisms. Most bacteria have one of basic shapes: rod (bacilli), round (cocci), or spiral (spirilla). Bacteria that live in humans use the materials from human tissue for food. Bacteria reproduce by growing in size and splitting in half. A few kinds of bacteria can cause disease when they produce in large

numbers. Some bacteria can also cause disease when they produce waste that poisons the body. These wastes are called toxins.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROUND BACTERIA ACCORDING TO THEIR SHAPE:

1. Coccior round shape – common diseases produced are tonsillitis, pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, septic sore throat, furuncles, pimples, gastroenteritis and pneumonia.

2. Bacilli or rod-shaped bacteria – common diseases produced are diphtheria, cholera, el tor, leprosy, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, dysentery.

3. Spirilla or spiral – shaped bacteria – common diseases produced are syphilis and tropical ulcer.

ANTIBIOTICS INTERFERE WITH THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA.

2. Fungi - are organism that feed on animal or plant tissues. The fungi that cause disease in humans grow either on skin surface or on mucous membranes. The fungi take nutrients from the cell of these tissues.

Ring worm, athlete`s foot and tinea flava are the most common human diseases caused by fungi. These fungi are spread when people come in contact with objects used by infected persons. Treatments for

fungal diseases include antifungal drugs and medicated creams and powders.

3. Rickettsiae – are small bacteria that can be produced only within living cells. Rickettsiae usually live in the cells of insects such as lice, mites, and ticks. Some rickettsiae can cause disease in humans. An infected organism, like a tick, spreads the rickettsiae when it bites a human or an animal. The rickettsiae then spread and reproduce inside the cells of a human or an animal. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhoid fever are two diseases caused by rickettsiae. Untreated rickettsiae diseases can be fatal. However, medicines that can cure most rickettsiae diseases are available.

4. Protozoan – protozoan is one-celled organism. A few protozoans can cause diseases. They live on or in other organisms known as hosts. Protozoans absorb food from these hosts. Some protozoans live part of their lives in humans and part in another organism.

The protozoans that cause amoebic dysentery does not need two hosts for its life cycle. Contaminated food and water transmit the protozoans to humans. Antibiotics and such drugs as quinine are use to treat diseases caused by protozoans.

a. Viruses – are made up of genetic materials surrounded by a protein shell. Viruses are not cells. They are smaller than any known cell.

Viruses must live inside cells in order to reproduce. A virus enters a body cell and directs the cell to reproduce viruses. These new viruses begin to fill the inside of the body cell. When the cell is full of viruses, they leave the cell and invade and damage other cells.

Viruses are responsible for more diseases than any other type of pathogens. They cause such diseases as cold, influenza, mumps, measles, chicken pox, rabies, and lupus. Viruses are also suspected to cause some forms of cancer and arthritis. Even today, very few medicines can treat

viral diseases effectively. The body`s own defenses eventually defeat most viral diseases.

B. RESERVOIR OR SOURCE OF INFECTION

Man is recognized as the most important reservoir and source of infection at the same time. Reservoirs of infection are man, animals, plants, soil or inanimate and organic matters, in which an infectious agent lives, multiplies, and depends primarily for survival.

Man serves as a reservoir during an attack of a disease and during convalescence. He may be a carrier who carries the germs in his body for long duration sometimes throughout his lifetime but is unaware of his condition because no symptoms of the disease bother him.

Source of infection is defined as a thing, person, object or substance from which an infection agent passes immediately to a host. The natural environment to a limited degree also serves as a reservoir of infection. Soil and dust contain many pathogenic organisms.

C. MODE OF ESCAPE

As long as humans or animals serve only as reservoirs, new infection does not take place. These organisms must be able to escape from their sources. The most important ways by which microorganisms escape are the following:

1. Respiratory tract2. Gastrointestinal3. Urinary tract4. Skin5. Mechanical escape like the sucking of insects that brings out the infected

blood.

After the infecting organism has escaped from the host, it can cause infection only if it finds its way to the new host. It is for his reason that

knowledge of the mode of transmission is often the vital point of attack for the control of communicable diseases.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

What is the relationship of the three factors in the existence of the disease?

Enumerate the different effects of microorganisms to the body.

What is causative?

What are the different organisms that can cause disease? Make a list of them.

Using the diagram, explain the life cycle of malaria protozoan

LESSON 03

COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

OBJECTIVES: Identify the common communicable diseases and explain each. Enumerate and discuss the causes and symptoms of these

diseases. Accept that these diseases can be controlled and prevented.

COMMON COLD

The common cold is among the most common communicable diseases in the world. This is a disease of the upper respiratory tract which is caused by a virus. You can get a cold virus by direct contact with a person who has a cold or by inhaling an airborne cold virus. However, most people catch cold by

touching an object that has cold viruses on it. They can transfer the viruses from their hands on their eyes, nose, or mouth.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Sneezing Congestion

WHAT TO DO:

Have plenty of rest. Drink plenty of fluids. Eat nutritious foods.

PREVENTION OF COMMON COLD

No medicines can cure the common cold. Some medicines can lessen your symptoms while your body fights the cold, but they will not help you get well any faster. In fact, overuse of some medication can cause the cold to last longer or the virus to spread. Good health practices give your body the best chance to fight the virus.

INFLUENZA

Influenza or flu is a highly contagious disease. It spreads from person to person through spitting, sneezing, coughing, kissing, or using articles freshly soiled with charges from the nose and throat of an infected person.

WHAT TO DO:

Consult any health personnel or doctor when fever, headache, runny nose, and pain in the joints develop.

Observe proper personal hygiene. Stay warm in bed and have plenty of rest.

Drink plenty of liquid such as juices, milk, water, and soup. Eat light meals.

PREVENTION OF INFLUENZA

Avoid crowds. Use your own toilet articles and handkerchief. Build up your resistance with nutritious foods, good rest, and

sleep and regular exercise. Avoid sudden changes in temperature and exposure to rain. Observe strict personal hygiene.

PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia is a serious contagious disease of the lungs caused by pneumococcal and other bacteria. It is spread through droplets from a patients cough or sneeze, direct contact like kissing, or the use of articles freshly soiled with a discharge from a patient`s nose and throat. Untreated cold or influenza may develop in pneumonia.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Headache Sudden onset of high fever and chills Chest and back pain for a month Loss of weight and appetite

WHAT TO DO:

Consult a doctor when symptoms persist. Bring the patient to the hospital if serious symptoms like coughing

out blood are present.

PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis can be prevented from spreading by having a separated bed, if possible. Sleep alone in a room under a mosquito net. Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief whenever you cough or sneeze. Don`t spit anywhere. Spit in a plastic or paper bag and burn it. Have your own domestic utensils for eating, drinking as well as towels, linens, beddings, and mat. Consult your doctor more often and follow strictly his advice and instructions.

Lesson 04 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

-HEPATITIS B-HIV-AIDS-DENGUE

OBJECTIVES: -Identify the different causes of hepatitis, hiv-aids,and dengue. -List down factors that contribute to the prevalence of this diseases. -Plan a course of action or set of measures as to how one can control these diseases.

HEPATITIS

-Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by virus or,less commonly, by certain medications or toxins.

The three main types of viral hepatitis have been identified: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.the sympyoms are similar.

An acute viral hepatitis can range from being without any symptoms what so ever to being fatal.the latter , however,is rare. If you have hepatitis,you may feel better within a few days after your initial symptoms disappear, but it may take months for your liver to recover completely

ACUTE HEPATITIS A -This is highly infectious form of hepatitis and is the most

common form. The disease is transmitted mainly contaminated food or

water. If you have hepatitis A, the virus will be inyour stools, blood and bile for two to three weeks before any symptoms develop.

Majority persons wiyh hepatitis a recover completely healed. hepatitis a does not developed into chronic hepatitis a virus remain in your body even if no symptoms are present.

HEPATITIS B -Hepatitis b is potentially a more serious form of viral liver

infection. Its symptoms are much the same as those of hepatitis a but can be more severe and may last longer.

A pregnant women may pass the virus to her developing her fetus. there are some infected persons