Lesson 1 Part One Warm-up I. Questions and Answers To ask Ss to role-play a television interview on...

Lesson 1Lesson 1

Part One Warm-up

I. Questions and Answers

• To ask Ss to role-play a television interview on

college education.

http://www.iciba.com/television/

http://www.iciba.com/interview/

Ⅱ.Warming-up Questions

1. Now we are stepping into a new semester. Would you please make a comment on the last semester? Did you achieve your goalsyou have set for yourself?

2. What’s your attitude to the common compulsory courses such as philosophy, math etc which seem to be unrelated with our major? According to your own understanding, what are the major differences between high school and college educations?

3. As a college student, what do you think of the question put forward by the author?

Expository writing• Expository writing is a form of writing with the goal of inform

ing, explaining, clarifying, defining, or instructing. It is used mainly in letters, newsletters, instructions, guidebooks, and manuals.

• What are the purposes of exposition?

1.To inform

2 To explain

3 To describe

Types

There are six main types of patterns, that are used with expository writing.

Comparative method showing facts when related to another set of factsCause and effect method"if" this cause happens, "then" the effect will beProblem and solution method A problem to be solved and done through answering a question, solving a puzzle or putting together an experiment.Descriptive method detailed information on an object or personSequential method stating facts in a specific order. Typically, these will be divided through time or events.Exemplifying method

Another school Year- What for?

How does the writer present his argument?• Introduction• How does the author introduce his topic?• He introduces the topic with an incident • (a disaster) he once had in his life.Time: Place: Person:Event:

Then he proceeds to give evidence to support his view:

Evidence 1: distinction between technical training and unive

rsity (para.2)Evidence 2: How to spend the 8 hours of leisure t

ime besides eight hours of working day.(para 3-9)

How to employ eight hours of working day? pharmacy school- engineering- law school

To be continued on the next page.

How to spend 8 hours of leisure time Answer/topic sentence: …the purpose of university: the business of the college is to put you in touch with what the best

human minds have thought. Evidence 3: Nobody gets to be a human being unaided and books c

an aid us in becoming a civilized human, both in terms of techniques of mankind, and in terms of spiritual resources(para10-12)

Fact 1: para 11Fact 2 para 12

Conclusion Reiteration and summary: the function of university and

its faculty.

How does the writer present his argument?

Another school Year- What for?

How does the writer present his argument?• Introduction• How does the author introduce his topic?• He introduces the topic with an incident • (a disaster) he once had in his life.Time: Place: Person:Event:

Then he proceeds to give evidence to support his view:

Evidence 1: distinction between technical training and unive

rsity (para.2) could have told-----, could have pointed out---Bachelor of science: it would certify-----had specia

lized in-----,it would further certify---had been exposed to----. Not entered----but---in university students enroll for----

Evidence 2: How to spend the 8 hours of leisure time besides eight hours of working day.(para 3-9)

How to employ eight hours of working day? pharmacy school- engineering- law school

• How to spend the 8 hours of leisure time?What sort of family are you raising?1.Will they ever be exposed to---?2.Will you be presiding over a family ----m

aintain some contact with----?3.Will there be a book---?4.W ill there be a painting---?5.Will the kids ever get to ---?

• Evidence 3: Nobody gets to be a human being unaided and books can aid us in becoming a civilized human, both in terms of techniques of mankind, and in terms of spiritual resources(para10-12)

• Nobody gets to be a human being unaided • Fact 1: para 11• Assume----want to be-----pass----cut into stones------

The chances are----leave your names.-----managed to stay awake-----knows more about----know more----left what they knew,----start from ----the past learned ---.

• Fact 2 para 12 the importance of book reading

• be true of -----,are stored in--- peculiar accomplishment:

• 1. ---have read ------have added to------

• 2.---read------includes----

• 3. ---acquire------fragments of----

• 4. a gift----

• offer you a life ----

• takes you into a world-----

• 5. a civilized mind-----

Evidence 1Evidence 1

his disasterThe purpose of the university

conclusionEvidence 3

Evidence 2

Story retelling

Language Style & Tone

The end of Language Style & Tone.

Style:

Colloquial, familiar style

Tone:

Humorous and mildly sarcastic

By way of using direct speech

By way of using metaphors

• Style: Colloquial, familiar style — By way of using direct speech

• As you read, you feel as if the professor is talking to you face to face. To recreate the scene of his encounter with the tall boy in his office, he uses the direct speech. This way, the reader can imagine the ignorance and arrogance of the student. The sentence structure is generally not very complicated.

• Tone: Humorous and mildly sarcastic — By way of using metaphors

• The tone in the first part is humorous and mildly sarcastic. The pharmacy major is referred to as "a beanpole with hair on top", "this specimen" and "this particular pest.

Writing DevicesWriting DevicesMetaphor Metaphor: A figure of sp

eech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.

Part of the student body was a beanpole with hair on top who came into my class, sat down… (Para. 1)

New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. (Para. 2)

That is about what I said, but this particular pest was not interested. (Para. 7)

The end of Metaphor.

Euphemism

• jump the fence go to the electric chair

• A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener,or in the case of doublespeak （夸张而含糊的话） , to make it less troublesome for the speaker.It also may be a substitution of a description of something or someone rather than the name, to avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers( 偷听者 ). Some euphemisms are intended to be funny.

Questions:

1. What can college do for me?


Studies indicate that college graduates enjoy significantly higher earnings over their lifetimes than do non-graduates.

• An associate degree can mean 35 percent more income than just a high school diploma.

• A bachelor's degree can mean 74 percent more income than just a high school diploma.

• A master's degree can mean 115 percent more income than just a high school diploma.


2. What if I am not sure I can afford it?


College is an investment in your future. True, the up-front costs are considerable, and in most cases, it is difficult for a family to pay the entire cost of college. That is why there are many different options for financing your education, such as scholarships, grants, and loans.



Attending university or college lets you experience a rich cultural and social scene and meet a variety of people, while studying something you love.

3. What can I expect of a college?


• a better paid job

• a greater choice of job

• higher future earning

4. What does a college or university mean to me?



Higher education courses range from familiar academic subjects such as English or History, to less familiar ones such as Philosophy, and a host of work-related (vocational) courses such as accountancy.

5. What can I study there?


The end of Questions and Answers.

• Word study

Raise vt1.The soldier raised a white flag./one’s hands/his hat/ one’s fingers

to lift up, push or move upwards

2. raise the rent/ the temperature/ someone’s pay/one’s voice/the rank of

to increase in amount, size. promote

3.I was raised by my aunt in a small town. Raise horses/ wheat

to cause to grow or develop and look after (living thing)

4.They have raised a statue to (in memory of ) Chaucer.

fml to build (something high and noticeable)

Raise n AmE for= rise a salary raise

Rear:vt

to care for untill fully grown

LOGOYour site here

Ⅲ. Word Study

• 1. assume 2. available

• 3. continuity 4. expose

• 5.faculty 6. generate

• 7. sensitive 8. penetrating

• 9.suffice

1. assume v.①to take as a fact, to suppose 假定 , 假设 , 设想 [ 同义 ] presu

me; presuppose; suppose• ---We must assume him to be innocent until he is prov

ed guilty.• 在他被证明有罪前，我们假定他是无辜的 . ② put on or display sth. falsely 假装 , 装作 assume ignorance 假装不知情 assume indifference 假

装不在乎 assume an air of concern 假意关心 ③ begin to act in or exercise (sth.); undertake 开始从事 \

承担 , 担任 assume office 就职 To assume duties at once 赴任在即 He assumes his new responsibilities next month. 他下月

承担新职务 .

2. available adj. --able to be used or easily fo

und 可用的 , 可得到的 available assets 可用资产Take away service available 提供外卖 Free trial available . 免费试用When are you available ? 你什么时候有空 ?The machine is available and accessible . 这机器可和便于使用 .

3. continuity n.

• continual adj.

• continuous adj.1) 搭配区别： continuous 做表语和定语 be continious 或 continious+ 名词 continual 只做定语 continual+ 名词

(2) 词意的不同： continual: 反复，不停止 (happen repeatedly) eg: continual knocks on the door 反复的敲门声

continous: 连续性的 =unbroken(lack of interruption) eg: a continuous line 一条不间断的线 continuous pain/headache 持续的痛 / 头痛

4. expose

• 1) uncover so as to leave without protection 使暴露（因而得不到保护）She exposed her skin to the sun.

• 她让皮肤暴露在太阳下。The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.

• 士兵们奉命继续隐蔽，不要暴露自己。Her youth and beauty will expose her to many dangers.

• 她的年轻貌美会使她遭遇许多危险。The house is in an exposed position on top of a hill.

• 房子造在高山顶上，没有任何隐蔽。

4. expose

• 2) make known ( a secretly guilty person or action) 揭露；揭发（罪犯；罪行）I threatened to expose him to the police.

• 我威胁要向警方揭发他。He exposed the criminal this morning.

• 今天早晨他揭露了这个罪犯。3) display 陈列；展出They exposed the goods for sale in the market.

• 他们在市场陈列出售商品。A lot of goods are exposed in the shop window.

• 商店的橱窗里陈列着许多商品。

5. faculty n. --(AmE) all the teachers of a universit

y or college1.any of the power s of the body or mind

the faculty of the sight mental faculties

2. department or group of related departments in a university the Faculty of Law

the Faculty of Science

3. the whole teaching staff in one of the departments or in the whole universityThe entire faculty of the university will attend the meeting.

6. generate v. --to produce or create sth.

• They have a large body of young people who are capable of generating new ideas.

• This machine can generate electricity in case of a power failure.

• Generate heat/electricity/power• Tourism generates new job opportunity.旅游业会带来新的就业机会。• English-only policies generate few official grievan

ces. 只准讲英语的规定引起的官方申诉为数不多。

7. sensitive adj.

• sensible• reasonable; having or showing good sense

a sensible person a sensible suggestionsensitive easily hurt, damaged, affected, offended, upset

a sensitive nervea sensitive girl

sensitive to criticism

8.Penetrating adj. -showing the ability to understa

nd things clearly and deeply• 敏锐的 , 有洞察力的 , 一直向前的• penetrating comment 透彻的评论 • penetrating analysis 透彻的分析 • a penetrating mind 敏锐的头脑• penetrating rays 穿透的光线• penetrating smell 刺鼻的气味

• Penetrate v.

penetrate the cloud 透过云层 penetrate to the bone 彻骨 difficult to penetrate or understand;难以理解

的 ; 不易懂的 Our eyes cannot penetrate the dark.

我们的眼睛无法看透黑暗。

9. suffice v. - to be enough

• The food did not suffice for them. 食物不够他们吃。

No word will suffice his sorrow. 没有言语来表达他的悲伤 .

A brief description here will suffice. 此处进行简要描述即可。

Just a few minutes will suffice. 只需要几分钟的时间就够了 .

Lesson 1Lesson 1Background Information

Contents1.1. The author and the textThe author and the text2.2.William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare3. Bach3. Bach4. Homer4. Homer5. Virgil5. Virgil6. Dante6. Dante7. Aristotle7. Aristotle8.8. Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer9. La Rochefoucauld, Francois de9. La Rochefoucauld, Francois de10. Massachusetts Institute of Technology10. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The text is adapted from a speech John Ciardi The text is adapted from a speech John Ciardi

presented to the College of Men at Rutgers University presented to the College of Men at Rutgers University

at the opening ceremony of 1954 school year. at the opening ceremony of 1954 school year.

The essay was first published in the The essay was first published in the Rutgers Rutgers

Alumni MonthlyAlumni Monthly, November, 1954., November, 1954.

I. Author and the Text

About Rutgers University:About Rutgers University:With more than 50,000 students on With more than 50,000 students on campuses in Camden, Newark, and campuses in Camden, Newark, and New Brunswick, Rutgers is one of New Brunswick, Rutgers is one of the nation’s major public institutionsthe nation’s major public institutions of higher education. of higher education. Chartered in 1766, Chartered in 1766, Rutgers has Rutgers has a unique historya unique history as a as a colonial college, a land-grant institution, colonial college, a land-grant institution, and a state universityand a state university. The university’s . The university’s 27 degree-granting units offer majors in 27 degree-granting units offer majors in more than 100 fields, with thousands of more than 100 fields, with thousands of courses covering the full range of human courses covering the full range of human experience.experience.


The author: John Ciardi(1916—1986)The author: John Ciardi(1916—1986) an accomplished poet and essayist who an accomplished poet and essayist who was best known for his translation of was best known for his translation of Dante’s Inferno in the United States.Dante’s Inferno in the United States. His works: Poetry His works: Poetry A Genesis (1967) A Genesis (1967) Homeward to America (1940)Homeward to America (1940) Live Another Day (1949) Live Another Day (1949) The Birds of Pompeii (1985)The Birds of Pompeii (1985) other works: other works: How Does a Poem Mean?(1959)How Does a Poem Mean?(1959)——this book is on how to read, write, and this book is on how to read, write, and teach poetry, which has proven to be among teach poetry, which has proven to be among the most-used books of its kind. the most-used books of its kind. A Browser's Dictionary (1980) A Second A Browser's Dictionary (1980) A Second Browser's Dictionary (1983) Browser's Dictionary (1983) Good Words to You (posthumously published in 1987). Good Words to You (posthumously published in 1987). --his series of books of etymologies, --his series of books of etymologies,


About his lifeAbout his life John Ciardi was born in 1916 in Boston, Massachusetts, the child John Ciardi was born in 1916 in Boston, Massachusetts, the child of Italian immigrants. He attended Bates College and Tufts College of Italian immigrants. He attended Bates College and Tufts College (now University) and received his master's degree from the Univer(now University) and received his master's degree from the University of Michigan in 1939. He is the author of more than forty volumesity of Michigan in 1939. He is the author of more than forty volumes of poetry, s of poetry, He served as editor of Saturday Review for many years. He begaHe served as editor of Saturday Review for many years. He began his career teaching English at the University of Kansas City, and, n his career teaching English at the University of Kansas City, and, after serving a three-year term in the Air Force, went on to teach at after serving a three-year term in the Air Force, went on to teach at Harvard University in 1946. He remained at Harvard as the Briggs-Harvard University in 1946. He remained at Harvard as the Briggs-Copeland Instructor in English until 1953, when he accepted a posiCopeland Instructor in English until 1953, when he accepted a position at Rutgers University.tion at Rutgers University. In 1961, Ciardi broke with the educational establishment to devotIn 1961, Ciardi broke with the educational establishment to devote himself to his own literary endeavors, although he remained an ae himself to his own literary endeavors, although he remained an active and visible member of the academic community through lectuctive and visible member of the academic community through lectures, poetry readings, and appearances on educational television. Hres, poetry readings, and appearances on educational television. He began writing children's poetry as a way of getting his own childre began writing children's poetry as a way of getting his own children interested in reading.en interested in reading.


2.William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare(1564-1616)Shakespeare’s achievenment: is the most famous poet

and playwright in the English-speaking countries, if not in the world. He is said to have written 39 plays and more than 154 sonnets, many of which have become masterpieces for students of arts and literature all over the world. Some of his most famous successful plays include Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Othello, Richard , Henry and A Midsummer Nights Ⅲ Ⅳdream.Shakespeare’s works: Tragedies: (1) 'Hamlet', 'Macbeth', 'King Lear', 'Othello'; (2) 'Antony and Cleopatra', 'Coriolanus', 'Romeo and Juliet', 'Julius Caesar'; (3) 'Richard II', 'Richard III', 'Timon of Athens'; (4) 'King John', 'Titus Andronicus', 'Henry VI'.

• Main Tragedies:

• 'Hamlet', 'Macbeth', 'King Lear', 'Othello';

• 'Romeo and Juliet', 'Julius Caesar';

• 'King John', 'Henry VI'.

• Main Comedies: • •

• • 'As You Like It', • • • • 'The Merchant of Venice‘• • • Twelfth Night',

• • 'Much Ado about Nothing', • • • • 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'; 'The Merry Wives of Windsor',• • •

• Histories: • • 'Henry IV', Parts 1 and 2, • • 'Henry V', • • 'Richard II', • • 'Richard III', • • 'Henry VIII,; • • 'King John', • • 'Henry VI', Parts 2 and 3, • • 'Henry VI', Part 1. • • Serious Plays, or Bitter Comedies:• • 'Measure for Measure', • • 'Troilus and Cressida'.

• 3 Bach (1685-1750)• • Bach, Johann Sebastian is a German composer. H

e was considered by many of his peers to be the supreme master of counterpoint (compositional technique pitting note against note or melody against melody). This quality was expressly illustrated in his fugal compositions. In this excerpt from his famous Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, written in his early years as a court organist, Bach expands on the toccata (short, intricately articulated keyboard movement) form in an elaborately constructed fugue.

4.Homer • Homer, name traditionally assigned to the

author of The Lliad and the Odyssey, the two major epics of Greek antiquity. Nothing is known of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of controversy whether a single person can be said to have written both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and historical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were composed in the Greek settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century bc.

THE ILIAD The Iliad is set in the final year of the Trojan War, fought b

etween the Greeks and the inhabitants of the city of Troy. The legendary conflict forms the background for the central plot of the story: the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles. Insulted by his commander in chief, Agamemnon, the young warrior Achilles withdraws from the war, leaving his fellow Greeks to suffer terrible defeats at the hands of the Trojans. Achilles rejects the Greeks' attempts at reconciliation but finally relents to some extent, allowing his companion Patroclus to lead his troops in his place. Patroclus is slain, and Achilles, filled with fury and remorse, turns his wrath against the Trojans, whose leader, Hector (son of King Priam), he kills in single combat. The poem closes as Achilles surrenders the corpse of Hector to Priam for burial, recognizing a certain kinship with the Trojan king as they both face the tragedies of mortality and bereavement.

THE ODYSSEY The Odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero Ody

sseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Odysseus's household during his long absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseus's ten years of traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for home. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseus's arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelope's suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged father.

5.Virgil, or Vergl (70-19 BC)

The greatest of the Roman poets, Publius Vergilius Maro, was not a Roman by birth. His early home was on a farm in the village of Andes, near Mantua. His father was a farmer, prosperous enough to give his son the best education. The young Virgil was sent to school at Cremona and then to Milan. At the age of 17 he went to Rome to study. There he learned rhetoric and philosophy from the best teachers of the day.

Virgil studied the Greek poets. He wrote his 'Eclogues'. These are pastoral poems describing the beauty of Italian scenes. At the suggestion of Maecenas he wrote a more serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life called the 'Georgics'. This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age. The year after the 'Georgics' was published, he began his great epic, the 'Aeneid'. He took as his hero the Trojan Aeneas, supposed to be the founder of the Roman nation. The poem, published after Virgil's death, exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature, prose as well as poetry. Thus his influence continued through the Middle Ages and into modern times.

6.Dante (1265-1321) Dante is an Italian poet. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy(《神曲》 ), describes the journey of a religious pilgrim through Hell Purgatory and Heaven. One of the first writers to abandon Latin for the language of the people, Dante’s work is viewed as the beginning of Renaissance( 文艺复兴时期

One of the greatest poets in the history of world literature, Italian writer Dante Alighieri composed poetry influenced by classical and Christian tradition.

Dante’s greatest work was the epic poem La divina commedia (1321?; The Divine Comedy, 1802).

It includes three sections: • the Inferno (Hell), in which the great classical poet V

irgil leads Dante on a trip through hell; • the Purgatorio (Purgatory), in which Virgil leads Dan

te up the mountain of purification; and • the Paradiso (Paradise), in which Dante travels thro

ugh heaven. This passage from the Inferno (recited by an actor) comes at the beginning of the epic, when Dante loses his way in the woods.

The illustration shows Dante standing in front of the mountain of Purgatory, with hell on his right and heaven on his left.

7.Aristotle (384-322 BC).

One of the greatest thinkers of all time, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking.

8.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) Chaucer is an English poet, established English as a literary language.Called the Father of the English Language as well as the Morning Star of Song, Geoffrey Chaucer, after six centuries, has retained his status as one of the three or four greatest English poets. He was the first to commit to lines of universal and enduring appeal

a vivid interest in nature, books, and people. As many-sided as Shakespeare, he did for English narrative what Shakespeare did for drama. If he lacks the profundity of Shakespeare, he excels in playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression.

Though his language often seems quaint, he was essentially modern. Familiarity with the language and with the literature of his contemporaries persuades the most skeptical that he is nearer to the present than many writers born long after he died.

• The Canterbury Tales

• • The Tales is a collection of stories set within a framing story of a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral, the shrine of Saint Thomas à Becket. The poet joins a band of pilgrims, vividly described in the General Prologue, who assemble at the Tabard Inn outside London for the journey to Canterbury. Ranging in status from a Knight to a humble Plowman, they are a microcosm of 14th-century English society.

• • • The Canterbury Tales contains 22 verse tales and 2 prose tales

presumably told by pilgrims to pass the time on their way to visit a shrine in Canterbury, England.

• • • The tales represent nearly every variety of medieval story at it

s best. The special genius of Chaucer's work, however, lies in the dramatic interaction between the tales and the framing story.

9.La Rochefoucauld, Francois de (1613-80)

Francois de La Rochefoucauld was born to one of the noble families of France on Sept. 15, 1613, in Paris. His notions of human faults and foibles grew out of a life immersed in the political crises of his time. The public life of his family was conditioned by the attitude of the monarchy toward the nobility--sometimes flattering, sometimes threatening. Having served in the army periodically from 1629 to 1646, La Rochefoucauld became one of the prominent leaders in the civil war from 1648 to 1653. Wounded in 1649 and again in 1652, he finally retired from the struggle with extensive face and throat wounds and with his health ruined.

The literary reputation of La Rochefoucauld rests on one book: 'Reflexions ou sentences et maximes morales', published in 1665. Generally called the 'Maximes', these moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams, or short sayings, about human nature--a nature that the author felt is dominated by self-interest. Typical of his point of view are the following sayings: "We seldom find such sensible men as those who agree with us"; "Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea"; "The surest way to be deceived is to think oneself cleverer than the others"; and "We always like those who admire us; we do not always like those whom we admire."

After convalescing, he settled in Paris where he became involved with a circle of brilliant and cultivated people who debated intellectual subjects of all kinds. As an exercise, they attempted to express their thoughts with the greatest brevity. In so doing they made great use of the epigram, or maxim, which creates surprise through the devices of exaggeration and paradox. La Rochefoucauld soon gained mastery of this device. The first edition of his 'Maximes' contains, in fact, some longer selections along with the epigrams. Altogether he authorized five editions of the book in his lifetime, the last appearing in 1678. Two years later, on March 17, 1680, he died in Paris.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), one of the world’s leading research universities, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1865 the school was opened in Boston by geologist William Barton Rogers, who became its first president. Throughout its history MIT has held a worldwide reputation for teaching and research. It was among the first schools to use the laboratory method of instruction, develop the modern profession of chemical engineering, and offer courses in aeronautical and electrical engineering and applied physics.

Lesson One

Text Analysis

Test Analysis and AppreciationOf the Text

Lesson 10 The Green Banana Contemporary College English Book 1

School of Foreign Studies School of Foreign Studies

Contents

General analysis and main idea1

Structure 2

Language points & difficult sentences3

4 Questions about the text

Style and Writing Skills5



• I. Main idea of the text• In this essay the professor tries to make s

tudents understand what they come to a university for. He points out that a university’s purpose is not only to give its students sufficient training for a career, but also to put them in touch with the best of what the human race has achieved---- both the techniques and spiritual resources of mankind. This way they will become specialists and civilized members of society as well.

Text analysis and Appreciation



Structure

• Part I (para.1 – 8) describes the writer’s encounter with one of his student. He tried but failed to convince the student that a pharmacy major needs to read great writers.

• Part II (para. 9 – 14) restates what the writer still believes to be the purpose of a university: putting its students in touch with the best civilizations the human race has created.



Language understanding and details

• Questions for the students to answer:• 1.Under what circumstances did the professor

meet the student?• 2.What did the student look like? How did he

behave?• 3.What was the course the professor offered?

Was the student interested? What did he say to the professor one day?

• 4.What kind of a teacher was the professor? Did he try hard to convince the student that he was wrong?

• 5.Do you think the young student finally agreed with the teacher?

Part Ⅰ



1----and I was fresh out of graduate school--------2. Part of the student body was a beanpole with hair on top 3. New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. (paraphrase)4. I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not -----but----- and that at the end of his course he meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science. 5.----.but it would further certify that he had been exposed to some of the ideas mankind has generated within its history

What function?

Language Points in Part One



6.I could have told him ---,but it was fairly obvious he wasn't going to be around long enough for it to matter. (What do two “its” refer to ? ）7. “ Your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours.8. in love out of love ----but the average will tend to hold.9. You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence..



• 10.Along with everything else, they will probably be• what puts food on your table, supports your wife, • and rears your children. • 11..They will be your income, and may it always suffice.• 12. Will the children ever be exposed to a reasonably• penetrating idea at home?• 13.Will you be presiding over a family that maintains • some -------great democratic intellect?• 14. "I hope you make a lot of it," I told him, "because• you're going to be badly stuck for something to do• when you're not signing checks.



1----and I was fresh out of graduate school--------

be fresh out of/from sthto have just come from a particular place

students fresh out college athletes fresh from their success at the Ninth National Games

2. Part of the student body was a beanpole with hair on top part of the student body: one of the students

the student body: all the students of the university



body: a group of people who work or act together, often for an official purpose, or who are connected in some other way. e. g. a law-making body the governing body of the university

"beanpole” a pole farmers used as a support in vegetable gardens.

"a tall thin person".

Why does the author use this word? What impression did the author have on the boy?



3. New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things.

New as-------- Although I was a new teacher,----

Introducing adverbial clause of con

cession

could have told:Something should be done but for some reasons undone

new to sth. : not yet familiar with sth. because you have only just started, arrived, etc.

The pattern is : adj./adv./n.

Paraphrase:

Though I was a new teacher, I knew I could tell him what a university was for, but I didn’t.



4. I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not -----but----- and that at the end of his course he meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science.

mean to do sth. to intend to do sthI mean to give you the book today but I forget.

今天早上我本打算去跑步的，但是我睡过头了。

I mean to go running this morning, but I overslept.reach for sth.: to try to obtain sth.read Bachelor of Science:

to have Bachelor of Science written on the scroll



5.----. It would certify that he had specialized in pharmacy but it would further certify that he had been exposed to some of the ideas mankind has generated within its history

to limit all or most of one's study, business, etc. to a particular activity or subject:专门研究（从事），专攻

specialize in

Professor Zhang specializes in American drama.At age 30, he started a company specializing in home computers

Attributive clause



be exposed to:

to uncover; to make k

nown

1).To learn more about the world we live in, we should be exposed to different cultures.2).Studying abroad, he was exposed to a new way of life.

1).Keep indoors and don’t expose your skin to the sun2).The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve.

usually, a new idea or feeling) : to be given experience of it, or introduced to it.eg

expose



6.I could have told him ---,but it was fairly obvious he wasn't going to be around long enough for it to matter. (What do two “its” refer to ? ）

be around: to be present in a place; available请去问问院长（商场经理）是否在场。Please ask if the president (store manager) was around.

The first is an introductory/anticipatory "it" while the second refers to "whether I told him all this". "For" is used to introduce the performer of the action "to matter”.

What do two “its” refer to ?



paraphrase I didn't actually say all this to him, because I didn't think he would stay at college very long, so it wouldn't be important whether or not he knew what university education was for.

7. “ Your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours.

(informal) to come to an average or ordinary level or standard, especially after being higher or lower. 达到…平均数

average out to



Eg.:The restaurant's monthly profits averaged out at 30%last year.

Meals at the university average out to about 10 yuan per day.

The couple's income averages out to 5,000 yuan a month.

1. 大学里每天伙食费平均十元左右。

2). 这对夫妻每月收入平均有五千元。



8. in love out of love ----but the average will tend to hold.

tend to hold ： to be true or valid

9. You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence.. see to it that: to make sure that---- I will see to it that she gets home safely . 我一定会使她安全到家 .. 你必须保证此类事情今后不再发生 . You must see to it that such a thing will never happen again



the bull jumps the fence: to make trouble; to keep out of control.go to the electric chair: to be sentenced to death

paraphrase You have to take responsibility for the work you do. If you’re a pharmacist, you should make sure that aspirin is not mixed with poisonous chemicals. As an engineer, you shouldn’t get things out of control. If you become a lawyer, you should make sure an innocent person is not sentenced to death because you lack adequate legal knowledge andskill to defend your client.

translation 当药剂师 , 你要注意不把氰化钠弄到阿司匹林里去，当工程师 ,你就不能让工程失控，当律师 , 你就要做到你的当事人不会因为你不称职而上电椅。



10.Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports your wife, and rears your children.

along with: in addition to sb. /sth. ; in the same way as sb. /sth.paraphrase In addition to all other things (such as satisfaction) these professions offer, they provide you with a living so that you can support a family-----wife and children.



11..They will be your income, and may it always

suffice.

May: in formal English, “may” is used to express a hope or wish May you be happy new year. May you be a happy holiday. May peace finally prevail. May our country be prosperous and our people happy.

Inverted sentence, used in a blessing

What do “they and it refer

to?

they: the skills it: your incomemay it always suffice.

I hope your income will always be enough.



12.Will the children ever be exposed to a reasonably penetrating idea at home?

reasonably: to a degree that is fairly good but not very good. e. g.1).She wants to find a place reasonably close ( = not far from) to her university.2).Our university is not one of the top ten, but reasonably well known both at home and abroad.penetrating idea: one that requires the ability of understanding clearly and deeply



paraphrase Will your children ever hear you talk about something profound at home?

13.Will you be presiding over a family that maintains some -------great democratic intellect?

preside over: to be in charge or to control a meeting or an event, here used figuratively.maintain contact with: to keep in touch with, here used figurativelythe great democratic intellect: Democratic ideas: --------all people are equal politically or socially

作为一家之主你是否会让你的孩子在民主思想的熏陶下成长呢？



paraphrase Will you be head of a family who brings up the kids in a democratic spirit?

14. "I hope you make a lot of it," I told him, "because you're going to be badly stuck for something to do when you're not signing checks. be stuck for sth. : not to know what to do in a particular situation e. g. In the middle of the speech, he was stuck for words (= he didn't know how to go on).signing checks: paying for what you've bought by signing checks



Note the sarcastic tone of the writer. In spite of what he had said, the student didn't seem to be convinced. What the writer meant here is something like this: If you don't have any goal in life apart from making money to satisfy your desire for material riches, go ahead and make a lot of it. 15.be out to do sth. /for sth. : to be trying to get or do sth. , e. g.The company is out to break into the Europeanmarket.



Language understanding and details

part Ⅱ• Questions for the students to answer:

• 1.According to the author, what is the real purpose of a university?

• 2.How did the professor try to prove the importance of book-reading?



Difficult sentences in Part II

1. If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man's development we call history-----then you have no business being in college.

• 2. You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized savage, the push-button Neanderthal.

• 3.The chances are that few, if any, of you will leave your names to be cut into those stones. Yet any of you who managed to stay awake through part of a high school -----, knows more about physics than did many of those great scholars of the past.

What function is

it?

what do they mean?)



• 4. Our colleges inevitably graduate a number of such life forms.

• 5.No one gets to be a human being unaided. There is not time enough in a single lifetime to invent for oneself everything one needs to know in order to be a civilized human. (analyze the structure and paraphrase)



• 6.mankind, so it is true of mankind's spiritual resources.

• 7.A civilized mind is, in essence, one that contains many such lives and many such worlds. ( What do “such lives” and “such worlds” refer to?)

• 8. If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy.

Analyze the structure



• 9. I speak, I’m sure, for the faculty of the liberal arts college and for the faculties of the specialized schools as well, when I say that a university has no real existence and no real purpose except as it succeeds in putting you in touch, both as specialists and as humans, with those human minds your human mind needs to include. （ translate)



• Difficult sentences:• 1. If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a

basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man‘s development （ we call history ） -----then you have no business being in college.

• lesson: an experience which acts as a warning to you or an example from which you should learn

• that lesson of man's development we call history:

Attributive clause

here, "that lesson of man's development" is the object of the verb "call"; "history" is an objective complement.

我们称之为历史的人类发展过程中有教育意义的经历



• have no business doing sth. /have no business to do sth. :• to have no right to do sth. / • shouldn't be doing sth. ,• e. g.• He has no business criticizing her about her make-up.• 你没有权利告诉我该怎么做。• You've no business telling me what to do.• 她没有权利看你的邮件。

• She has no business to read your mail.



• Possible paraphrase of the sentence:• .If you don't want to improve your mind and broa

den your horizon by studying a little literature, philosophy and the fine arts and history, you shouldn't be studying here at college.

• Possible translation of the text:• 如果你不愿抽出时间读莎士比亚的作品，学点最基础的哲学，学点艺术，学点我们称为历史的人类发展过程，那么你就不该来上大学。



• 2. You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized savage, the push-button Neanderthal.

• 1 ） on the/one's way to sth or doing sth:• on the point of experiencing or achieving ； soo

n become---• e. g.• She is on the way to becoming a full professor.• 那个年轻人很快就会成为公司的销售经理了。• That bright young man is on his way to being the

sales manager of the company.• 南西神经都快要崩溃了。• Nancy is well on her way to a nervous breakdown.



• 2 ） new species of mechanized savage:

• new type of humans who are • intellectually simple and not • developed and who can only work • machines.

• 3 ） The push-button Neanderthal: • an uneducated, ignorant person who • can only use / operate machines by• pushing the buttons.

你将成为那种只会操纵机器、头脑简单的野蛮人。



• Possible paraphrase of the text:

• You will soon become an uneducated, ignorant person who can only work machines and operate mechanical equipment (one who doesn't know anything about literature, music, the fine arts, culture in general, etc. ).



• 3. The chances are that few, if any, of you will leave your names to be cut into those stones. Yet any of you who managed to stay awake through part of a high school course in physics, knows more about physics than did many of those great scholars of the past.

• 1).(the) chances are:• it is likely that----• 很可能她已听到这消息了。• Chances are she’s already heard the news.



• 2 ） stay awake:

• be attentive enough studying physics• in high school• Possible paraphrase of the sentence:• It is likely that only very few, if any, of you will tu

rn out to be great scientists and have your names cut into those stones. But if you were attentive enough in your high school physics class, any of you knows more about physics than many of those scientists whose names are cut into the stones.



• 4. Our colleges inevitably graduate a number of such life forms.

• life forms: push-button savages• 5.No one gets to be a human being unaided.

There is not time enough in a single lifetime to invent for oneself everything 【 one needs to know 』 in order to be a civilized human. (analyze the structure and paraphrase)

Attributive clause



• Paraphrase:

• No one can grow up to be a civilized person without the help of others. To become a civilized person, you need to acquire the knowledge and develop the culture a civilized society needs; one lifetime is too short to create an environment for him to become civilized.

• 要想成为有教养的人，必须拥有文化社会所需要的知识和文化氛围，而人的一生非常短暂，不可能有足够的时间来为自己创造这种氛围的。



• 6. And as this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it is true of mankind's spiritual resources.

• be true of (a person or a situation) : • to apply to; the same is with--- 符合于• 对 ---适应• e. g.• 1 ） It's a wonderful opera. The music is superb. The sa

me is true of the acting.• 这个剧的音乐很美，表演也是一样• 2 ） The young tend to look ahead while the • old like to look back upon the past. This is• true of all nations.• 3 ） This is a rule true of all cases.• 这是一条适应所有情况的法则。

这一道理不仅适用于技术方面，在人类的精神财富方面也是如此。



• Possible paraphrase of the sentence:

• This is the way we learn and develop the techniques of mankind. This is also how we inherit and advance mankind's spiritual resources.



• 7. A civilized mind is, in essence, one that contains many such lives and many such worlds.

• in essence ： • basically, by nature 从本质上讲• e. g.• 1 ） He is in essence an outgoing person.• 2) In essence they were asking for the impossible.• Possible paraphrase of the sentence:• Basically, a cultured and educated person shoul

d know about such great variety of lives and worlds.

一个文明人的头脑本质上就包含很多这种这样的生活和世界。



• 8. If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy.

• Paraphrase:

• If you are too anxious to make money, too ignorant to see your limitation to accept some of the thinking of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein as something that will help cultivate in you the quality of being a human

the object of the verb” accept”

Object complement



• Possible translation of the sentence:

• 如果你急着去赚钱，或是对自己的无知甚为得意，从而把亚里士多德或乔叟或爱因斯坦的思想这个提高你的品德修养的礼物拒之门外，那么你既不是一个发展到成熟阶段的人，也不是一个民主社会有用的成员。



• 9. I speak, I’m sure, for the faculty of the liberal arts college and for the faculties of the specialized schools as well, when I say that a university has no real existence and no real purpose except as it succeeds in putting you in touch, both as specialists and as humans, with those human minds your human mind needs to include.

• both as specialists and as humans:• as persons who have specialized and are trained

in a certain subject or skill and as civilized creatures and thinking animals



• Possible translation of the sentence:

• 要是这所大学不能使你们学生，无论作为专门人才还是普通人，去接触那些你们的头脑应该吸纳的那些大师们的思想，那么，这所大学就没有真正的办学宗旨，也就没有存在的必要了。当我这么说时，我相信我既代表人文院校，也代表技术院校的全体教员。



style and tone• Style: Colloquial, familiar style — By way of using direct spee

ch• As you read, you feel as if the professor is talking to you

face to face. To recreate the scene of his encounter with the tall boy in his office, he uses the direct speech. This way, the reader can imagine the ignorance and arrogance of the student. The sentence structure is generally not very complicated. But there are a few long and involved sentences in the second part of the text, for example, the last sentence in Paragraph 12. And the last paragraph consists of two very long ones.

• Tone: Humorous and mildly sarcastic — By way of using metaphors

• The tone in the first part is humorous and mildly sarcastic. The pharmacy major is referred to as "a beanpole with hair on top", "this specimen" and "this particular pest.



Euphemism

• jump the fence go to the electric chair

• A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener,or in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker.It also may be a substitution of a description of something or someone rather than the name, to avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to be funny.



• When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in public relations and politics, where it is sometimes called doublespeak. Sometimes, using euphemisms is equated to politeness. There are also superstitious euphemisms, based (consciously or subconsciously) on the idea that words have the power to bring bad fortune. There are religious euphemisms, based on the idea that some words are sacred, or that some words are spiritually imperiling.



• Examples:• The student is lazy. • Euphemism :• I'm afraid he has to exert himself in his study.(恐怕他在学习上对自己得施加压力。 )

• 　　 Probably he has to devote himself more diligently to his studies. ( 可能他要在学习上更勤奋些。 )

• 　　 He is sure to go far if he can use his resources fully.(如果他能充分利用其智力，他一定能学得更好。 )

• 　　 He needs to raise his ambition level a bit. ( 他需要增加一点雄心。 )

• 　　 He'd better take his lessons more seriously. ( 他最好更加严肃地对待他的功课。 )



• 上厕所• 女士可能说 to powder one’s noise, to freshe

n up ；男士可能是说 to go to the toilet, to relieve oneself 、 because nature calls

• “黑人” 在美国一直从 “ Negro” 到“ black people” ，再到现在的 “ African American” ，这些都是随着美国黑人的人权运动而改变的。



• pass away rest in peace• dustman(垃圾清理工 )称为 sanitary engineer(卫生工程师 )

• 把 elevator （电梯服务员）称为member of the vertical transportation corps(垂直交通大队队员 )

• 机修工（ mechanic ）称为汽车工程师 (automobile engineer)

• 屠夫（ butcher)称为肉类技术专家 (meat technologist) • hair dresser （理发师）称为 cosmetician、 beautician

( 美容师 ) • gardener （园丁）称为 landscape technician(风景技师 ) 。



Ⅴ.Extension

• Key to important exercises

• Discussion



• 1. Verbal affixes• -ize/ise to cause to be; to make; to become • modernize / stablize / realize / crystalize / • materialize / standardize / computerize / • idealize / capitalize• • to put into stated place• hospitalize / centralize / socialize • • -fy to cause to be• purify / simplify / clarify / justify / notify / • simplify / classify identify / terrify / qualify / • terrify• • -en to become• darken / weaken / blacken / sadden • • to be made of • wooden / golden / woolen



• 2. 同义词辨析 :

• say / speak / talk / tell / converse• • 1). say 其宾语通常是所说的话的内容，• He hasn’t said that he is leaving.• • 或用以表达出直接引语• He said, “Good night”, and went to bed.• • 2). speak 用途较广，可指说或说话， • The baby is learning to speak.• Please don’t speak with your mouth full of food.• •



• 还可指发言或演讲，通常是一人讲大家听• I’d like to speak with you about my idea.• We have invited her to speak on American politics.• • 还可用来指会说或能够用某种语言说话。• He speaks several languages.• 3). talk 通常用来指两人或两人以上相互交谈，含着有话对象的意思 , 往往只调侃或闲聊

• We sat in the bar and talked for hours• • 4). tell 强调一人提供信息，其他人接受信息• She told him to hurry up.• She told me nothing about herself. • • 5). converse 谈话交谈，更正式• It is a pleasure to converse with you. • It is difficult to converse with people who do not speak your language.



• 5. rather / fairly / quite / pretty• • 几个副词均可以表示“适度地”，“在某种程度 • 上”，或“不很”意思，常用于改变所修饰的形 • 容词或副词的分量• 1). rather • a. 既可与褒义词连用也可与贬义词连用。与褒义词连用时，听

起来令人心情愉悦；• rather good play rather poor work• • b. 与贬义词或中性词连用时，表示不赞成或不满意。• rather hot rather small• •



• c. 可与比较级或 too 连用• The house is rather bigger than we th

ought.• Those shoes are rather too small.• • d. 与 a/an + adj. + n. 连用时，可置于

a / an 之前。• a rather nice day a rather pretty wom

an•



• 2). fairly 词义最弱，多与褒义词连用• fairly tidy / friendly• • 3). quite 和 rather 一样，在与 a/an + adj. + n. 连用时，可置于 a / an 之前。

• A quite nice guy a quite promising future• • 4). pretty • a. 词义最强也最通俗，但词义的强弱受语调影响较大。

• A pretty simple question a pretty ugly man•



• b. 和 rather 一样既可与褒义词连用也可与贬义词连用。与褒义词连用时，听起来令人心情愉悦；

• • 6. sensitive / sensible• • 1). sensible reasonable; having or showing good sense• a sensible person a sensible suggestion• • 2). sensitive easily hurt, damaged, affected, offended, u

pset• a sensitive nerve heat-sensitive• a sensitive girl sensitive to criticism



• sensitive / sensible• • 1). sensible reasonable; having or showing goo

d sense• a sensible person a sensible suggestio

n• • 2). sensitive easily hurt, damaged, affected, off

ended, upset• a sensitive nerve heat-sensitive• a sensitive girl sensitive to criticism



• Discussion

• 1.How would you respond if your brother or sister or your best friend declares that he/she is only interested in learning some job skills and therefore has no use for literature, politics, philosophy, history, art, music, etc?

• 2. Is education for living or making a living



• Thank you

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