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Academic Research and Communication Skills
‘Speech is power’
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Preparing Oral Presentations
ARCS
Learning Objectives
Plan and Structure effective presentationsPlan and Structure effective presentations
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Speaking & ListeningStages of Listening
Verbal Verbal
VisualVisual
VocalVocal
Message Codes
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Speaking & Listening
As well as ideas, listeners interpret & evaluate:• Verbal Code (What you say)• Visual Code (What they see)• Vocal Code (How you speak)
THINK:What percentage importance would you give to the Verbal Code?
Stages of Listening: Interpreting & Evaluating
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Speaking & Listening
The percentage of meaning carried by Visual and Vocal Code compared with the Verbal Code (Source: Philpott, JS 1983, The Relative Contribution to Meaning of Verbal and Nonverbal Channels of Communication, University of Nebraska.)
Stages of Listening: Interpreting & Evaluating
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69%
31%Visual andVocal CodesVerbal Code
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• The end result of listening• 10-25% remembered
Keys to Helping Audience Memory:• Organisation• Effective Delivery• Repetition• Relevance• Visual Aids
Stages of Listening: RememberingSpeaking & Listening
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Preparing an Oral PresentationBasic Steps
1. Analyse audience2. Decide topic, purpose & main
points
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
3 .Organise main points
4. Plan introduction and conclusion
5. Make speaking notes
6. Prepare visual aids
10 Basic Steps
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Preparing an Oral PresentationBasic Steps: Topic, Purpose & Main Points
Purpose1. Is presentation informative or persuasive?
2. Complete a purpose statement …
‘After my speech, the audience will…’
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
Topic: HealthExact Purpose: After my 7-minute speech, the
audience will …1. Be convinced alternative medicines are better than
Western drug-based treatments
2. Be more aware of and be able to avoid common health risks
3. Explain medical law
Basic Steps: Topic, Purpose & Main Points
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
Common research mistakes:
• Not evaluating sources (damages credibility)
• Not supporting your main points• Not referencing
Basic Steps: Research to Support Main Points
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
Select Supporting Material that …Clarifies – clarify concepts and terms.
Proves – Use quotes from experts, statistics, examples.
Adds Interest – Variety of supports keeps the audience engaged.
Basic Steps: Select Best Supporting Material
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
Types of Supporting Material:
• Explanations
• Statistics
• Examples & Demonstration
• Comparisons
• Expert Opinions
Basic Steps: Select Best Supporting Material
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
ComparisonsCompare or contrast unknown idea or thing with something known
Literal: Compare US and UK economy
Figurative: Compare US economy to sick old man
Basic Steps: Select Best Supporting Material
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Expert OpinionsParaphrase or quoted directly
Include source information
Source should be introduced
Put in context and explained
Basic Steps: Select Best Supporting MaterialPreparing an Oral Presentation
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
DemonstrationsMake sure audience can see – use visual aids
Practice beforehand
Keep it brief
Maintain eye contact
Continue speaking (As you can see … What you’ll notice is … An interesting feature is …)
Basic Steps: Select Best Supporting Material
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Basic Steps: Planning Introduction & Conclusion
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
1. Begin with Attention-Getter
2. Motivate Audience to Listen
3. Present Thesis Statement
An effective Introduction should take no more than 10 to 15 per cent of your total speaking time –approximately 30-45 seconds in a 5-minute speech.
Introduction
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Preparing an Oral PresentationBasic Steps: Planning Introduction & Conclusion
Introduction: Motivate Audience
• Explain benefits of listening• What will speech do for audience?
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
Introduction: Establish Credibility
• Mention personal experience• Why does topic interest you?• Mention expert sources consulted
Basic Steps: Planning Introduction & Conclusion
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
Conclusion: Summarize Main Points
• Re-state main points and/or purpose (if informative)
• Remind audience of your position, main arguments and/or recommendations (if persuasive)
Basic Steps: Planning Introduction & Conclusion
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Preparing an Oral Presentation
Conclusion: Refocus Attention
• Use attention-getter to make closing memorable
• Refer to the introduction• Visualise the future
Basic Steps: Planning Introduction & Conclusion
ARCS