Lesson 11 The Interwar Years: Preparing for the Next War.

Lesson 11

The Interwar Years:Preparing for the Next War

Lesson Objectives

• Understand the major military lessons that each of the major combatants (Britain, France, US, Germany and Russia) took from World War I.

• Be able to describe and discuss the steps that each major combatant took to "prepare for the next war."

• Understand the military revolution that occurred during the interwar years.

• Be able to recount the major events in the 1930's that lead to war in Europe and the Pacific.

Germany After the Armistice

"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013

(26:52-28:57)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ7PBl8Okng&t=1612

4

Seeds of

Versailles Treaty

Lessons of World War I

Great Depression

the Next WarWorld War IIReview

Treaty of Versailles

Extremely harsh conditions

Review

• Significant territorial concessions

Treaty of VersaillesTerritorial Concessions

Saar Basin

Danzig

Lithuania



Review


• Huge reparations


• 269 billion gold marks ($64 B then, $834 B today)*

• Later reduced to 112 B gold marks ( $26.6 B) (1929)

• Equivalent to $360 B today *

* Based on CPI, 2012

Reparations

Many feel this led to the economic collapse of the 1920’s that sewed the seeds of Fascism



Review



• German admission of responsibility for war


War Guilt Clause

''The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.''

Article 231



Review




• Severe limitations on military


• German army restricted to 100,000 men (long term contracts)

• No conscription or training

• No tanks or heavy artillery

• Navy limited to 15,000 men

• 6 small battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers, no U-boats

• No air force

Review

Military Provisions



Review




• Severe limitations on military

The Versailles Peace Conference1919


( 31:46 - 37:31 )

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ7PBl8Okng&t=1906

15

Seeds of

Versailles Treaty

Great Depression

World War IIReview

Great Depression

Treaty of VersaillesReparations Cycle

Germany Pays ReparationsTo Britain & France

Britain, FranceUS Banks

Pay War Debts to US BanksLoan Money to Germany

Crash of 1929

17

Seeds of

Versailles Treaty


Great Depression

World War IIReview


France:• Maginot Line: static defense

Defense!

Maginot Line

André Maginot (1877-1932)

French Minister of War (1922–1924, 1929–1930, 1931–1932)

"We could hardly dream of building a kind of Great Wall of France, which would in any case be far too costly. Instead we have foreseen powerful but flexible means of organizing defense, based on the dual principle of taking full advantage of the terrain and establishing a continuous line of fire everywhere."—December 10, 1929

Maginot Line

André Maginot (1877-1932)

French Minister of War (1922–1924, 1929–1930, 1931–1932)

"Whatever conception one can make of a future war, there is a necessity that remains imperious, it's to protect the territory from invasion. We know what disasters can accumulate so that victory itself isn't able to compensate for the irreparable damages. The defensive organization on the borders that we want to realize doesn't have any other goal than to block the way of a still possible invasion. Concrete is better in this way and is cheaper than a wall of chests..."

To the French Parliament, 1929

"Concrete is better … and is cheaper than a wall of chests..."

Maginot Line

• To avoid a surprise attack and to give alarm (trip wire)

Rationale:

• To cover the mobilization of the French Army (2 and 3 weeks).

• To make better use of scarce manpower: France 39,000,000 inhabitants, Germany 70,000,000

• To protect Alsace and Lorraine and their industrial infrastructure

• To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive.

Maginot Line

Defense in depth … but not everywhere

Maginot Line

Localized Defense in Depth

Maginot Line

Above and Below

Maginot Line


Available on

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48JUWBVtdpM


France:• Maginot Line: static defense

• Huge expenditure

• Repeated mistake of 1914: • assumed Belgian neutrality would be honored

• Had good armored forces

Defense!

French Armor

Char B Heavy Tank

47 mm cannon

75 mm cannon

French Armor

French Char B German PzKpfw II *

* Panzerkampfwagen

Larger guns, heavier armor Faster, better suspension, more range

Radios

Superior Tactics

Slow


France: Defense!• Maginot Line: static defense

• Huge expenditure

• Repeated mistake of 1914: • Assumed Belgian neutrality would be honored

• Had good armored forces

• Not enough funds to develop properly

• Neglected innovations in tactics


Germany:

Size of army limited by Versailles Treaty• Not enough to defend against attack

• Strategy: “Best defense is good offense”

Capitalized on tactics under development in WW I• Stormtrooper tactics + Armor = Blitzkreige

Lightning War!

Offense!

Ten Military RevolutionsInfantry RevolutionArtillery RevolutionRevolution of Sail and ShotFortress RevolutionGunpowder RevolutionNapoleonic RevolutionLand Warfare RevolutionNaval RevolutionInterwar Revolutions in Mechanization,

Aviation, and InformationNuclear Revolution

Andrew F. Krepinevich“Cavalry to computer: the pattern of military revolutions”The National Interest, Fall 1994

Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information

Interwar Revolutions1920’s – ’30’s

Perfected concepts introduced in WW I• Mechanized warfare

• Aerial warfare

• Carrier aviation

• Amphibious warfare

• Radio-based command & control

Proliferation of new organizations• Armored units (battalions, divisions, corps)

• Strategic bombardment wings

• Carrier battle groups

Development of Mechanized War


(0 – 4:26)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9B8I1PGifs

German Armor

Encyclopedia Britannica

http://search.eb.com/dday/browse?browseId=237176

of World War I

“The War to End All War”

IdealismReality

“Only the dead have seen the end of war”

of World War IReality

“Only the dead have seen the end of war”

Hope

Renewed effort to limit war as an option

New focus on the Laws of War

Arms Control and the Laws of War

Lesson Objectives

• Begin to understand the history of efforts to place limits on warfare.

• Understand the meaning of the concept of "Laws of War".

• Be able to describe the genesis of the current Law of War, particularly in the 20th century.

• Begin to understand the history of arms limitation as a tool for reducing the threat and impact of war.

World War I

“The War to End All War”

Law of War

The Ultimate Oxymoron?

Law of War

Roots:

• Religious texts and doctrine

• Codes and rules of armies

• Precedent

• Reciprocity

An attempt to bring order and restraint to chaos and brutality

Law of War

Modern Considerations:

• Hague Conventions

• Geneva Conventions

• UN Charter

Law of WarTwo Distinct Strata

Jus ad bellum (“law to war”)

Schaun GrovesJust War Part 7: Jus Ad Bellum & Jus In Bellohttp://readshlog.blogspot.com/2005/10/just-war-part-7-jus-ad-bellum-jus-in.html

Jus in bello (“law in war”)




Traditional considerations: • Declared by a "legitimate" authority.

• Initiated for a good (just) reason

• Employed as a last resort

• Deals with the reasons and justification for the use of force (for going “to” war)



• Deals with the reasons and justification for the use of force (for going “to” war)


Jus in bello (“law in war”)

• The real “Laws of War”• Deals with the conduct of war once joined

Law of WarDefinition

Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_War

The laws of war (Jus in bello) define the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning civilians.

Law of WarGeneral Principles

• Force should be use to restrain & restrict adversaries, not kill

• Soldiers who surrendered should not be killed.

• Non-combatants (unarmed civilians) should not be targeted

• Indiscriminate (no specific target) force & weaponry prohibited

• Unnecessary suffering prohibited.


Declaration of War

• One of the criteria for a just (legal) war

• Recognizes that a state of hostility exists

• Usually declared by the national sovereign

• Evokes a series of legal considerations

• Relations with other (neutral) nations

• Law of War

• International treaties

Treaties & ProtocolsPrecedents for the Law of War

Declaration of Paris (1856)

• Maritime warfare (outlawed privateering)

General Order No. 100 (Lieber’s Code – 1863)

• Code of conduct for soldiers on the battlefield

Geneva Convention (1864)

• Condition of wounded on the battlefield

Hague Convention (1899)



• Hague I: Settlement of Pacific Disputes

• Hague II: Laws & Customs of War on Land

• Hague III: Adopted to Land Warfare Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864 (Treatment of Wounded)

• Hague IV: Prohibiting Launching of Projectiles and Explosives From Balloons



• Hague I: Pacific Settlement of Disputes

• Hague II: Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts

• Hague III: Opening of Hostilities

• Hague IV: Laws and Customs of War on Land

• Hague V: Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land

• Hague VI: Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities


Hague Convention (1907) (continued)

• Hague VII: Conversion of Merchant Ships into War Ships

• Hague VIII: Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines

• Hague IX: Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War

Hague X: Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention

• Hague XI: Restrictions With Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War

• Hague XII: International Prize Court

• Hague XIII: Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War


Kellogg – Briand Pact (1928)

• Renounced war as an instrument of national policy

• Negotiated between

• Fran B. Kellogg – US Secretary of State

• Aristide Briand – French Foreign Minister

• Ultimately 62 nations signed the agreement

• Failed in goal of preventing war

• First Violation: Japan in Manchuria (1931)

• Served as basis for concept of crime against peace

• Nuremburg Trails (1945-1949)

• Still in force



• Prohibit Use of Gas and Biological Methods of War


• Treatment of Prisoners of War


• I: Care of Sick and Wounded in the Field

• II: Care of Sick, Wounded and Shipwreck at Sea

• III: Treatment of Prisoners of War

• IV: Protection of Civilians in War



• Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction

Arms Limitation

Can be considered almost a separate branch of the Law of War

Attempts to limit or ban entirely certain weapons

First Arms Limitation?

Crossbow

By 11th & 12th centuries, crossbows could penetrate armor of knights.

Threaten to upset the balance of power:

• Semi-skilled peasants could anonymously kill gentlemen

First Arms Limitation?

Crossbow

Banned by Pope Innocent II for use in killing Christians.

• Second Lateran Council 1139

First Arms Limitation

“We prohibit under anathema that murderous art of crossbowmen and archers, which is hateful to God, to be employed against Christians and Catholics from now on.”

Second Lateran Council

Canon 29

Pope Innocent II

EWTN: The Global Catholic Networkhttp://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/LATERAN2.HTM

Arms Limitation

Interest in arms limitation increased as war has become come mechanized and

weapons more deadly and expensive

Arms LimitationEarly Attempt

St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868“ … an International Military Commission having assembled at St. Petersburg in order to examine into the expediency of forbidding the use of certain in times of war between civilized nations, … the undersigned are authorized by the orders of their Governments to declare as follows:

Considering that the progress of civilization should have the effect of alleviating as much as possible the calamities of war:

That the only legitimate object which States should endeavour to accomplish during war is to weaken the military forces of the enemy;

That for this purpose it is sufficient to disable the greatest possible number of men;

That this object would be exceeded by the employment of arms which uselessly aggravate the sufferings of disabled men, or render their death inevitable;

That the employment of such arms would, therefore, be contrary to the laws of humanity; “


St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868“ … an International Military Commission having assembled at St. Petersburg in order to examine into the expediency of forbidding the use of certain in times of war between civilized nations, … the undersigned are authorized by the orders of their Governments to declare as follows:

Considering that the progress of civilization should have the effect of alleviating as much as possible the calamities of war:

That the only legitimate object which States should endeavour to accomplish during war is to weaken the military forces of the enemy;

That for this purpose it is sufficient to disable the greatest possible number of men;

That this object would be exceeded by the employment of arms which uselessly aggravate the sufferings of disabled men, or render their death inevitable;

That the employment of such arms would, therefore, be contrary to the laws of humanity; “


St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868

“The Contracting Parties engage mutually to renounce, in case of war among themselves, the employment by their military or naval troops of any projectile of a weight below 400 grammes, which is either explosive or charged with fulminating or inflammable substances. “

Intent: Ban the use of fragmentation, explosive, or incendiary small arms ammunition. (Wikipedia)

Signatories: Austria-Hungary, Bavaria, Belgium, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, the North German Confederation (i.e., Greater Prussia), Russia, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey (i.e.,the Ottoman Empire), and Württemberg.

Only binding during war between signatories. U.S. not a signatory.

Arms LimitationModern Controversy

Just because you are not a signatory, should you still abide by a humanitarian arms limitation treaty?


Weapon: .50 cal McMillan Tactical Sniper Rifle

Bullet: Raufoss Round

http://www.eme421.com/50calmac.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211


Video: Canadian Snipers

Afghanistan

Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQfRPqTIa2Y

Arms Limitation

Washington Naval Treaty (1922)

• Response to post WW I naval building programs

• Limited tonnage, armament on capital ships and aircraft carriers

• Five major naval powers

• US, Britain, Japan, France, Italy

Arms LimitationWashington Naval Treaty (1922)

Limits on capital ships

• US: 525,000 tons

• Britain: 525,000 tons

• Japan: 315,000 tons

• France: 175,000 tons

• Italy: 175,000 tons

No capital ship could exceed 35,000 tons

Armament Limitation: 16-inch guns maximum

Ratio 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.7 :1.7


Limits on aircraft carriers

• US: 135,000 tons

• Britain: 135,000 tons

• Japan: 81,000 tons

• France: 60,000 tons

• Italy: 60,000 tons

Each nation could have two carriers up to 33,000 tons; remaining carriers limited to 27,000 tons each.

Armament Limitations: 8-inch guns (max of 8 per ship)


Other Limits:

• All other ships limited to

• 10,000 tons each (no limit on total tonnage)

• 8-inch guns or less


Impact of Treaty:

• Navies modified existing capital ships

• Unusual designs evolved (treaty battleships, treaty cruisers) to remain within tonnage restrictions

• US built no battleships 1918-1937

• US concentrated on cruisers, aircraft carriers

Treaty Battleships

HMS NelsonDisplacement: 33,950 tons Main Armament: nine 16-inch guns

Displacement: 35,000 tons Main Armament: nine 16-inch gunsUSS North Carolina

Post-Treaty:

Treaty Cruisers

Displacement: 9,000 tons Main Armament: nine 8-inch gunsUSS Northampton CA-26

USS Baltimore CA-68WW II cruiser: more secondary armament

Displacement: 15,500 tons

Post-Treaty:

Battle Cruisers

USS Lexington CC-1

Displacement: 43,500 tons Main Armament: eight 16-inch guns

Aircraft Carriers

USS Lexington CV-2

1929USN photohttp://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-l/cv2.htm

Note: 8 in. guns


Aircraft Carriers

USS Lexington CV-2

Oct 1941USN photohttp://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-l/cv2.htm

Note: 5 in. guns

Aircraft Carriers

USS Lexington CV-2

USS Essex CV-9

Displacement: 35,000 tons (wartime)


Development of Carrier Aviation


( 5:55 - 8:15 )

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yd5BNleJU2w&t=355

Significance of Treaties

Little impact on World War II

• No use of poison gas

: it still happened

One prohibition did stick:

Lesson 12

WW II – Paths to Global War

Next:

Thesis

The grand scope of World War II was determined by a battle you never heard of fought before the war in Europe began.

Lesson Objectives

• Be able to recount the chains of events that led to the opening of hostilities in Europe and Asia in the 1930's.

• Understand the genesis and significant features of the strategies of each major combatant: • Germany and Japan • Britain, France, Soviet Union, U.S.

• Be able to recount and discuss the major events in World War II through the end of 1941.

• Understand the role of the advances in military technology since the end of The Great War on the events of the first two years of World War II.

End

Other Treaties

Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other. Like the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921.

Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.[

Trianon was the peace agreement signed in 1920, at the end of World War I, between the Allies of World War I and Kingdom of Hungary (one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary).[ Signed 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles

Sèvres 10 August 1920 in ) was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War I. Sèvres, France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%E2%80%93Austrian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Independent_Bulgaria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine%23cite_note-1

Other Treaties

The Knox–Porter Resolution (42 Stat. 105) was a joint resolution of the United States Congress signed by President Warren G. Harding on July 2, 1921, officially ending United States involvement in World War I. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hdroUk7C_4

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Lesson 11 The Interwar Years: Preparing for the Next War.

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