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Lesson 16: Aircraft Instrument Systems
Classification Of Instruments
• Flight Instruments
• Engine Instruments
• Auxiliary Instruments
Flight Instruments
• Those that help visualize the attitude, location and speeds of the aircraft.
• Those which indicate the relationship to the air through which we are flying
• Those which relate to our position in space without considering the air.
Pitot-static System
• Dynamic Air Pressure - Pressure caused by moving air.
• Ambient Static Air Pressure - Pressure of non-moving air just outside the aircraft.
Pitot-static System
Pitot Head
Pitot Head
Flush Static Port
Airspeed Indicator
• Differential pressure gauge that measures the difference between dynamic and ambient static air pressure.
Airspeed Indicator
• Indicated airspeed
• The speed of an aircraft as shown on the airspeed indicator.
• True airspeed
• The speed at which an aircraft is moving relative to the surrounding air.
• Calibrated airspeed
• Indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for installation and instrument errors.
Altimeter
• A barometer that measures the absolute pressure of the air.
Altimeter
• Indicated Altitude• The altitude shown by an altimeter set to
current altimeter setting.
• Pressure Altitude• Height above the standard pressure level of
29.92 in.Hg.
• Density Altitude• Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard
temperature variations.
Altimeter
• True Altitude• The actual height of an abject above mean sea
level.
• Absolute Altitude• Actual height above the surface of the earth,
either land or water.
Vertical Speed Indicator
• The rate of climb indicator
• Serves only as a backup for the altimeter and airspeed indicator as a pitch indicating instrument.
• Helps the pilot establish a rate of climb or descent.
Blockage Of The Pitot-Static System
• Pitot Tube• Affects only the airspeed indicator, but a
clogged static system affects all three pitot-static instruments.
• If the pitot tube is blocked and its drain hole remains open, the airspeed reading will drop to zero.
• If both pitot tube and the drain hole clog, the airspeed indicator will react like an altimeter.
Blockage Of The Pitot-Static System
• Static port• The indicated airspeed increases as the
airplane descends and decreases when it climbs.
• The altimeter: air pressure in the system will not change and neither will your indicated altitude.
• VSI continually indicates Zero.
Gyroscopic Instruments
Gyroscopic Instruments
• Turn coordinator
• Attitude indicator
• Heading indicator
Gyroscopic Instruments
• Rigidity In Space – Once a gyroscope is spinning, it tends to remain in a fixed position in space and resist external forces applied to it.
Gyroscopic Instruments
• Precession – The tilting or turning of a gyro in response to pressure.
• The reaction to this force occurs in the direction of rotation, approximately 90° ahead of the point where the force was applied.
Sources Of Power
• Gyroscopes may be operated by electrical power or by a vacuum (suction) system.
Sources Of Power
Attitude Indicator
• Vacuum powered instrument which senses pitching and rolling movements about the airplanes lateral and longitudinal axes.
Attitude Indicator
Attitude Indicator
Directional Gyro
• Vacuum powered instrument which senses yaw movement of the airplane about the vertical axis.
• Horizontal card directional gyro
Directional Gyro
• Vertical card directional gyro
Rate Gyros
• Turn And Slip Indicator
• Turn Coordinator
• Inclinometer
Rate Gyros
Turn Coordinator
Floating Magnet-type Magnetic Compass
Engine Instruments
Engine Instruments