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Hardwares of Personal Computers 1
Hardware of
Personal ComputersTopic 4
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 2
Part 1:
Introduction
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 3
What are Basic Hardware ofa Personal Computer?
1. Monitor
2. Motherboard
3. CPU (Microprocessor)
4. Primary storage (RAM)
5. Expansion cards
6. Power supply
7. Optical disc drive
8. Secondary storage(Hard disk)
9. Keyboard
10. MouseFigure 1. Basic hardware of a PC.
(Wikipedia, 2007a)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 4
What is a Hardware?
Hardware is the general term that is usedto describe physical artifacts of atechnology.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 5
Classification of Hardware
Input
Devices
1
Processing
Unit
2
StorageDevices
3
Output
Devices
4
Figure 2. Classification of Hardware.
Key: Data flow
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 6
Part 2:
Input Devices
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 7
What is an Input Device?
A hardware mechanism that transformsinformation in the external world forconsumption by a computer. (Wikipedia
2007b)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 8
Input Devices
Keyboard for the input of text and charactersand also to control the operation of acomputer (Wikipedia 2007c)
Mouse a pointing device by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to itssupporting surface. (Wikipedia 2007d)
Scanner a device that analyzes images, printedtext, or handwriting, or an object andconverts it to a digital image(Wikipedia 2007e)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 9
Input Devices
Microphone an acoustic to electric transducer orsensor that converts sound into anelectrical signal. (Wikipedia, 2007f)
WebCam a real-time camera (usually, thoughnot always, a video camera) whoseimages can be accessed using theWorld Wide Web (Wikipedia, 2007g)
DigitalCamera
an electronic device used to captureand store photographs electronicallyin a digital format (Wikipedia, 2007h)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 10
Part 3:
Processing Unit
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 11
What is a Processing Unit?
A central processing unit (CPU), isthe component in a digitalcomputer that interprets computerprogram instructions and
processes data. (Wikipedia, 2007i)
There are 2 major CPUmanufacturers for personalcomputers.
Intel
http://www.intel.com/
AMDhttp://www.amd.com
Figure 3. Intel Celern 2.66GHz CPU (Front)
Figure 4. Intel Celern 2.66GHz CPU (Back)
http://www.intel.com/http://www.amd.com/http://www.amd.com/http://www.intel.com/7/28/2019 Lesson 2 Ppt v6370
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 12
How fast is a CPU?
When you choose a CPU,you should consider itsspeed.
The speed of a CPU isdetermined by 2 mainfactors.
Clock frequency
Amount of cachememory
The higher the value, thefasterthe CPU will be.
The clock frequency of
a CPU
Figure 5. The clock frequency of a CPU.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 13
What are Intel CPU Families forDesktop Computers?
There are 3 Intel CPU families for desktopcomputers:
1. Core Processorhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htm
2. Pentium Processorhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/pentium.htm
3. Celeronhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/celeron.htm
http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/pentium.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/celeron.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/celeron.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/pentium.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htm7/28/2019 Lesson 2 Ppt v6370
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 14
What are AMD CPU Families forDesktop Computers?
There are 3 AMD CPU Families for DesktopComputers:
1. Athlon 64 FX
http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.html
2. Athlon 64 x 2 Dual Corehttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.html
3. Athlon 64http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.html
http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.html7/28/2019 Lesson 2 Ppt v6370
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 15
TASK 1 (Individual work)
You have learnt some searching skills forsearch engines,now you need to search the basic
configurations and prices of thefollowing CPUs.
Please complete TABLE 1 and post it in
the forum.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 16
TASK 1 (TABLE 1)
Intel CPU AMD CPU
CPU Model Core 2 DueE6700
CeleronD356
Athlon 64FX 51/940
Athlon 64ADA 3200-
CN
ClockFrequency(GHz)
CacheMemory L2(MB)
Price (HK$)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 17
TASK 2 (Group Work)
You are divided into groups of 4.
Discuss the above CPU models, whichare suitable forhome PC oroffice PCused.
Give brief reasons.
Please post your group discussion resultsin the forum.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 18
What is a motherboard?
A motherboard is thecentral circuit boardmaking up a personal
computer. (Wikipedia,2007j)
Figure 6. A motherboard.CPU
RAMslot
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 19
Motherboard
A personal computer is built with the CPU, mainmemory, and other essential components on themotherboard.
Other components such as external storage,controllers for video display and sound, andperipheral devices are typically attached to themotherboard via edge connectors and cables.
In modern computers it is increasingly commonto integrate these "peripherals" into themotherboard.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 20
What is a Video Card?
A video card is togenerate and outputimages to a display.
(Wikipedia, 2007k)
Figure 7. A video card.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 21
A Video Card
If the video card is integrated in the motherboard, it willuse the computer RAM memory (lower throughput). If itis not integrated, the video card will have its own videomemory which is called Video RAM or VRAM.
The VRAM capacity of most modern video cards rangefrom 128 to 2048 MB (workstation graphics cards).
In 2006, the VRAM was based on DDR technology,standing out DDR2, GDDR3 and GDDR4. The memoryclock rate is between 400 MHz and 1.6 GHz.
A very important element of the video memory is the Z-buffer, which manages the depth coordinates in 3Dgraphics. (Wikipedia, 2007k)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 22
What is a Sound Card?
A sound card is a computerexpansion card that caninput and output soundunder control of computer
programs. Many computers havesound capabilities built inon the motherboard,while others require these
expansion cards if audiocapability is desired.(Wikipedia, 2007l) Figure 8. A sound card.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 23
Part 4:
Storage Devices
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 24
What are Types of Storage Devices?
Storage Devices
Primary Storage Secondary Storage
Read-Only Memory(ROM)
Random-Access Memory(RAM)
Figure 9. Classification of storage devices.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 25
What is Primary Storage?
Primary storage is computermemory thatis directly accessible to the CPUof acomputer without the use of computer's
input/output channels.
Primary storage is used to store data thatis likely to be in active use. (Wikipedia,
2007m)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 26
What is ROM?
Read-only memory (ROM)is a class of storagemedia used in computers.
Data stored in ROM
cannot be modified. ROM is a non-volatile
storage. Data remainsunchanged even afterswitching off the
computer. (Wikipedia,2007n)
E.g. EPROM, EEPROM
Figure 10. An EPROM.(Wikipedia, 2007n)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 27
What is RAM?
Random access memory(RAM) is a type of data storageused in computers.
It takes the form of integratedcircuits that allow the stored
data to be accessed in anyorder (random).
Data stored in RAM can bemodified.
RAM is a volatile storage. Datawill lose after switching off thecomputer. (Wikipedia, 2007o)
E.g. DDRam, DDR-2 RamFigure 11. Two 512 MB DDRam.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 28
What is Secondary Storage?
Secondary storage is computer memory that isnot directly accessible to the CPU of a computer,requiring the use of computer's input/outputchannels.
It is used to store data that is NOTin active use.
It is usually slowerthan primary storage but italways has higher storage capacity.
It is non-volatile. Data remains unchanged evenafter switching off the computer. (Wikipedia,2007p)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 29
Secondary Storage
3.5 Floppy Disk
Data can be read orwrite
Data capacity:1.44 MB (Wikipedia,2007q)
Figure 12. A floppy disk.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 30
Secondary Storage
Hard Disk
Data can be read orwrite
Speed of disk rotationusually 7200 rpm
Data capacity :
80GB, 160GB,250GB, 300GB etc(Wikipedia, 2007r)
Figure 13. A Hard disk.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 31
Secondary Storage
CD-Rom CD-R CD-RW
Data can
be
Read only Read but
write once
Read &
writeDatacapacity(MB)
650 650 650
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 32
Secondary Storage
DVD DVD-R/DVD+R
DVD-RW/DVD+RW
Data can
be
Read only Read but
write once
Read &
writeDatacapacity(GB)
Single layer:
4.7
Double layer:
8.5
Single layer:
4.7
Double layer:
8.5
Single layer:
4.7
Double layer:
8.5
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 33
What are the Different BetweenDVD-R and DVD+R?
The DVD-R format was developed by Pioneer inthe autumn of 1997. It is supported by most DVDplayers, and is approved by the DVD Forum.(Wikipedia, 2007s)
DVD+R was developed in 2002.
This format is a competing format to the DVD-Rformat, which is developed by the DVD Forum, it
has not been approved by the DVD Forum,which claims that the DVD+R format is not anofficial DVD format. (Wikipedia, 2007t)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 34
Secondary Storage
Figure 14. A C-R disk.
Figure 15. A CD-RW disk.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 35
Secondary Storage
Figure 16. A DVD-R disk.
Figure 17. A DVD+RW disk.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 36
Secondary Storage
USB flash drives
They are flash memorydata storage devicesintegrated with a USB
interface. They are typically small,
lightweight, removableand rewritable. (Wikipedia,2007u)
Data capacity:512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB,etc
Figure 18. An USB flash drive.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 37
Secondary Storage
Memory Cards
e.g. SD card, CF card,xD card, Microdrive,
Memory Stick Data can be read or
write
Data capacity:512 MB, 1GB, 2GB,4GB etc
Figure 19. A SD card.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 38
Various Types of Memory Cards
SM Card SD Card CF Card
xD card Memory Stick Microdrive
Figure 20. Various types of memory cards.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 39
Part 5:
Output Devices
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 40
What is an output device?
Output devices include any hardware thattranslate information processed by thecomputer into a form that humans can
understand.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 41
Output Devices
A monitoris a piece of electricalequipment which displays textsand images.
It generated a temporary record
because the record disappearwhen power off.
There are 2 major types ofmonitors: Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) and
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)(Wikipedia, 2007v)
Figure 21. A 14 LCD monitor.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 42
The performance parameters of a monitor are:
1.Luminance
2.Size, measured diagonallyFor CRT the viewable size is one inch smallerthen the tube itself.
3.Dot pitch
Describes the distance between pixels of thesame color. In general, the lower the dot pitch(e.g. 0.24), the sharper the picture will appear.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 43
4. Response timeThe amount of time a pixel in an LCD monitor takes togo from active (black) to inactive (white) and back toactive (black) again. It is measured in milliseconds(ms). Lower numbers mean faster transitions and
therefore fewer visible image artifacts.5. Refresh rate
The number of times in a second that a display isilluminated.
6. Power consumption
7. Display resolutionThe number of distinct pixels in each dimension thatcan be displayed.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 44
Output Devices
A printerproduces a hard copy(permanenthuman-readable text and/or graphics) ofdocuments stored in electronic form, usually on
physical print media such aspaper. There are 2 major types of printers. They are
inject printerand laser printer.
The resolution of a printer is measured in dots
per inch (dpi). The higher the value, the betterthe quality. (Wikipedia, 2007w)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 45
Output Devices
Inkjet printers operates bypropelling tiny droplets ofliquid inkonto paper.
They are the most
common type ofcomputer printer for thegeneral consumer due totheir low cost, high qualityof output, capability of
printing in vivid colour,and ease of use.(Wikipedia, 2007x)
Figure 22. An HP Inkjet K5400dnprinter. (HP, 2007a)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 46
Output Devices
Laser printer
Laser printers employaxerographicprinting
process. Laser printers are
available in bothcolourand black &
white varieties.(Wikipedia, 2007y)
Figure 23. An HP LaserJet 1022printer. (HP, 2007b)
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 47
Task 3 (Group Work)
You are divided into groups of 4.
Select ONE laser printerand ONE inkjetprinters
Compare the features (print speed, printvolume per month, print resolution, printerprice, print cost per page) of the laser
printer and the inkjet printer. Please post your group discussion resultsin the forum.
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 48
Output Devices
A loudspeakeris anelectromechanicaltransducer which
converts an electricalsignal into sound.
(Wikipedia, 2007z)
Figure 24. Loudspearkers
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 49
References
HP. (2007a). HP Officejet Pro K5400dn. Retrieved July 7, 2007, fromhttp://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/hk/zh/sm/WF06b/1090037-1090093-1095469-1095469-12224252-12973294-
78107983.html
HP. (2007b). HP Olaser Jet 1022. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from
http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/hk/zh/ho/WF05a/1090037-1090121-1090401-1090401-1091129-12094322.html
Wikipedia. (2007a). Personal Computer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
Wikipedia. (2007b). Input Device. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_device
Wikipedia. (2007c). Computer Keyboard. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard
Wikipedia. (2007d). Mouse (Computing). Retrieved July 7, 2007, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29
Wikipedia. (2007e). Image Scanner. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner
Wikipedia. (2007f). Microphone. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone
Wikipedia. (2007g). Webcam. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam
Wikipedia. (2007h). Digital Camera. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera
Wikipedia. (2007i). Central Processing Unit. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpu
Wikipedia. (2007j). Motherboard. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard
Wikipedia. (2007k). Video Card. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_card
Wikipedia. (2007l). Sound Card. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card
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Hardwares of Personal Computers 50
References
Wikipedia. (2007m). Primary Storage. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_storage
Wikipedia. (2007n). Read-only Memory. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory
Wikipedia. (2007o). Random Access Memory. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM
Wikipedia. (2007p). Secondary Storage. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_storage
Wikipedia. (2007q). Floppy Disk. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk
Wikipedia. (2007r). Hard Disk Drive. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk
Wikipedia. (2007s). DVD-R. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R
Wikipedia. (2007t). DVD+R. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRWikipedia. (2007u). USB Flash Drive. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usb_flash_drive
Wikipedia. (2007v). Computer Display. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_display
Wikipedia. (2007w). Computer Printer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer
Wikipedia. (2007x). Inkject Printer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_printer
Wikipedia. (2007y). Laser Printer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printer
Wikipedia. (2007z). Loudspeaker. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker