Lesson 2 Ppt v6370

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Hardwares of Personal Computers 1

Hardware of

Personal ComputersTopic 4

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Part 1:

Introduction

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What are Basic Hardware ofa Personal Computer?

1. Monitor

2. Motherboard

3. CPU (Microprocessor)

4. Primary storage (RAM)

5. Expansion cards

6. Power supply

7. Optical disc drive

8. Secondary storage(Hard disk)

9. Keyboard

10. MouseFigure 1. Basic hardware of a PC.

(Wikipedia, 2007a)

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What is a Hardware?

Hardware is the general term that is usedto describe physical artifacts of atechnology.

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Classification of Hardware

Input

Devices

1

Processing

Unit

2

StorageDevices

3

Output

Devices

4

Figure 2. Classification of Hardware.

Key: Data flow

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Part 2:

Input Devices

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What is an Input Device?

A hardware mechanism that transformsinformation in the external world forconsumption by a computer. (Wikipedia

2007b)

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Input Devices

Keyboard for the input of text and charactersand also to control the operation of acomputer (Wikipedia 2007c)

Mouse a pointing device by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to itssupporting surface. (Wikipedia 2007d)

Scanner a device that analyzes images, printedtext, or handwriting, or an object andconverts it to a digital image(Wikipedia 2007e)

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Input Devices

Microphone an acoustic to electric transducer orsensor that converts sound into anelectrical signal. (Wikipedia, 2007f)

WebCam a real-time camera (usually, thoughnot always, a video camera) whoseimages can be accessed using theWorld Wide Web (Wikipedia, 2007g)

DigitalCamera

an electronic device used to captureand store photographs electronicallyin a digital format (Wikipedia, 2007h)

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Part 3:

Processing Unit

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What is a Processing Unit?

A central processing unit (CPU), isthe component in a digitalcomputer that interprets computerprogram instructions and

processes data. (Wikipedia, 2007i)

There are 2 major CPUmanufacturers for personalcomputers.

Intel

http://www.intel.com/

AMDhttp://www.amd.com

Figure 3. Intel Celern 2.66GHz CPU (Front)

Figure 4. Intel Celern 2.66GHz CPU (Back)
http://www.intel.com/http://www.amd.com/http://www.amd.com/http://www.intel.com/

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How fast is a CPU?

When you choose a CPU,you should consider itsspeed.

The speed of a CPU isdetermined by 2 mainfactors.

Clock frequency

Amount of cachememory

The higher the value, thefasterthe CPU will be.

The clock frequency of

a CPU

Figure 5. The clock frequency of a CPU.

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What are Intel CPU Families forDesktop Computers?

There are 3 Intel CPU families for desktopcomputers:

1. Core Processorhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htm

2. Pentium Processorhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/pentium.htm

3. Celeronhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/celeron.htm
http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/pentium.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/celeron.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/celeron.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/pentium.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htm

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What are AMD CPU Families forDesktop Computers?

There are 3 AMD CPU Families for DesktopComputers:

1. Athlon 64 FX

http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.html

2. Athlon 64 x 2 Dual Corehttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.html

3. Athlon 64http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.html
http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_13041,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.htmlhttp://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488,00.html

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TASK 1 (Individual work)

You have learnt some searching skills forsearch engines,now you need to search the basic

configurations and prices of thefollowing CPUs.

Please complete TABLE 1 and post it in

the forum.

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TASK 1 (TABLE 1)

Intel CPU AMD CPU

CPU Model Core 2 DueE6700

CeleronD356

Athlon 64FX 51/940

Athlon 64ADA 3200-

CN

ClockFrequency(GHz)

CacheMemory L2(MB)

Price (HK$)

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TASK 2 (Group Work)

You are divided into groups of 4.

Discuss the above CPU models, whichare suitable forhome PC oroffice PCused.

Give brief reasons.

Please post your group discussion resultsin the forum.

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What is a motherboard?

A motherboard is thecentral circuit boardmaking up a personal

computer. (Wikipedia,2007j)

Figure 6. A motherboard.CPU

RAMslot

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Motherboard

A personal computer is built with the CPU, mainmemory, and other essential components on themotherboard.

Other components such as external storage,controllers for video display and sound, andperipheral devices are typically attached to themotherboard via edge connectors and cables.

In modern computers it is increasingly commonto integrate these "peripherals" into themotherboard.

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What is a Video Card?

A video card is togenerate and outputimages to a display.

(Wikipedia, 2007k)

Figure 7. A video card.

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A Video Card

If the video card is integrated in the motherboard, it willuse the computer RAM memory (lower throughput). If itis not integrated, the video card will have its own videomemory which is called Video RAM or VRAM.

The VRAM capacity of most modern video cards rangefrom 128 to 2048 MB (workstation graphics cards).

In 2006, the VRAM was based on DDR technology,standing out DDR2, GDDR3 and GDDR4. The memoryclock rate is between 400 MHz and 1.6 GHz.

A very important element of the video memory is the Z-buffer, which manages the depth coordinates in 3Dgraphics. (Wikipedia, 2007k)

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What is a Sound Card?

A sound card is a computerexpansion card that caninput and output soundunder control of computer

programs. Many computers havesound capabilities built inon the motherboard,while others require these

expansion cards if audiocapability is desired.(Wikipedia, 2007l) Figure 8. A sound card.

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Part 4:

Storage Devices

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What are Types of Storage Devices?

Storage Devices

Primary Storage Secondary Storage

Read-Only Memory(ROM)

Random-Access Memory(RAM)

Figure 9. Classification of storage devices.

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What is Primary Storage?

Primary storage is computermemory thatis directly accessible to the CPUof acomputer without the use of computer's

input/output channels.

Primary storage is used to store data thatis likely to be in active use. (Wikipedia,

2007m)

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What is ROM?

Read-only memory (ROM)is a class of storagemedia used in computers.

Data stored in ROM

cannot be modified. ROM is a non-volatile

storage. Data remainsunchanged even afterswitching off the

computer. (Wikipedia,2007n)

E.g. EPROM, EEPROM

Figure 10. An EPROM.(Wikipedia, 2007n)

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What is RAM?

Random access memory(RAM) is a type of data storageused in computers.

It takes the form of integratedcircuits that allow the stored

data to be accessed in anyorder (random).

Data stored in RAM can bemodified.

RAM is a volatile storage. Datawill lose after switching off thecomputer. (Wikipedia, 2007o)

E.g. DDRam, DDR-2 RamFigure 11. Two 512 MB DDRam.

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What is Secondary Storage?

Secondary storage is computer memory that isnot directly accessible to the CPU of a computer,requiring the use of computer's input/outputchannels.

It is used to store data that is NOTin active use.

It is usually slowerthan primary storage but italways has higher storage capacity.

It is non-volatile. Data remains unchanged evenafter switching off the computer. (Wikipedia,2007p)

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Secondary Storage

3.5 Floppy Disk

Data can be read orwrite

Data capacity:1.44 MB (Wikipedia,2007q)

Figure 12. A floppy disk.

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Secondary Storage

Hard Disk

Data can be read orwrite

Speed of disk rotationusually 7200 rpm

Data capacity :

80GB, 160GB,250GB, 300GB etc(Wikipedia, 2007r)

Figure 13. A Hard disk.

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Secondary Storage

CD-Rom CD-R CD-RW

Data can

be

Read only Read but

write once

Read &

writeDatacapacity(MB)

650 650 650

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Secondary Storage

DVD DVD-R/DVD+R

DVD-RW/DVD+RW

Data can

be

Read only Read but

write once

Read &

writeDatacapacity(GB)

Single layer:

4.7

Double layer:

8.5

Single layer:

4.7

Double layer:

8.5

Single layer:

4.7

Double layer:

8.5

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What are the Different BetweenDVD-R and DVD+R?

The DVD-R format was developed by Pioneer inthe autumn of 1997. It is supported by most DVDplayers, and is approved by the DVD Forum.(Wikipedia, 2007s)

DVD+R was developed in 2002.

This format is a competing format to the DVD-Rformat, which is developed by the DVD Forum, it

has not been approved by the DVD Forum,which claims that the DVD+R format is not anofficial DVD format. (Wikipedia, 2007t)

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Secondary Storage

Figure 14. A C-R disk.

Figure 15. A CD-RW disk.

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Secondary Storage

Figure 16. A DVD-R disk.

Figure 17. A DVD+RW disk.

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Secondary Storage

USB flash drives

They are flash memorydata storage devicesintegrated with a USB

interface. They are typically small,

lightweight, removableand rewritable. (Wikipedia,2007u)

Data capacity:512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB,etc

Figure 18. An USB flash drive.

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Secondary Storage

Memory Cards

e.g. SD card, CF card,xD card, Microdrive,

Memory Stick Data can be read or

write

Data capacity:512 MB, 1GB, 2GB,4GB etc

Figure 19. A SD card.

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Various Types of Memory Cards

SM Card SD Card CF Card

xD card Memory Stick Microdrive

Figure 20. Various types of memory cards.

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Part 5:

Output Devices

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What is an output device?

Output devices include any hardware thattranslate information processed by thecomputer into a form that humans can

understand.

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Output Devices

A monitoris a piece of electricalequipment which displays textsand images.

It generated a temporary record

because the record disappearwhen power off.

There are 2 major types ofmonitors: Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) and

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)(Wikipedia, 2007v)

Figure 21. A 14 LCD monitor.

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The performance parameters of a monitor are:

1.Luminance

2.Size, measured diagonallyFor CRT the viewable size is one inch smallerthen the tube itself.

3.Dot pitch

Describes the distance between pixels of thesame color. In general, the lower the dot pitch(e.g. 0.24), the sharper the picture will appear.

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4. Response timeThe amount of time a pixel in an LCD monitor takes togo from active (black) to inactive (white) and back toactive (black) again. It is measured in milliseconds(ms). Lower numbers mean faster transitions and

therefore fewer visible image artifacts.5. Refresh rate

The number of times in a second that a display isilluminated.

6. Power consumption

7. Display resolutionThe number of distinct pixels in each dimension thatcan be displayed.

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Output Devices

A printerproduces a hard copy(permanenthuman-readable text and/or graphics) ofdocuments stored in electronic form, usually on

physical print media such aspaper. There are 2 major types of printers. They are

inject printerand laser printer.

The resolution of a printer is measured in dots

per inch (dpi). The higher the value, the betterthe quality. (Wikipedia, 2007w)

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Output Devices

Inkjet printers operates bypropelling tiny droplets ofliquid inkonto paper.

They are the most

common type ofcomputer printer for thegeneral consumer due totheir low cost, high qualityof output, capability of

printing in vivid colour,and ease of use.(Wikipedia, 2007x)

Figure 22. An HP Inkjet K5400dnprinter. (HP, 2007a)

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Output Devices

Laser printer

Laser printers employaxerographicprinting

process. Laser printers are

available in bothcolourand black &

white varieties.(Wikipedia, 2007y)

Figure 23. An HP LaserJet 1022printer. (HP, 2007b)

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Task 3 (Group Work)

You are divided into groups of 4.

Select ONE laser printerand ONE inkjetprinters

Compare the features (print speed, printvolume per month, print resolution, printerprice, print cost per page) of the laser

printer and the inkjet printer. Please post your group discussion resultsin the forum.

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Output Devices

A loudspeakeris anelectromechanicaltransducer which

converts an electricalsignal into sound.

(Wikipedia, 2007z)

Figure 24. Loudspearkers

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References

HP. (2007a). HP Officejet Pro K5400dn. Retrieved July 7, 2007, fromhttp://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/hk/zh/sm/WF06b/1090037-1090093-1095469-1095469-12224252-12973294-

78107983.html

HP. (2007b). HP Olaser Jet 1022. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from

http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/hk/zh/ho/WF05a/1090037-1090121-1090401-1090401-1091129-12094322.html

Wikipedia. (2007a). Personal Computer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

Wikipedia. (2007b). Input Device. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_device

Wikipedia. (2007c). Computer Keyboard. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard

Wikipedia. (2007d). Mouse (Computing). Retrieved July 7, 2007, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29

Wikipedia. (2007e). Image Scanner. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner

Wikipedia. (2007f). Microphone. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone

Wikipedia. (2007g). Webcam. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam

Wikipedia. (2007h). Digital Camera. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera

Wikipedia. (2007i). Central Processing Unit. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpu

Wikipedia. (2007j). Motherboard. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard

Wikipedia. (2007k). Video Card. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_card

Wikipedia. (2007l). Sound Card. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card

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References

Wikipedia. (2007m). Primary Storage. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_storage

Wikipedia. (2007n). Read-only Memory. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

Wikipedia. (2007o). Random Access Memory. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM

Wikipedia. (2007p). Secondary Storage. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_storage

Wikipedia. (2007q). Floppy Disk. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk

Wikipedia. (2007r). Hard Disk Drive. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk

Wikipedia. (2007s). DVD-R. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-R

Wikipedia. (2007t). DVD+R. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%2BRWikipedia. (2007u). USB Flash Drive. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usb_flash_drive

Wikipedia. (2007v). Computer Display. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_display

Wikipedia. (2007w). Computer Printer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer

Wikipedia. (2007x). Inkject Printer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_printer

Wikipedia. (2007y). Laser Printer. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printer

Wikipedia. (2007z). Loudspeaker. Retrieved July 7, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker

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