Lesson 5Early Religions in Africa and the West
Title
Polytheism
Worshiping many gods
عبادة
آلهة
كثيرة
Afterlife
Life after death
اآلخرة
Mummy
A body that has been dried so it won't decay
لذلك لن
االضمحالل
تجفيفها
التي تم
هيئة
Egyptian Afterlife
Believed bodies would be used in afterlife
Everyday items and food buried with the dead because these items would be needed in the afterlife
Important Egyptian Godsاآللهة المصرية الهامة
Re
Osiris
Isis
Anubis
Ptah
Re
God of the sun
Osiris
God who judged Egyptians after death
Isis
The goddess of birth
Anubis
God of the dead
Ptah
God of craftspeople
Craftspeople
People who make objects such as furniture, pottery, and tools
الناس الذين يصنعون األشياء مثل األثاث، والفخار، وأدوات
Origins of Judaism
Judaism began in ancient Mesopotamia
بدأت اليهودية في بالد ما بين النهرين القديمة
Hebrews
A Mesopotamian group of herders and farmers (2000 B.C.E)
مجموعة بالد ما بين النهرين من الرعاة والمزارعين
Torah
The first five books of the Hebrew bible
الكتب الخمسة األولى من الكتاب المقدس العبرية
Abraham
The father of the Hebrews
إبراهيم، والد العبرانيين
According to the Torah, God promised the land of Canaan to Abraham and his people
Abraham led his people to “the Promised Land” of Canaan
Israelites
The Hebrews in Canaan became known as the Israelites
أصبح العبرانيين في كنعان المعروفة باسم إسرائيل
Famine
Not enough food
ال ما يكفي من الغذاء
Around 1300 B.C.E, there was a famine in Canaan
The starving Israelites went to Egypt
Enslaved
Took away someone's freedom
شخص ما اخذ الحرية
When the Israelites arrived in Egypt, the Egyptians enslaved them
Moses
Leader who led the Israelites out of Egypt
موسى، زعيم الذي قاد إسرائيل من مصر
Exodus
The Israelites journey from Egypt
هجرة بني اسرائيل من مصر
Exodus
The Egyptian king sent his army to make Moses and his return to Egypt
According to tradition, God parted the Red Sea for Moses and his people to cross, but drowned the Egyptians in it
The Ten Commandments
According to the Torah, the ten laws given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai
وفقا للتوراة، وعشرة قوانين التي قدمها الله لموسى
Covenant
An agreement
اتفاق
First Commandment
First commandment said that the Hebrews could worship only one God
When Moses made a covenant with God, he established a new religion
Judaism
The religion of the Jewish people
الدين للشعب اليهودي
Israel
The ancient kingdom of the Israelites
المملكة القديمة من بني اسرائيل
Judaism Influences Western Civilization
Jewish culture and influence began to spread
Principles
Rules or beliefs
قواعد أو المعتقدات
Torah
The Torah became central to Jewish life
It provided
History
Laws
Beliefs
Principles
Rules
Rituals
Religious ceremonies
االحتفاالت الدينية
Monotheism
Belief in one, all-powerful God
اإليمان بالله كل واحد قوي
Prior to the Torah, people had believed in many gods
The Torah helped spread the belief in one all powerful God
Philistines
Invaders who attacked Israel
الغزاة الذين هاجموا إسرائيل
Facing Challenges
1029 B.C.E Philistines came from Philistia to attack Israel
Later Israelite leaders disagreements caused problems
922 B.C.E Israel split into two kingdoms, Israel and Judah
Babylonians Invade
597 B.C.E. Babylon invaded Jerusalem
Destroy Israelites' Temple
Enslaved Israelites
Took them to Babylon
Israelites became known as Jews
Jews
The new name of the Israelites
االسم الجديد إلسرائيل
King Cyrus II
Captured Babylon
Freed Jews
Many Jews returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt temple
Prophets and the Messiah
Prophets were spiritual leaders who predicted the future
كانوا أنبياء الزعماء الروحيين الذي توقع المستقبل
Messiah
A king the prophets believed would come to rule the Jews
ومن شأن الملك األنبياء يعتقد يأتي لحكم اليهود
Origins of Christianity
A second monotheistic religion begins in Palestine
Christianity
Religion based on Jewish ideas and the teachings of Jesus
الدين القائمة على األفكار اليهودية وتعاليم يسوع
Jesus
A Jewish teacher who developed the ideas on which Christianity is based
المعلم اليهودي الذي طور األفكار التي يستند المسيحية
Jesus
Born when Romans ruled Judea
Story told in the Gospels
4 books written after Jesus' death by his disciples
Disciples
Followers of Jesus
أتباع يسوع
Disciples who wrote the Gospel
Mathew
Mark
Luke
John
Jesus
According to the Gospels, Jesus
- taught that the kingdom of God was coming
- performed miracles
People began to believe Jesus was the Messiah and could free them from Roman rule
Overthrow
Remove someone from power by force
إزالة شخص ما من السلطة بالقوة
Overthrow
Roman leaders were scared Jesus and his followers might overthrow them
Crucifixion
The Roman governor ordered Jesus to be killed by crucifixion
Crucifixion is the execution by hanging from a cross
االعدام شنقا من كرة عرضية
Resurrection
The return of Jesus from the dead
عودة يسوع من بين األموات
Christianity Spreads
Jesus' followers carried on his teachings
One follower, Paul, spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire