Lesson 7 The Age of Miracle Chips

Lecturer: Meng Fanyan

Teaching Plan

1. Background information 2. Comprehension questions 3. Text analysis 4. Rhetorical devices 5. Supplementary exercises 6. Homework

1. Background information about the text miracle chips Navaho rug Venecian blind Byzantine

This text is taken from a 15-page special section entitled “The Computer Society” presented by the American magazine Time, February 20, 1978. In this section there are several stories—The Age of Miracle Chips, Living: Pushbutton Power, Business: Thinking Small, Science: The Numbers Game and some others.

This series of reports explains just how the world of electronic society works, and examines its impact on people’s daily lives. Our text is based on the first two stories.

Miracle Chips

A chip is a tiny square of a material, such as silicon, processed to have specific electronic characteristics.

我们通常所说的 " 芯片 " 是指集成电路 , 它是微电子技术的主要产品 . 所谓微电子是相对 " 强电 " 、 " 弱电 " 等概念而言 , 指它处理的电子信号极其微小 . 它是现代信息技术的基础 , 我们通常所接触的电子产品 , 包括通讯、电脑、智能化系统、自动控制、空间技术、电台、电视等等都是在微电子技术的基础上发展起来的 .

About Chips

我国的信息通讯、电子终端设备产品这些年来有长足发展 , 但以加工装配、组装工艺、应用工程见长 , 产品的核心技术自主开发的较少 ,这里所说的 " 核心技术 " 主要就是微电子技术 .就好像我们盖房子的水平已经不错了 , 但是 ,盖房子所用的砖瓦还不能生产 . 要命的是 ," 砖瓦 " 还很贵 . 一般来说 ," 芯片 " 成本最能影响整机的成本 .

About Chips

　集成电路 (IC) 常用基本概念有 : integrated circuit

　　晶圆 , 多指单晶硅圆片 , 由普通硅沙拉制提炼而成 , 是最常用的半导体材料 , 按其直径分为 4 英寸、 5 英寸、 6 英寸、 8 英寸等规格 , 近来发展出 12 英寸甚至更大规格 . 晶圆越大 , 同一圆片上可生产的 IC 就多 , 可降低成本 ; 但要求材料技术和生产技术更高 .

About Chips

光刻 :IC 生产的主要工艺手段 , 指用光技术在晶圆上刻蚀电路 .

　　线宽 :4 微米 /1 微米 /0.6 微未 /0.35 微米 /035 微米等 , 是指 IC 生产工艺可达到的最小导线宽度 ,是 IC 工艺先进水平的主要指标 . 线宽越小 , 集成度就高 , 在同一面积上就集成更多电路单元 .

　　封装 : 指把硅片上的电路管脚 , 用导线接引到外部接头处 , 以便与其它器件连接 .

　　存储器 : 专门用于保存数据信息的 IC.

Pictures of Chips

语言编程器

Pictures of Chips

API 拷贝器

Pictures of Chips

C51 仿真器　

Pictures of Chips

APR 录放板

Pictures of Chips

语言录放板

Navaho Rugs

Venetian Blinds

Blinds from Venice

Venetian Blinds

Closed blinds

Venetian Blinds

A description of Byzantine Arts Byzantine art - The art of the Eastern

Roman Empire, the Christian empire whose capital was Constantinople (which is called Byzantium and now known as Istanbul), which endured from c. 330 CE following the Roman Empire in the east, until it was conquered by the Turks c.1450.

A description of Byzantine arts The term, refers more to a style associated

with Byzantium than to its area. Byzantine paintings and mosaics are

characterized by a rich use of color and figures which seem flat and stiff.

The figures also tend to appear to be floating, and to have large eyes.

Backgrounds tend to be solidly golden or toned.

Byzantine Arts

In the beginning, whether at Rome, Ravenna, or Byzantium (Constantinople), it was equally influenced by classical art and by Eastern inclination to allegory.

It is a distinguishing characteristic of Constantinople, however, that it was able to maintain a more uniform classical tradition in the face of manifold Oriental influences.

These two elements developed in the Byzantine art more and more of an individual character.

Byzantine Arts

Beginning with the 7th century, the contrast between the art of the Eastern Empire and that of the Western grew more marked,

and Byzantine art underwent a change. It rose to great splendour under the

Macedonian emperors (867-1056), then declined up to 1453, and has since

existed in the East in a petrified form, up to the present time.

Byzantine Art

2. Stylistic analysis

(1) type of writing Expository / Exposition

(2) the methods of an exposition defining comparing and contrasting demonstrating cause and effect analysing tracing a process illustrating: give examples

(3) the main method of this exposition description, comparison, illustrating

(4) the thesis of the exposition New microtechnology will transform

society. This inert fleck has astonishing powers that are already transforming society.

(5) Describe a chip and its amazing feats. (size, appearance, composition)

(6) some aspects of life with computers A. Financial and postal systems B. A household computer C. Custom-made objects D. Personal service E. Automobile F. Education

3. Structural analysis of the text 1st Part: Section 1: What it is like, the outlook,

the appearance of the miracle chip. Section 2: Its uses, the advantages /

superiority of microcomputer over the old type of computers.

Section 3: The significance of this miracle chip. The

development of the microcomputer marks the third stage of

human development, following the invention of hand tools and

that of steam engine.

One can almost say that the development of hand tools marks

the transformation of human being from ape to man. And it is

known to all that the development of steam engine greatly

emancipated productivity, accelerated the advancement of

human development from feudalism to capitalism and

imperialism.

It can be estimated that the new technology will affect our life in

ways both we know and we don't know.

Technique adopted:

Description of the integrated circuit

Comparison of the similarities and the

differences

2nd Part Section 1 (Paras. 1. It is 7:30. 2. After her husband.

3. Wellsian fantasy?) The matutinal scenario of Mr. Aladdin's family, an ordinary family in latter-day American society when equipped with computers.

The first section of this part is actually a narrative prose. The three paras give a vivid description of what life in an ordinary American family will be like when equipped with the computer. The author adopted a mixture of active and old fashion or big / military words to portrait the morning happenings in the family.

The clock burr, blinds snap up, percolator burbling, TV blinks on, snugly abed, saunters out...

All these phrases created a picture of vivid, comfortable, smooth, perfectly ordered life.

The expression "eyeball-to-eyeball" is chosen instead of "face-to-face" or "eye-to-eye" to stress directness, closeness as if Alice were just standing in the market talking with the merchant.

The word "commandeer" makes the reader imagine that Mrs. A is like a person with commanding force, who seizes, or takes over everything she wants for her own use. And also the word "supply". Then she "orders", "directs..., obviously she has the governing power.

There are also some slang words such as "tube", "groovy" to make the general atmosphere light, pleasant, relaxed and lively.

Section 2. [from "The microelectronic

revolution promises...(P116)" to "beyond

the ken of many educators(P120)“]

The many uses of this microelectronic

revolution.

In this section the technique of illustrating

is adopted, i.e., lots of examples are

used to show the capability of the

computer in various areas of life.

Section 3. Conclusion: the computer

revolution is... to a higher order of

existence.

4. Rhetorical devices

Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a change of name.

She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.

He took to the bottle. ...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete

skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt.

I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact.

Metonymy can be derived from various sources:

a. Names of personsUncle Sam: the USALu Xun: all the books written by himI am recently reading Lu Xun.

b. Animalsthe bear: the Soviet unionthe dragon: the Chinese

c. Parts of the bodyheart: feelings and emotionshead, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reasongrey hair: old age

d. Profession: the press: newspapers, reporters etc.He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.the bar: the legal profession

e. Location of government, business etc.Downing Street: the British Governmentthe White House: the US president and his governmentthe Capital Hill: US CongressWall Street: US financial circlesHollywood: American film-making industry

Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from MEN's MUSCLES and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from HUMAN BRAIN and thereby expanding the minds capacities...

Synecdoche Synecdoche (ti yu) has often been confused

with Metonymy, and sometimes even treated synonymously. This is not surprising, as both figures of speech involve substitution. The distinction lies in the fact that while metonymy involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another, synecdoche involves the substitution of the Part for the WHOLE or vice versa.

eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with...on the TUBE...

The computer revolution is ...liberating LIMBS...

a. Part for the Whole:...eat your humble BREAD and CHEESE...All HANDS on deck.All of a sudden, I saw a SAIL in the distance....eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with...on the TUBE...The computer revolution is ...liberating LIMBS...

cf: metonymytake over from HUMAN MUSCLES and assume burdens of drudgery from the HUMAN BRAIN

c. The species for the genus or vice versaAlas, that Spring should vanish with the ROSE! (flowers in general)What a tricky CREATURE he is! (man)

d. Name of material for the thing madeShe was dressed in silks and satins.

...eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with...on the TUBE...The computer revolution is ...liberating LIMBS...

b. Whole for the Part:China beat Japan at the game.He cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched me up again.

Antonomasia

1. the substitution of another designation for a common obvious, or normal one,

a. the use of an official title or an epithet in place of a proper namea 有两种，同样是用另外一个指称来代替一个普通明白的，或标准的说法，但第一是实指，因此给了 Judge Doe ，即用“大人”代替“张（或王、李等）法官”，有如用“先生”、“阁下”指代“张省长”，“邱首相”等，his honour for Judge Doehis / her majesty: king or queenyour honour / highness / mightiness

而第二种是虚指，因此没有给姓氏，也没有大写，如用“首席行政长官”来代替“总统”，用“首长”，“中央领导”来代替“市长”，“省长”或“部长”“副总理”等。但这两种替代必须是官方正式头衔或称号 (an official title or an epithet) ， chief executive for the president

b: the use of a proper name to designate a member of a class

b也有两个方面，第一点的重点在 proper name 两个词的理解上，冯说 antonomasia 与 metonymy 的区别在于 : the proper name must denote some idea or characteristic of a well-known person, either history or fiction, 而王也说： The main difference between antonomasia and metonymy lies in that in the former the proper nouns have biblical, mythological, historical or literary origins Solomon a wise rulerDaniel a wise and fair judgeJudas a traitorHitler a tyrant

Shylock an extortionate usurerRomeo romantic young loverDon Juan a lady-killerQuisling traitorHelen beautiful womanRockefeller is a Napoleon of finance. He is the Napoleon of crime. John / He is the Newton of our school / this century.the latter-day AladdinAlice A

also the making of a common noun or verb from a proper name

b 第二点涉及词性词义转换，法国科学家 Pasteur（巴斯德）发明了巴氏消毒法，于是就产生了动词pasteurize ，名词 pasteurization ，这种变换一目了然，毋庸赘言。当然，如果从词源学的视角去研究，肯定也会有另一番景色。pasteurize from PasteurWellsian fantasySmithsonian antic

2. the giving of proper name (as to a character in fiction) that names or suggests a leading quality

至于 antonomasia 的 2 ，谢已经给了很好的说明：“…使人物的姓（名）本身就包括一个对其特点的简短说明。…如拜伦的 Miss Reading ， Miss Knowman；狄更斯的 Mr. Murderstone ， 萨克莱的Becky Sharp 等。”其要害仍然是 proper name必需传递某种特性，有如汉语中的卜世仁，高大全等。

Squire Allworthy, Doctor Sawbones

Parallelism

...everything from automobile engines to

universities and hospitals, from farms to

banks and corporate offices, from outer

space to a baby's nursery

Onomatopoeia alarm clock burrs percolator starts burbling

Parody: a literary or music work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effects, for amusement or ridicule. Using the words, thoughts, or style of an author, but by a slight change so as to adapt them to a new purpose or ridiculously inappropriate subject, bitter irony, biting sarcasm

繁荣必然娼盛。革命不是请客就是吃饭。咱们共产党人是吃喝不垮的。 一个人做一件坏事并不难，难就难在一辈子只做坏事，不做好事。

去年今日此门中，人面桃花相映红，（人面麻花相对搓）人面不知何处去，桃花依旧笑春风。（麻花依旧下油锅）

Never ventured, never gained (lost)....and that government of (off) the people, by (buy) the people, for (foe) the people shall not perish from the earth.

Twinkle, twinkle, little bat,How I wonder what you’re at,Up above the world you fly,Like a tea tray in the sky.

A judge to a witness: "Do you swear that you will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? A dentist to a patient: "... pull the tooth, the whole tooth, and nothing but the tooth?"

Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today (can be put off till day after tomorrow just as well).Never put off till tomorrow what can be (done today) put off till the day after tomorrow just as well. (Mark Twain)

the ultimate applications ...are still around the bend of a silicon circuit.

Alliteration

Next to health, heart and home,

happiness for mobile Americans

depends upon the automobile.

5. Language points

1) chip: an integrated circuit on a very small thin piece of silicon集成电路片

2) microtechnology: technology handling exceptionally small things

3) Navaho rug: rugs of intricate geometric designs woven by the Navaho (Indian) tribe in the U.S.4) Caliban: a huge, uncouth, deformed creature, the slave of Prospero, in Shakespeare’ s The Tempest. The old computers were big, ugly things like Caliban.

5) memory: the capacity of a computer to store information6) execution: the ability of a computer to carry out programmed instructions7) pushbutton power: the things that can be done by just pushing a button

8) Aladdin: a boy in The Arabian Nights, son of a poor widow, who found a magic lamp and a magic ring. With the help of the genie of the lamp and ring he became very rich and married the daughter of the Caliph.

9) genie screen: a screen that seems to have magic powers like the genic (or jinni) in Moslem legends10) eyeball-to-eyeball: face to face; seeing and talking directly to someone

11) miracle ( n.) :an event or action that apparently contradicts known scientific laws and is hence thought to be due to supernatural causes ， esp. to an act of God奇迹

12) silicon ( n.) :a nonmetallic chemical element occurring in several forms ． found always in combination ， and more abundant in nature than any other element except oxygen ， with which it combines to form silica(used in the manufacture of transistors 。solar cells ， rectifiers ， silicones ， ceramics ， etc ． ) 硅 (符号 Si)

inert ( adj.) : having few or no active properties ； inactive惰性的

fleck ( n.) :a small piece ； flake ； particle 小片，薄片；粒子，微粒

hulking ( adj.) :1arge ， heavy ， and often unwieldy or clumsy巨大的，庞大的；笨重的 tangle ( v ． ) :make a knot or snarl of ；intertwist使纠结；使纠缠

evolve ( v ． ) :develop gradually by a process of growth and change演变；进化；发展

versatile ( adj.) :competent in many things ； able to turn easily from one subject or occupation to another ； many-sided ；adaptable to many uses or functions 多才多艺的；多方面的；多用途的；万能的；多功能的

drudgery ( n.) :work that is hard ， menial 。 or tiresome 单调乏味的工作

burr ( v ． ) : ． make a whirring sound 发嘎嘎声；发飕飕声

Venetian blind ( n.) :a window blind made of a number of thin ， horizontal wooden ， metal ， or plastic slats that can be set together at any angle to regulate the light and air pressing through or drawn up together to the top of the window by means of cords软百叶帘；活动百叶窗

thermostat ( n.) :an apparatus for regulating temperature, esp. one that automatically controls a heating unit恒温器

boost ( v ． ) :make higher or greater ； increase in amount ． power 。 etc．提高； ( 在数量、力量等方面 )增加

cozy ( adj.) :warm and comfortable ； snug温暖舒适的；安逸的

percolator ( n.) :a kind of coffeepot in which the boiling water repeatedly bubbles up through a tube and filters back to the bottom through the coffee grounds ， which are held in a perforated container咖啡渗滤壶

burble ( v ． ) :make a gurgling or bubbling sound(流水 )做汩汩声，潺潺做声

rundown ( n.) :a concise summary or outline纲要；总结

snug ( adj.) :warm and cozy ； comfortable温暖的；舒适的／ snugly adv．

memo ( n.) :(clipped form of memorandum)a short note written to help one remember something or remind one to do something(memorandum的缩略形式 ) 备忘录；笔记

genie ／ jinni ( n.) :[Moslem legend] a supernatural being that can take human or animal form and influence human affairs(穆斯林传说中的 )神灵；神怪 ( 能化为人形或兽形，影响人的事务 )

saunter ( v ． ) :walk about idly ； stroll闲逛；漫步

commandeer ( n.) :秽． seize(property)for military or governmental use征用 ( 人力或物力 )

recipe ( n.) :a list of materials and directions for preparing a dish or drink烹饪法；食谱

Byzantine ( adj.) :designating or of the decorative style of the mosaics ，frescoes ， etc．， of the Byzantine Empirs. characterized by lack of perspective ， use of rich colors ， esp. gold, and emphasis on religious symbolism( 指镶嵌画、壁画等工艺美术 )拜占廷式的

conjugation ( n.) :a methodical presentation or arrangement of the inflectional forms of a verb( 动词的 )词形变化

groovy ( adj.) :[Am ． slang] very pleasing or attractive(a generalized term of approval)[美俚 ]绝妙的；极好的 ( 一般赞许词 )

matutinal ( adj.) :of or in the morning ； early早晨的；早的

scenario ( n.) :a description of a possible course of action or events( 进行活动或实施项目的 )计划书；方案

barring ( prep ． ) :unless there should be ； excepting 除…外；不包括

tummy ( n.) :stomach(a child‘s word)(儿语 )肚子 array ( n.) :an impressive display or assembled persons or

things(排列整齐的 ) 一批；大量

utopian ( n.) :a person who believes in a utopia ， esp. of a social or political nature ； visionary 空想家

chore ( n.) :(often used in p1.)a small routine task ， as of a housekeeper or farmer ； odd job( 常用于复数 )日常零星工作，零星活儿 ( 如家庭杂务，农场杂活等 )

capricious ( adj.) :subject to caprices ； tending to change abruptly and without apparent reason ； inconstant 多变的，变幻莫测的

tutorial ( n.) :a class in a tutorial system( 导师制中 ) 由导师个别指导

rinse ( v ． ) :wash lightly ， esp. by dipping into water or by letting water run over ， into ，or through冲洗；漂洗

elicit ( v ． ) :draw forth ； evoke得出；引出；导出

ubiquitous ( adj.) :present ， or seeming to be present ， everywhere at the same time ；omnipresent(似乎 ) 同时普遍存在的；似乎无处不在的

dehumanize ( v ． ) :deprive of human qualities ， as pity ， kindness ， individuality ， creativity ， etc．；make inhuman or machinelike使失人性，使无人性；使成兽性；使像机器

homogeneity ( n.) :the same in structure ， quality ， etc．同类；同族

candid (adj.) :very honest or frank in what one says or writes 诚实的，坦率的；直言相告的

symptom ( n.) :any condition accompanying or resulting from a disease or a physical disorder and serving as an aid in diagnosis症状 ．

regimen ( n.) :a regulated system of diet ， exercise ， etc ． for therapy or the maintenance or improvement of health 生活规则；摄生法

harass ( v ． ) :trouble ， worry ， or torment ， as with cares ， debts ， repeated questions ， etc．使烦恼；使困恼；折磨

intimidate ( v ． ) :make timid ； make afraid ； overawe使胆怯，使害怕；威慑；吓住

pharmacy ( n.) :a place where pharmacy is practiced ； drugstore药房；药店

panic ( v ． ) :affect with panic ； fear使恐慌；使惊慌

avert ( v ． ) :keep from happening ； ward off ； prevent避免；防止 (灾祸等 ) 发生；挡住

accrue ( v ． ) :come as a natural growth ， advantage ， or right(to)( 常与 to 连用 )(利益等 )及到 (某人 ) ； (权利等 )归于 (某人 )

recess ( n.) :a temporary withdrawal from or halting of work ， business ， study ， etc．休息；休会；休假

hassle ( v ． ) :[Am ． slang]subject to persistent or acute annoyance[美俚 ]使烦恼；扰乱，骚扰，不断地打扰

revivify ( v. ) :put new life or vigor into ； cause to revive使复活，使苏醒；使恢复活力

soporific ( adj.) :causing or tending to cause sleep ； of or characterized by sleep or sleepiness催眠的，致睡的；困倦的；酣睡的

dangle ( v． ) :be a hanger—on ； follow追求，追逐，追随

ken ( n.) :mental perception or recognition ；range of knowledge ； understanding认识；知识范围；理解

benign ( adj.) :favorable ； beneficial 有利的；有益的

propel ( v ． ) :push ， drive ， or impel onward ， forward ， or ahead推动；推进；鼓励

accrue to (sb.) (from sth ． ):   increase, come as a natural increase or advantage增加，权力或利益归于某人及到某人 例： Knowledge will accrue to you from reading．读书能增加知识。

1. miracle a. wonder b. myth c. misery d. Strangeness ( a ) 2. rug a. old cloth b. blanket c. woollen mat d. Rag (c)

6. Supplementary exercises

3. abundant a. abandon b. plentiful c. large d. Much

4. inert a. idle b. unattractive c. active d. Inner 3. b 4. a

5. fleck a. spot b. flicker c. remark d. drop 6. hulking a. monstrous b. clumsy c. ugly d. loose 5. a 6. b

7. immense a. enormous b. infinite c. definite d. endless 8. drudgery a. toil b. hardship c. agony d. Affliction 7. a 8. a

9. execution a. exertion b. performance c. exploitation d. Extraction 10. boost a. boots b. height c. increase d. Tighten 9. b 10. c

11. ingredient a. mixture b. particle c. blend d. component 12. fantasy a. reverie b. legend c. nightmare d. Imagination 11. d 12. d

13. swing a. lurch b. sway c. sweep d. drift 14. transaction a. interaction b. business deal c. bargain d. Transformation 13. b 14. b

15. burglar a. thief b. rubber c. robot d. Stealth 16. affect a. influence b. plan c. conclude d. Undertake 15. a 16. a

17. domestic a. of the house b. of one's own country c. of some particular country d. all the above 18. propel a. push forward b. compare c. suppose d. move backward 17. d 18. a

19. hassled a. puzzled b. bothered c. bored d. skilled 20. cozy a. hard and rough b. cold and inert c. warm and comfortable d. pleasant and busy 19. b 20. c

21. array a. a particular way b. a long list c. a small amount d. a large number 22. groovy a. gloomy b. sad c. satisfying d. Unpleasant 21. d 22. c

23. option a. opportunity b. choice c. application d. Favoured 24. harass a. frighten b. wear on c. exhaust d. draw out 23. b 24. c

25. ken a. mixture of substance b. range of knowledge c. distance d. family 25. b

whether the following statements are true or

false 1. The old type computers, clumsy as they

were, assumed huge burdens of drudgery from the human muscles.

2. According to the author, although the story of the latter-day Aladdin's family life is an imaginary one, it is not quite

impossible.

1. T 2. T

3. The grains of sand on the ocean beaches are the second most abundant element on the surface of the earth, only next to oxygen.

4. The so-called miracle chip has a calculating capability equal to a room-size computer of only 125 years ago.

3. F 4. F

5. After the news on TV, Mr. Aladdin sits up

in bed to read letters which are sent by

correspondents through mail.

6. From the text, we can inferred that

computers are more common than slide

projectors, movie film projectors and tape

recorders in American schools by now. 5. F 6. T

7. For mobile Americans, happiness depends upon health, heart, and home.

8. According to the author, a patient would rather give a more candid account of his symptoms, regimen and medical history to a computer than to a doctor.

7. F 8. T

9. The computers can help hassled teachers by delivering intellectual challenges to soporific students.

10. Eventually , the average housewife will do her shopping by household computer which will be a part of the home.

9. T 10. T

Fill in the blanks with the words or

expressions in their proper forms affect, within the reach of, proceed, rinse, take over, apply, resemble, average, evolve, commandeer, convenient, program

1. The house _______________ a castle. resembles 2. The whole idea _____________ from a

casual remark. evolved 3. The president-elect will ___________ next

January. take over

4. The entire country _______ by drought. was affected 5. The soldiers ___________ the house and

used it for offices. commandeered 6. Luxuries are not ___________the poor. within the reach of

7. If quite _______ to you I will be with you Tuesday next.

convenient

8. You see, despite all its accomplishments, the so-called electronic brain must _____ by a human brain.

be programmed

9. The ________ of new scientific discoveries to industrial production methods usually makes jobs easier to do.

application 10. Now that our plans are settled let us

________. proceed

11. After washing them in soapy water, ___________ the clothes out thoroughly.

rinse 12. Despite the devastating flood in some

places, this year's rainfall in the whole country came close to the ________.

average

1. He wandered along the street looking in the shop windows.

(s__________) sauntered 2. The unqualified typist had to retype the

letter five times. (i__________) incompetent

Replace the parts underlined with words or expressions learnt in the text

3. To be frank, I don't think you have the talent to be a great violinist. (c__________)

candid 4. The children felt frightened when they

realized they were lost. (p___________) panicked

5. The nutritional value of rice is improved by baking it with milk.

(e____________) enriched 6. More information becomes obtainable

through the use of computers. (a_____________)

available

7. The landlady could not provide us with a place, because all her rooms were booked.

(a____________) accommodate 8. He was deeply involved in the series of

sufferings and loss. (s____________) string

9. His neighbours scared his family into leaving.

(i________) intimidated 10. She was a lovely but unpredictable

woman. (c____________) capricious

Write a composition entitled “The role of computers in education”.

6. Homework