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Lesson 8
WWI: 1917: Desperation & Anticipation -America Enters The War
Lesson Objectives
• Understand the role of the US in the war to 1917.
• Understand the concept of unrestricted submarine warfare and discuss its impact on the war.
• Understand how and why the U.S. entered World War I.
• Understand the impact of the war on British and U.S. society.
• Be able to describe the efforts made to mobilize the American public in World War I.
Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun
1
Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg LineMar 1917
2
Submarine Warfare
Submarines were an unproven weapon
• No doctrine for use
• Little support from establishment
German U-boats
Germany had about 20 operational Unterseeboots at the beginning of the war
U-9
Small, short ranged, gasoline powered
Displacement: 600 tons (submerged)Range: 3,300 miles (surface)
6 torpedoes
U-boat.nethttp://uboat.net/wwi/
German U-boats
U-9
German U-boats
U-9 (1910)
Displacement: 600 tons (submerged)Range: 3,300 miles (surface)
6 torpedoes
Displacement: 950 tons (submerged)Range: 11,000 miles (surface)
16 torpedoes
Mittel-class (1915)
U-boat.nethttp://uboat.net/wwi/
German U-boats
Ocean Minelaying Submarines
Type UE 2 (1916)
Displacement: 1,500 tons (submerged)Range: 13,900 miles (surface)
14 torpedoes / 42 mines
U-boat.nethttp://uboat.net/wwi/
Blockade Running Sub
Maryland Historical Society
Cargo Submarine DeutschlandBaltimore, Maryland – July 1916
Cargo Submarine DeutschlandNew London, Connecticut – November 1916
Cargo: Germany-US: dyes, pharmaceuticals, gemstones US-Germany: strategic materials (nickel, tin, rubber)
Blockade Running Sub
U-155 (ex-Deutschland) (1916/1917)
U-boat.nethttp://uboat.net/wwi/
Displacement: 1,875 tons (submerged)Range: 25,000 miles (surface)
18 torpedoes
Commissioned in the Imperial Navy February 1917
Blockade Running Sub
U-155 (ex-Deutschland)
U-boat.nethttp://uboat.net/wwi/
Stopping merchant ship for inspection
German Commerce Raider
The Victims
The Victims
The Victims
Timetable to War for US
May 7, 1915 Lusitania torpedoed
The VictimsRMS Lusitania
May 7, 1915
U-20
The VictimsRMS Lusitania
May 7, 1915
Lusitania sank in 18 minutes
Sinking of the LusitaniaMay 7, 1915
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
( 5:48 – 8:43 )
The VictimsRMS Lusitania
May 7, 1915
Compared with daily casualty figures at the Front, the Lusitania fatalities were tiny. But world reaction to what had occurred off the Irish coast Friday 7 May 1915 was enormous.
Diane PrestonLusitania: An Epic Tragedy
Lost: 1,198 of 1,959 souls on boardIncluding 128 Americans, 49 children
Timetable to War for US
May 7, 1915 Lusitania torpedoed
Mar 15, 1916
Dec 1916
Jan 22, 1917 Wilson calls for peace without victory
Wilson begins peace initiative
Army Reorganization Act
Woodrow T. Wilson28th President of the United States
1856 - 1924
Grew up in Georgia (Augusta)
Princeton graduate
Academic Career
Governor of New Jersey (1911-1913)
President 1913-1921 (Democrat)
Termed a Progressive, idealist
Active presidency
Federal Reserve ActClayton Antitrust ActFederal Trade Commission ActRe-established Progressive Income Tax
Born in Staunton, VA
(PhD Poli Sci, Johns Hopkins)
Woodrow T. Wilson28th President of the United States
1856 - 1924
Wartime President
US declared its neutrality in 1914
Protested British & German neutrality violations
Re-election slogan in 1916: “He kept us out of war!”
Attempted to mediate peace (Dec 1916)
Criticized by Republicans for not rearming US
Asked both sides to state minimum security goalsCentral Powers: “No need – we are going to win”
Allies: Dismember empires of Central Powers
Declaration of unrestricted sub warfare decisive
Would not tolerate loss of lives, freedom of seas
Timetable to War for US
May 7, 1915
Mar 15, 1916
Dec 1916
Jan 22, 1917
Lusitania torpedoed
Army Reorganization Act
Wilson begins peace initiative
Wilson calls for peace without victory
Feb 24, 1917
Feb 3, 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed
US breaks relations with Germany
Feb 1, 1917 Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare
(the “Strategic Distraction” from previous lesson)
Zimmerman Telegram
Sent by German Foreign Secretary, Arthur Zimmerman
• To Embassy in Washington, January 16, 1917
Ambassador forwarded to Embassy in Mexico
British intercepted message, passed to US
Publication of message enflamed US!
Zimmerman Telegram
Berlin, January 19, 1917
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman(Secretary of State)
Timetable to War
May 7, 1915
Mar 15, 1916
Dec 1916
Jan 22, 1917
Feb 1, 1917
Feb 3, 1917
Feb 24, 1917
Lusitania sunk
Army Reorganization Act
Wilson begins peace initiative
Wilson calls for peace without victory
Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare
US breaks relations with German
Zimmerman Telegram revealed
Wilson asks for war declarationApr 2, 1917
Declaration of War
April 4, 1917 Senate approved 82 – 6
April 2, 1917
President Wilson asked Congress for declaration of war
April 6, 1917 House approved 373 - 50
Declaration of War
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
• US tradition of defending Freedom of the Seas
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
• Challenged Monroe Doctrine
• Posed a direct threat to the U.S.
• Revelation focused Americans on war issue
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
• Democracy vs. Autocracy
Make the World Safe for Democracy
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
Make the World Safe for Democracy
• Trade with belligerents, mostly Britain
American “Non-Neutrality”
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
Make the World Safe for Democracy
American “Non-Neutrality”
• Lack of response to peace feelers
American Frustration
German submarines forced the United States into the war. But it would be too simple to say that America fought solely for the freedom of the seas, still less of course for the sake of New Mexico. The United States were already committed to the Allied side.
Why Did The US Enter the War?Another view
A. J. P. Taylor (British historian)The First World War: An Illustrated History (1963)
German submarines forced the United States into the war. But it would be too simple to say that America fought solely for the freedom of the seas, still less of course for the sake of New Mexico. The United States were already committed to the Allied side.
Why Did The US Enter the War?Another view
A. J. P. Taylor (British historian)The First World War: An Illustrated History (1963)
German submarines forced the United States into the war. But it would be too simple to say that America fought solely for the freedom of the seas, still less of course for the sake of New Mexico. The United States were already committed to the Allied side.
At first, the American Government had tried to remain strictly neutral. Banks were instructed not to give credit to the belligerents. Soon businessmen complained that the chances of good profits were being lost.
Atfirst, the American Government had tried to remain strictly neutral. Banks were instructed not to give credit to the belligerents. Soon businessmen complained that the chances of good profits were being lost.
Why Did The US Enter the War?Another view
A. J. P. Taylor (British historian)The First World War: An Illustrated History (1963)
German submarines forced the United States into the war. But it would be too simple to say that America fought solely for the freedom of the seas, still less of course for the sake of New Mexico. The United States were already committed to the Allied side. Atfirst, the American Government had tried to remain strictly neutral. Banks were instructed not to give credit to the belligerents. Soon businessmen complained that the chances of good profits were being lost.
Large funds were extended to the Allies. Copper, cotton, wheat poured across the Atlantic. Factories worked overtime on British and French orders. The economy boomed.
Large funds were extended to the Allies. Copper, cotton, wheat poured across the Atlantic. Factories worked overtime on British and French orders. The economy boomed.
Why Did The US Enter the War?Another view
A. J. P. Taylor (British historian)The First World War: An Illustrated History (1963)
German submarines forced the United States into the war. But it would be too simple to say that America fought solely for the freedom of the seas, still less of course for the sake of New Mexico. The United States were already committed to the Allied side. Atfirst, the American Government had tried to remain strictly neutral. Banks were instructed not to give credit to the belligerents. Soon businessmen complained that the chances of good profits were being lost.
If the German submarines stopped this trade, there would be depression, crisis. If the Allies lost the war, the American loans would be lost also.
Large funds were extended to the Allies. Copper, cotton, wheat poured across the Atlantic. Factories worked overtime on British and French orders. The economy boomed. If the German submarines stopped this trade, there would be depression, crisis. If the Allies lost the war, the American loans would be lost also.
Why Did The US Enter the War?Another view
A. J. P. Taylor (British historian)The First World War: An Illustrated History (1963)
German submarines forced the United States into the war. But it would be too simple to say that America fought solely for the freedom of the seas, still less of course for the sake of New Mexico. The United States were already committed to the Allied side. Atfirst, the American Government had tried to remain strictly neutral. Banks were instructed not to give credit to the belligerents. Soon businessmen complained that the chances of good profits were being lost.
In the end, the United States went to war so that America could remain prosperous and rich.
Large funds were extended to the Allies. Copper, cotton, wheat poured across the Atlantic. Factories worked overtime on British and French orders. The economy boomed. If the German submarines stopped this trade, there would be depression, crisis. If the Allies lost the war, the American loans would be lost also.
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
Make the World Safe for Democracy
American “Non-Neutrality”
American Frustration
Protect US Economic Interests
Grand Strategy 101
Why did Great Britain go to war in 1914?
Maintain European balance of power(Lesson 5)
1917: Britain, France on the ropes
Russia in revolution, almost out of the war
Germany poised to knock Britain out of the war w/ subs
US chose to pursue British objective: maintain balanceWhat should the US do?
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
Make the World Safe for Democracy
American “Non-Neutrality”
American Frustration
Protect US Economic Interests
Maintain European Balance of Power
Entry of the US into the War
Video
Irish Revolt
Mexican Border Incursion
HIGHLIGHTS:
Election of 1916
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
US Enters World War I
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
( 0:26 – 8:04 )
Mobilization
Goal: Mobilize America for Total War
• National Unity
• Military Manpower
• Industry
How do you do this?
Mobilization
Goal: Mobilize America for Total War
• National Unity
• Military Manpower
• Industry
• Build Popular Support
How do you do that?
Propaganda
Propaganda is persuading people to make up theirminds while withholding some of the facts from them.
!
Sir Harold Evans (1928 - )British-born journalist and writer
Propaganda
Committee for Public Information
(Creel Commission)
Goal: To create "a passionate belief in the justice of America's cause that would weld the American people into one white hot mass instinct with fraternity, devotion, courage and deathless determination."
Public InformationBuilding Support
George Creel, 1920
Building Support
Georgetown University Libraryhttp://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/amposter.htm
Building Support
Georgetown University Libraryhttp://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/amposter.htm
Building Support
Georgetown University Libraryhttp://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/amposter.htm
Building Support
Georgetown University Libraryhttp://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/amposter.htm
Building Support
Building Support
Building Support
Building Support
Georgetown University Libraryhttp://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/amposter.htm
Building Support
Georgetown University Libraryhttp://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/amposter.htm
Building Support
Chorus
Over there, over there,Send the word, send the word over there -That the Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tummingEv'rywhere.
So prepare, say a pray'r,Send the word, send the word to beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,And we won't come back till it's overOver there
Billy Murray – audio:(2:09)
Building Support
Wartime Security Measures
Espionage Act - 1917
Sedition Act of 1918
• Made it a crime to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies
Trading with the Enemy Act - 1917• Gave President the power to restrict trade between the U.S. and its enemies in times of war.
• Amended Espionage Act of 1917
• Prohibited Americans from using "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, flag, or armed forces during war.
Wilson’s 14 PointsJanuary 8, 1918
I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas III. Establishment of an equality of trade conditions IV. National armaments will be reduced V. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims VI. Evacuation of all Russian territory VII. Belgium must be evacuated and restored VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored IX. Readjustment of the frontiers of ItalyX. Peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded opportunity of
autonomous development XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro are restoredXII. Turkish portions of Ottoman Empire should be assured sovereignty XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected XIV. A general association of nations must be formed
A statement of U.S. war objective
… the first by any of the warring powers
Mobilization
Goal: Mobilize America for Total War
• National Unity
• Industry
Mobilization
The United States went to war on the side of the Allies in April 1917 without stockpiles of equipment or plans for creating them. Worse, the Army had no clear idea of the character and magnitude of its wartime needs and no detailed specifications for production of many kinds of equipment. Had such plans existed they would have been of little use anyway because so little was known about the nation's industrial capacity, including the location and productivity of various industries. What lay ahead was improvisation in the face of unforeseen crises to compensate for inadequate planning and preparation.
MobilizationUS Army Center for Military History, 1995
Americans In Europe
U.S. troops with French-made Renault FT-17 tanks
Americans In Europe
U.S. soldier with French-made Chauchat light machine gun
Americans In Europe
U.S. soldiers with French-made Hotchkiss machine gun
Americans In Europe
U.S. artillerymen with French-made 75 mm gun
Americans In Europe
Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker withFrench-made SPAD fighter
Captain Eddie
Americans In Europe
Note the pattern:
“ … French-made … “
“A giant armed with a penknife”British historian B.H. Liddel Hart On US preparedness for World War I
Example: Of 3,400 field guns used by AEF, only 130 were US-made
America’s ContributionShipbuilding
The U.S. Shipping Board
• created in September 1916 to revitalize the U.S. merchant fleet
• built over 1,000 cargo ships
• commandeered more than 2 million tons of shipping from private yards and owners
• operated German ships seized by the U.S. government when war declared on Germany in 1917
America’s ContributionShipbuilding
Ship construction - Puget Sound Ship launch - Mobile, AL
America’s ContributionShipbuilding
Hog Island Shipyard, Philadelphia, PA
Largest shipyard in the world - 50 construction slips
America’s ContributionShipbuilding
“Hog Islander” (5,000 tons)
122 built
SS Cassimer
None delivered prior to Armistice
America’s ContributionShipbuilding
The U.S. Shipping Board
1,255 merchant ships launched
(4,030,000 GRT*)
1917-1918
* Gross Registered Tons: a measure of cargo ship capacity equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.83 cubic meters)
America’s ContributionConvoy System
European-bound convoy - 1918
Loss rates dropped from 10% to 2%
America’s Contribution
Manpower
Mobilization
Goal: Mobilize America for Total War
• National Unity
• Industry
• Manpower
Selective Service ActMay 18, 1917
Needed to build army to 4 million
By June 1917, 10 million Americans had registered
U.S. Army - April 1917
• 5,791 officers, 121,797 enlisted
• ranked 16th among the world's armies• just behind Portugal
• plus 97,000 National Guardsmen in state service
Mobilization
Rapid expansion of training base
Four million men in uniform by armistice
US at War
America Mobilizes
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
Mobilization
December 31, 1917 - 205,000 US soldiers in France
June 1, 1918 - 655,000 US soldiers in France
July 1, 1918 - 935,000 US soldiers in France September 1, 1918 - 1,530,000 US soldiers in France Armistice - 2,076,000 US soldiers in France
AEF
Divisions 1, 3-8: Regular Army and Volunteers
American Expeditionary Force
Division 2: Hybrid of Regular Army and US Marines
Commanded by two U. S. Marine Corps Generals
Brigadier General Charles A. Doyne
Major General John A. Lejeune *
* Later 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps
Lejeune
AEF
Divisions 1, 3-8: Regular Army and Volunteers
American Expeditionary Force
Divisions 26-42 National Guard Units combined by states or contiguous states.
The 42nd "Rainbow" division was an exception having contingents from twenty-six states and the District of Columbia
Divisions 76-91: National Divisions: Regular Army Cadre with draftees
Division 92 African-American regulars and volunteers with mostly white officers
Division 93: Never formed as a division. Its four regiments of African-American volunteers plus National Guardsmen and primarily white officers were separately assigned to French divisions and fought with distinction.
Division 2: Hybrid of Regular Army and US Marines
AEFAmerican Expeditionary Force
US divisions more than twice as large as others
US: 25,000 - 28,000 men
Others: 10,000 - 12,000
Americans In Europe
World War I Battle Streamer
Americans In Europe
Elements of US 1st Expeditionary Division (later 1st Division) arrived in France, June 1917
Americans In Europe
Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
Lesson 10
World War I: End of the War,Seeds of the Next
Next:
Lesson Objectives
• Understand the situation Germany faced as it entered 1918.
• Be able to describe the changes in the war on the Western front in 1918.
• Understand the role the US played in the fighting in Europe.
• Be able to describe the operations of the US military in Europe in the years immediately following the armistice.
• Be able to discuss the major provisions of the Versailles Treaty and how this document sowed the seeds for World War II.
End