Lesson Overview - Woodbridge Township School District · –Niche describes an organism’s...

Lesson Overview Climate

Lesson Overview 4.1 Climate


Weather and Climate

What is climate?

A region’s climate is

defined by year-after-

year patterns of

temperature and

precipitation.

Climate refers to average

weather conditions over

long periods.

Climate is rarely uniform

even within a region

Varying environmental

conditions over small

distances are called

microclimates.


Weather and Climate

–Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth’s

atmosphere.


Factors That Affect Climate

Factors that

determine global

climate are:

•solar energy trapped

in the biosphere,

•latitude,

•transport of heat by

winds & ocean

currents.


Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect

Earth’s temperature is largely controlled by concentrations of three atmospheric gases—

carbon dioxide,

methane,

water vapor

ozone,

nitrous oxide

These gases are also called greenhouse gases


Greenhouse effect

•Heating effect on the Earth's surface due to the gases in the atmosphere that trap solar radiation and emit infrared radiation.

Earth would be freezing without the greenhouse gases

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_jHP6x

BLe8

Greenhouse Effect Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_jHP6xBLe8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_jHP6xBLe8


Lesson Overview 4.2 Niches and

Community Interactions


Tolerance

–Tolerance the ability to survive

and reproduce under a range of

environmental circumstances.

–Every species has its own range of

tolerance.

–When an environmental

condition (ex. Temperature)

extends beyond or below an

organism’s optimum range

(tolerance), the organism

experiences stress.

–The organism must then expend

more energy to maintain

homeostasis, and so has less

energy left for growth and

reproduction.


Tolerance

–A species’ tolerance

for environmental

conditions, helps

determine its habitat

–Habitat place where

an organism lives.

Lesson Overview Climate Defining the Niche

–Niche describes an

organism’s

environment; where it

lives, and how it

interacts with biotic and

abiotic factors in the

environment.



Resources and the Niche

Resource refers to

any necessity of life,

such as water, nutrients,

light, food, or space.

For plants, resources

can include sunlight,

water, and soil nutrients.

For animals, resources

can include nesting

space, shelter, types of

food, and places to feed.


Physical & Biological Aspects of the Niche

Physical aspects

abiotic factors ex. Water,

temperature, etc

Biological aspects

biotic factors ex. All

living factors that affect

the organism ex.

Producers(plants) &

consumers (animals).


Competition

How does competition shape

communities?

By causing species to divide

resources,

By helping to determine the

number and kinds of species in

a community and

By determining the niche each

species occupies.


Ex. plant roots compete for

resources such as water and

nutrients in the soil.

Animals compete for

resources such as food, mates,

and places to live and raise

their young.

Competition

Intraspecific competition

between members of the

same species.

Interspecific competition

between members of

different species


The Competitive Exclusion Principle

The competitive

exclusion principle states

that no two species can

occupy exactly the same

niche in exactly the same

habitat at exactly the same

time.

Ex. If two species

attempt to occupy the

same niche, one species

will be better at competing

for limited resources and

will eventually exclude the

other species.


Predator-Prey Relationships

An interaction in which one animal (the predator) captures and feeds on another animal (the prey) is called predation.

Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed.

Birds of prey, for example, can play an important role in regulating the population sizes of mice, voles, and other small mammals.


Herbivore-Plant Relationships

An interaction in which one

animal (the herbivore) feeds on

producers (such as plants) is

called herbivory.

Herbivores, like a ring-tailed

lemur, can affect both the size

and distribution of plant in a

community and determine the

places that certain plants can

survive and grow.


Keystone Species

keystone species population of a

single species that can cause

dramatic changes in the structure of

a community.

Ex. Sea otters-Key stone spp.

Giant algae (kelp) Sea urchins

Sea otters

Sea Otters

Sea Urchins

Lesson Overview Climate Keystone

Species(Explanation A century ago, sea otters were

nearly eliminated by hunting.

Unexpectedly, the kelp forest

nearly vanished.

Without otters as predators, the

sea urchin population

skyrocketed, and armies of

urchins devoured kelp down to

bare rock.

Without kelp to provide habitat,

many other animals, including

seabirds, disappeared. Otters

were a keystone species in this

community.


Symbioses

Any relationship in which two species live

closely together is called symbiosis, which

means “living together.”

The three main classes of symbiotic

relationships in nature are

mutualism,

parasitism, and

commensalism.


Mutualism

Relationship between species in

which both benefit is known as

mutualism. Ex. Sea anemone &

clown fish

The sting of the sea anemone

captures prey and protects it from

predators.

The clownfish is immune to

anemone stings. When threatened

by a predator, clownfish seek shelter

by snuggling deep into an

anemone’s tentacles.

If an anemone-eating species tries

to attack the anemone, the clownfish

chases away the predators.


Parasitism –Parasitism, relationships in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it. Ex. Humans & tapeworms

–Ex. Tapeworms live in the intestines of mammals, where they absorb large amounts of their hosts’ food.

–Fleas, ticks, lice, and the leech shown, live on the bodies of mammals and feed on their blood and skin.

–Generally, parasites weaken but do not kill their host, which is usually larger than the parasite.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4s

SizD3e58Q

Ascaris in child

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M_bBOSV

67Y

Pinworms in colon

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sSizD3e58Q

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sSizD3e58Q

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M_bBOSV67Y

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M_bBOSV67Y


Commensalism

–commensalism, a

relationship in which one

organism benefits and the

other is neither helped nor

harmed. Ex. Barnacles &

whale

–Ex. Barnacles attach

themselves to a whale’s skin.

–They perform no known

service to the whale, nor do

they harm it.

–The barnacles benefit from

the constant movement of

water—that is full of food

particles—past the swimming

whale.


Lesson Overview 4.3 Succession


Primary and Secondary Succession

Ecological succession

a series of predictable

changes that occur in a

community over time.

Ecosystems change

over time, after

disturbances, as some

species die out and new

species move in.


Primary Succession

Succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older

community is called primary succession.

Some disturbances that are followed by primary succession:

Volcanic explosions create new land or sterilize existing areas.

Retreating glaciers leaving only exposed bare rock behind

them.

Retreating glaciers Volcanic explosions


Primary Succession

The first species to colonize barren areas are called

pioneer species.

One ecological pioneer that grows on bare rock is

lichen—a mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and

an alga.


Secondary Succession

Secondary succession where existing communities

are not completely destroyed by disturbances.

Secondary succession proceeds faster than primary

succession, because the soil survives the disturbance.


Secondary Succession

Secondary succession often follows

a wildfire (fires can stimulate seeds to grow)

hurricane, or other natural disturbance.

human activities like logging and farming.


Lesson Overview 4.4 Biomes


The Major Biomes

What abiotic and biotic factors characterize biomes?

abiotic factors climate and soil type

biotic factors plant and animal life.


Factors that affect global climate

Latitude

heat

area’s proximity

to an ocean or

mountain range.

Lesson Overview Climate Defining Biomes

Biomes Classification of Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems based

on regional climate communities.

Major biomes include:

tropical rain forest,

tropical dry forest,

tropical grassland/savanna/shrubland,

desert,

temperate grassland,

temperate woodland and shrubland,

temperate forest,

northwestern coniferous forest,

boreal forest,

tundra.


Defining Biomes

The map shows the locations of the major biomes.


TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

–home to more species

than all the other biomes

combined.

–get at least 2 meters of

rain a year!



Canopy:

Tall trees

dense, leafy covering

50 to 80 meters above the

forest floor.

Understory:

below the canopy,

shorter trees and vines



Epiphytic plants

grow on the

branches of tall

plants as opposed to

soil.

This allows the

epiphyte to take

advantage of

available sunlight

while obtaining

nutrients through its

host.



Biotic Factors – Animal Life

–active all year.

–Many use camouflage

to hide from predators or

to match their

surroundings.

–Animals that live in the

canopy have adaptations

for climbing, jumping,

and/or flight.

Leaf Insects


TROPICAL DRY FOREST

Abiotic Factors

–warm year-round, with

alternating wet and dry

seasons.

–rich soils which are

subject to erosion.


TROPICAL DRY

FOREST

Biotic Factors – Plant Life

Adaptations:

–extra thick waxy layer on leaves to reduce water loss,

– or they store water in their tissues.

-seasonal loss of leaves to survive the dry season.

–A plant that sheds its leaves during a particular season is called deciduous.


TROPICAL DRY

FOREST

Biotic Factors – Animal

Life

Adaptaions:

–Emigration of animals

in dry season

–reduce need for water

by estivation.

Estivation long

period of inactivity.

similar to hibernation,

but typically takes

place during a dry

season. Snails in estivation


TROPICAL

GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND

Abiotic Factors

–warm, with seasonal rainfall.

–Compact soil

–frequent fires set by lightning.


TROPICAL

GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND


Adaptations

waxy leaf coverings to

prevent water loss.

seasonal leaf loss.

Some grasses have a

high silica content that

makes them less

appetizing to grazing

herbivores.


TROPICAL

GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND Biotic Factors – Animal Life

Adaptations:

Migration in dry season to search for water.

Some smaller animals burrow and remain dormant during the dry season.

Lesson Overview Climate DESERT

Abiotic Factors

low precipitation and variable

temperatures.

Their soils are rich in

minerals, but poor in organic

material.


Adaptations:

Plants like cacti store water in

their tissues

Small leaf surface area to cut

down on water loss.

Cactus spines are actually

modified leaves.

Lesson Overview Climate DESERT Biotic Factors – Plant Life

–Modified photosynthesis--some plants leaf pores open only at night, so they can conserve moisture on hot, dry days. Biotic Factors – Animal Life

–get the water from the food they eat.

–nocturnal—to avoid the day time heat.

–Large or elongated ears, many blood vessels close to the surface to help the animal lose body heat and regulate body temperature.

Long-eared Jerboa,

Lesson Overview Climate Honey pot ants & Camels Desert animals

•Get nectar from plants

•The ants feed some particular ants in the colony with nectar until their whole abdomen swells up with honey.

•During the drought, other ants will feed on the honey, and the ants' abdomens shrink back to its normal size.

•The honey-pot ants save food in this way.

•They are also a source of food supply for other desert animals, including humans!

Lesson Overview Climate TEMPERATE

GRASSLAND –Plains and prairies once

covered vast areas of the

midwestern and central

United States.

–Periodic fires and heavy

grazing by herbivores.

Abiotic Factors

–Soil is rich in nutrients and is

ideal for growing crops.

–warm to hot summers

–cold winters,

–moderate seasonal

precipitation.


TEMPERATE GRASSLAND


–Grasses are resistant to grazing and fire.

–Wind dispersal of seeds

–grassland plants help establish and retain deep, rich, fertile topsoil.


–Open, exposed environments make predation a constant threat for smaller animals.

–Camouflage and burrowing are two common protective adaptations.


TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND SHRUBLAND

–Communities that are

more shrubland than

forest are known as

chaparral.

Abiotic Factors

–hot dry summers

–cool moist winters.

–thin, nutrient-poor soils

–periodic fires.


TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND SHRUBLAND


–tough waxy leaves that

resist water loss.

–Some seeds are fire

resistant

–Some seeds need fire

to germinate.


–varied diets of grasses, leaves, shrubs etc.

–camouflage is common.


TEMPERATE FOREST


–Deciduous trees drop their leaves and go into a state of dormancy in winter.

–Conifers have needlelike leaves that minimize water loss in dry winter air. Biotic Factors – Animal Life

–Some animals hibernate,

–Others migrate to warmer climates.

–Animals that do not hibernate or migrate may be camouflaged to escape predation in the winter.

Abiotic Factors

–cold to moderate winters and warm summers.

–year-round precipitation and fertile soils.

–The fertile soils are rich in humus material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter.

http://accad.osu.edu/womenandtech/2007/research_web_pages/LifeCycle/www.xixiwetland.com.cn


NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS FOREST

–moist air from the Pacific

Ocean influenced by the

Rocky Mountains provides

abundant rainfall to this

biome.

–Due to the lush

vegetation it is sometimes

called a “temperate rain

forest.”


NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS FOREST

Abiotic Factors

–mild temperatures

–abundant precipitation

in fall, winter, and spring.

–Summers cool &dry.

–Soils rocky & acidic.

–Variation in seasonal

temperature results in

less diversity.


Trees among the world’s

tallest.


–Camouflage helps insects

and ground-dwelling

mammals avoid predation. .

–Many animals eat a varied

diet—an advantage in an

environment where

vegetation changes

seasonally.


BOREAL FOREST

–Also called taiga.

–Occurs mostly in the

northern part of the

Northern Hemisphere.

–The word boreal comes

from the Greek word for

“north.”


BOREAL FOREST

Abiotic Factors

–long cold winters and

short mild summers.

–moderate precipitation

and high humidity.

–soil is acidic and nutrient-

poor.


–conical shape of

conifers sheds snow,

–wax-covered needlelike

leaves prevent excess

water loss.

–dark green color of most

conifers absorbs heat

energy.


–Most have small

extremities and extra

insulation in the form of

fat or downy feathers.

–Migrate in winter.


TUNDRA –characterized by

permafrost

permafrost a

layer of permanently

frozen subsoil.

Lesson Overview Climate TUNDRA

Abiotic Factors

–strong winds and low precipitation.

–short and soggy summers

–long, cold, and dark winters

–Poorly developed soil


–mosses and other low-growing

plants.

–Seed dispersal by wind.

–legumes, which have

symbiotic bacteria on their roots

that fix nitrogen to the soil


–Some migrate to warm areas.

–Those that live here year-

round display adaptations such

as

natural antifreeze,

small extremities that limit

heat loss,

a varied diet.


Mountain Ranges

–not easily classified

into a biome

–exist on all continents

and in many biomes.

–temperature,

precipitation, exposure

to wind, and soil types

all change with

elevation, and so do

organisms.

Yaks and Sherpas at the Foot of

Himalayan Mountain Range


Polar Ice Caps

–not easily classified into

a biome

–border the tundra and

are cold year-round.

–Plants are few, though

some algae grow on snow

and ice.

–mosses and lichens may

grow where ground is

exposed

–Marine mammals,

insects, and mites are the

typical animals.


Lesson Overview 4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems


Water Depth

influences aquatic life

because sunlight

penetrates only a short

distance through water.

photic zone:

sunlit region near the

surface where

photosynthesis takes

place.

may be as deep as

200m in tropical seas,

but just a few meters

deep or less in rivers

and swamps.


Water Depth

–Phytoplankton

Photosynthetic algae,

live in the photic zone.

–Zooplankton—tiny free-

floating animals—eat

phytoplankton.

This is the first step in

many aquatic food webs.

–Below the photic zone

is the dark aphotic

zone, where

photosynthesis cannot

occur.


Water Depth

aquatic organisms which

live on, or in, rocks and

sediments on the bottoms

of lakes, streams, and

oceans are called the

benthos, and their habitat

is the benthic zone.

When the benthic zone

is below the photic zone,

chemosynthetic

autotrophs are the only

primary producers.

Types of organisms

depend on the nutrients

available. Benthic organisms


Freshwater Ecosystems

Freshwater ecosystems

include streams, lakes,

and freshwater wetlands

(bogs, swamps, and

marshes).

Rivers, streams, creeks,

and brooks often originate

from underground water

sources in mountains or

hills.

Lakes & ponds food

webs are based on a

combination of plankton

and attached algae and

plants.


Plankton general

term that includes both

phytoplankton and

zooplankton.

phytoplankton

zooplankton

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_e2Ew1X6LjcQ/THLSwJiVyqI/AAAAAAAAAX8/x5-Yp0Av6ZU/s1600/1252169441_SheldonPlankton.jpg


Wetland water either

covers the soil or is present at

or near the surface for at least

part of the year.

Good for agriculture

Breeding grounds for many

organisms.

Freshwater wetlands purify

water by filtering pollutants

and help to prevent flooding

by absorbing large amounts of water and slowly releasing it.

Freshwater Ecosystems

http://www.seenobjects.org/2004-12-09-sparkler


Freshwater Wetlands

Three main types:

freshwater bogs,

freshwater marshes,

and

freshwater swamps.

Saltwater wetlands

Freshwater Wetlands


Estuaries

Also called Saltwater

wetlands

formed where a river meets

the sea.

contain a mixture of fresh

water and salt water.

spawning and nursery

grounds for many

ecologically and

commercially important fish

and shellfish species

including bluefish, striped

bass, shrimp, and crabs.


Estuaries

One of the largest salt

marshes in America surrounds

the Chesapeake Bay in

Maryland.

Mangrove swamps are

tropical estuaries that have

several species of salt-tolerant

trees, collectively called

mangroves.

The largest mangrove area in

America is in Florida’s

Everglades National Park.

Chesapeake Bay in Maryland

Florida’s Everglades National Park


Marine Ecosystems

Oceans are divided into zones based on depth and distance from

shore.

Starting with the shallowest and closest to land, marine ecosystems

include:

–intertidal zone,

–coastal ocean, and

–open ocean.


Intertidal Zone

Organisms here are submerged in seawater at high

tide and exposed to air and sunlight at low tide.

Barnacles and seaweed permanently attach

themselves to the rocks.


Coastal Ocean

Extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of

the continental shelf—the relatively shallow border that

surrounds the continents.

Highly productive due to the supply of nutrients by

freshwater runoff from land.

Kelp forests and coral reefs are two important coastal

communities.


Open Ocean

begins at the edge of the continental shelf and extends

outward.

More than 90 percent of the world’s ocean.

Depth ranges from 500 m along continental slopes to

more than 10,000 m in ocean trenches.

divided into two zones based on light penetration—the

photic and aphotic.


The Open Ocean Photic Zone

typically has low nutrient levels and supports only the

smallest species of phytoplankton.

because of its enormous area, most photosynthesis

on Earth occurs in the sunlit top 100 meters of the open

ocean.


The Open Ocean Aphotic Zone

Permanently dark

includes the deepest parts of the ocean.

Food webs are based either on organisms that fall from

the photic zone above, or on chemosynthetic organisms.

Deep-sea vents, where superheated water boils out of

cracks on the ocean floor, support chemosynthetic primary

producers.

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Lesson Overview - Woodbridge Township School District · –Niche describes an organism’s...

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