Lesson Two

Marrakech

Objectives of Teaching1. To comprehend the whole text

2. To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions

3. To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences

4. To understand the structure of the text

5. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.

Aims 1. To know the writing technique of

exposition.2. To learn the methods in developing an

expository writing,esp. the use of examples.

3. To appreciate the language features

Teaching Contents 1. Exposition 2. George Orwell 2. Detailed study of the text 3. Organizational pattern 4. Language features 5. Exercises

Time allocation

1. Background information (15 min.)2. Detailed study of the text (120 min.)3. Structure analysis (15 min.)4. Language appreciation (15 min.)5. Exercises (15 min)

Exposition Exposition is perhaps the type of writi

ng that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.Exposition --- expounding explaining

Exposition An expository paper explains or

explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.

Exposition

Description -- deals with appearances and feelings

Narration --- deals with events and experience

Exposition --- deals with processes and relationships

Exposition Things can be explained by

1. Definition

The key to a definition is concreteness. One

has to give concrete facts to make a

definition effective.

2. Listing

We must have enough number of items to

be listed. Then, if possible, arrange the ite

ms in the graded order of increasing impor

tance.

3. Examples

It's the simplest, the most common, best

method.

4. Classification

We have to follow a system consistently. The categories of division should be mutually exclusive. There should be no overlapping. One item can belong to one category and only one.

5. Comparison and contrast

We liken one thing to another by pointing

out their similarities (comparison)

We emphasize the difference between the

two. (contrast)

6. Analysis

We may discuss the cause and effect of

a historical event, its nature and its signi

ficance in history.

Exposition

The writer appeals to a reader's understanding with verifiable facts and valid information, explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation. Thus he must organize and develop his thought objectively and present it with honesty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.

Exposition 1. generally the writer makes a statement of the c

entral thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the "thesis", and may even be the title of the piece.

2. Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.

The Text

It is an exposition, a political essay. Orwell leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning colonialism and its results. He has shown the reader how millions of people can be ignored and treated as less than human.

Theme ---- The suffering and misery of the colonial

people in Marrakech The writer gives descriptions by examples.

The objective presentation of examples show that the people in colonial countries are poverty-stricken.

George Orwell A British novelist and essayist between the two

world wars *image-1* http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/

He is mush praised in the west partly because of his anti-communist point of view.

He was born in India, father, a so called empire-builder --serving the British government abroad.

George Orwell

He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school "Eden“.

George Orwell He travelled widely. Marrakech is one

of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.

George Orwell He joined Spanish War. He was

seriously wounded. The Spanish socialist forces divided into faction. The faction he belonged to was persecuted. So he became so pessimistic and depressed, which led him toward anti-communist attitude.

George Orwell Animal Farm ---- a political fable

*image-2* Each animal represents a certain

human character, meant to criticise Stalin's socialism.

George Orwell In reading his works, several aspects

draw our attention:1. His works show sharp powers of observation and deep sympathy for suffering people. 2. His works give a deep sense of conviction and urgency.

George Orwell 3. The use of English is clear, simple

and direct, with no formality of embellishment. (addition/decoration) He said his ideal was to write prose like a window pane. ______ as clear as glass

Detailed study of the text Marrakech *2image-3,4,5*

Detailed study of the text

As the corpse.... The opening paragraph is very dramatic. The choice of this scene and the words he uses implies much more than what appears on the surface. 1) dirty 2) poor

in a cloud --- a large number of small things

moving through the air as a mass a cloud of insects

crowd --- It suggests 1) the lack of order 2) people are not terribly concerned

about the funeral.

all men and boys, no women

According to Muslim law, Muslims must respect women, and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house, where they could be safe. When they went out, they wore the veils to cover their faces. But this law has become a kind of excuse to discriminate against women.

pomegranates ---- refers to the fruit of the pomegranate

tree, a native of Asia. It is a round reddish fruit with a mild flavour. The word comes to English from the old French. pome --- apple granate ---- having many seeds

chant ---

1. a word or group of words that is repeated over and over again, usually by more than one person.2. a religious prayer or song that is spoken or sung on only a very few notes so that there is not much variation in it.

appeal to ---- If something appeals to you, you find

it attractive or interesting attract / interest / fascinateThese books are designed to appeal to children.The idea of becoming director of the factory appealed to him.

identify --- recognise; be able to name

Can you identify your umbrella among a hundred others? Schoolboys could identify almost every car as it passed by.

derelict building-lot It would be an ugly, forgotten,

abandoned place where a building was begun but never finished."derelict" --- comes from the Latin word meaning “to abandon”

#2 How people are buried in Marrakech

wail a short chant hack an oblong hole (dig without care) dump the body fling over it a little of the dried-up earthThe fact shows the human life has no value at all.

The thesis ---"All colonial empire....."

It is the colonial empires that make the people so poor. Empires are built up by treating the people in the colonies like animals. This thesis is going to be supported by more illustrations and examples.

Rhetorical questions --- What sort of audience Orwell had

in mind when he wrote this essay? --- Clearly he is writing to readers of his own race and general class . So if you say yes, why don't they appear to be so?

undifferentiated --- You can't differentiate one brown

stuff from another, because they look just the same. If they do have individuality, it is irrecognizable, just like insects, like bees.

regularity --- a state or situation in which things

happen repeatedly There is no regularity about his work. He makes the same stupid suggestion with great regularity. His heart beats with the regularity of a clock pendulum.

a gazelle --- *image-7* gazelle a hoofed mammal with a slender

neck and ringed horns. Gazelles are famous for their grace and beauty, and are native to Africa and Asia

mint sauce --- *2imge-8 mint sauce* an English specialty made of a

combination of chopped mint leaves, vinegar, and water. It's traditionally served with roast lamb.

stow --- to put, hide away in safe place

If you stow sth. somewhere, you put it neatly away in a place where it can be kept until it is needed.= storestow away = hide

stow –

We stowed all the boxes in the attic. Potatoes must be stowed in a cool dark place. My jewellery is safely stowed away in the

bank.

His baggage was safely stowed away in the

plane.

# 8—15 The writer described the plight of the

Jews, an poorest minority in a colonial country. Their fate could be worse than that of the natives.

quarters ---- apartment (room/house)

residential area for particular kind of people

the doctor's quarters servants quarters officers' quarters confined to quarters sleeping quarters

ghettoes or ghettos Orwell uses ghettos here in the traditional

sense of a portion of a city populated almost exclusively by Jews.

A ghetto is a part of a town or city in which many poor people or many people of a particular race, religion, or nationality live in isolation from the majority group in the town or city.

ghettoes or ghettos

It's about this black kid growing up in the ghetto.

---- ghetto life in European cities ---- slums and ghettos

overcrowding ---

adv + v ing

dry-cleaning

over-eating

updating

downgrading

sore-eyed --- Eyes are infested from

1. malnutrition 2. lack of medical care 3. unhygienic condition

skull-cap --- a close-fitting brimless cap It is often worn indoors and often by

Orthodox Jews. Men who strictly practice Judaism are never supposed to have their heads bared. There must be some piece of cloth etc. between man and God.

infest --- When insects, rats or other animals infest a

plant, area, they spread in a large numbers and cover the area, usually causing damage.

overrun; swarm; pack; crowd; teem; flood; fill; be thick withfly-infested --- full of fliesThe back yard was infested by rats. 

booth --- a stall for selling goods

public telephone boothan announcer bootha motion picture projection booth

prehistoric --- ancient; out-of-date or old-fashioned

His ideas on morals are really prehistoric. (derog or humor)

Is Simon's prehistoric car still working?

lathe --- a machine for shaping wood, metal

 

warp --- to cause to bend, curve, or twist out of

shape The hot sun warped the boards. Some gramophone records warp in

very hot weather.

frenzied – adj.

full of uncontrolled excitement Will this push him too far and lead to a frenzied

attack? She was climbing now with a sort of frenzied

haste. --- a frenzied mob of over a thousand student --- make frenzied efforts

self-contained ---- self sufficient

A self-contained community is one in which all or nearly all the needs of the community are met from within. There is little need to go outside for material or cultural desires. The Jewish ghettos are self-contained not only by preference but also by necessity, since Jews may have been unwelcome outside.

a good job ---coll. BrE a fortunate state of affairs

This restaurant is not cheap, so it's a good

job you've brought plenty of money.

He's gone, and a good job too.

That's only for show --- The Jew only pretends to work as a poor labourer.

show --- n. sth false or superficial, pretence I make a show of interest, but I really

couldn't have cared less. He put on a good show, but he didn't

deceive anyone. He is not really ill; he is just putting on a

show.

witchcraft --- Orwell is probably referring to many occasions in

the 1600's in both England and America when innocent women were tried and often burned or otherwise punished for witchcraft. By the very nature of the charge it was impossible for the accused to defend herself, just as it was for the Jews. And like the Jews witches served as scapegoats for the ills of society that couldn't be explained. Such trials reached their peak in America at Salem, Massachusetts.

# 16—17 Have you already sensed out the tone?

Orwell here is extremely bitter and ironical. He didn't openly criticize the white colonialists who paid no attention to the people who suffer from poverty and misery. Instead, he pretends that they have a sound reason to ignore such people. The people simply cannot be seen because they are of the color of the earth.

In a hot country… You don’t even see the labore ploughing

the field. South of Gibralter --- all countries or ear

in North Africa East of Suez --- the middle-east Asian

countries

It is only because of this… “This” here stands for the fact that people

always miss the peasants laboring in the fields because they have the color of the earth. It is only because of this reason that these poor starved countries are accepted as tourist resorts.

What does Morocco mean ... Morocco being a French colony, to many

Frenchmen Morocco has no more meaning than a place where they might find a government job, buy an orange grove with their money or invest his money. To an Englishman Morocco means nothing but a romantic, mysterious country which he has read in the novels. Camels, castles are the romantic bits in his mind by the novels.

erode --- wear away; eat into

If rock or soil erodes or is eroded by the weather, sea or wind, it cracks and breaks so that it is gradually destroyed. Rain and rivers eroded the soft sand-stones.

desolate --- barren; (of a place) in a ruined and neglected state

1. If sth is desolate, it is empty of people and lacking in comfort.2. If sb. is desolate, they feel very sad, lonely and without hope. The forest was left desolate by the fire. After the war the town was a desolate place. She has been desolate since losing her job.

desolate --- v.--

The land was desolated by floods. We were desolated by the death of our good friend.

lucerne --- *2image-9* named from the French "Luzerne" (glow

worn - from its shiny seeds) is more commonly called alfalfa. It is widely cultivated and used as forage.

fodder --- n. rough food for cattle or horses, gathered

from the fields and stored spike --- n. long pointed piece of metal

with an outward or upward point harrow --- n. heavy frame with metal

teeth or disks for breaking up ground after ploughing

This is as much …equal to The animals yoked to the plough had just

enough strength to plough the soil to a depth of about four inches. They could not make deeper furrows.

get at to reach Marrakech is very dry. Even at a depth of

30 or 40 feet there is only but a trickle of water.

Para 19. Miserable life of women

I suppose that … The author gave the old woman a little

money. The response was a shrill wail for she was greatly surprised. The old woman was fully accustomed to her miserable existence and to not being taken notice of by any one, so she almost considered the author to be doing something unnatural by giving her the money.

She accepted her … She took it for granted that as an old

woman she was the lowest in the society, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.

St. Bernard dog --- *2image-10* A Saint Bernard dog is a large, strong

dog, the breed of which comes from Switzerland. These dogs are often used as a patrol dogs in the mountains. The name comes from the monks of the Saint Bernard monastery who made use of the breed.

fifteen-hands mule A mule about 60 inches or 5 feet high

infuriate --- v. fill with fury or rage

outrage; aggravate; enrage; provoke

Comparison Donkey and Woman

Both are overloaded. Both are willing creatures. Both are small. Both are ill-treated. Both have an miserable end.

Comparison Donkey and Woman

Visible Invisible Implication --- Women are worse treated.

Para. 22. As the storks … The passive plodding ,earth-bound

blacks are contrasted with the glittering white birds so great, pure and lofty who sail above them in the sky. While the former are weighed down by heavy packs, are sweating and uncomfortably hot, the latter are to soar unfettered in the cool sky above

Contrast Stork -- north Negro – south

clump and clatter onomatopoeia words describing the sound

of boots and iron wheels as they moved over the road.

Senegalese The black soldiers were from Senegal. Senegal: Republic of Senegal, a country in

western Africa, formerly part of French West Africa, population – 5,085,388, capital Dakar. It became independent in 1960.

*2image-11,12*

reach-me-down British colloquialism second-hand or readymade clothing

wide-eyed With the eyes opened widely, as because

of surprise, fear, lack of sophistication

I saw how it was. I understand the reason why. This is the result of colonization

This wretched boy…. This miserable black boy is, as a result of the

colonization of his country, a French citizen. Therefore he has been forced to leave his home in the forest and come to a garrison town where he ahs to do hard labor such as scrubbing floors for the whites and where he will catch syphilis. However this boy, instead of hating the whites, has deep respect for them.

In this connection … in this case. While speaking of such things (while

speaking of the one thought which every white man thinks…)

It doesn’t matter twopence: It doesn’t matter a bit. It doesn’t matter at all.

NCO N.C.O. or NonCOs Noncommissioned officer; an enlisted

person of any various grades in the armed forces, from corporal 下士 to sergeant 军士 inclusive

ranks The body of soldiers of an army, as

distinguished from the officers.

cattles / soldiers --- obedient

Symbol

white bird/ scraps of paper

--- symbolic of freedom

Five examples to illustrate the fact

1. the burial of the poor people2. an employee of the municipality3. poor living and working conditions of the Jews4. poor natural conditions5. miserable life of women

The cause of their poverty 1. Colonialization

"All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact" (para.1; 17)

2. Racial discrimination "The people have brown faces -- besides there are so many of them" (para.3 ) "He is the same colour as the earth, …" (para.16)

The cause of their poverty 3. Black people's ignorance

He showed his profound respect to his enemy. " He ... has feelings of reverence before a white skin" "Only the Negroes didn't know it“

4. Poor natural conditions

Organizational pattern  Sect.1 (para 1--2) Ex.1 objective presentation of Example 1

the burial of the people in Marrakech Sect.2 (para 3 )

the thesis ---- “All colonial empires are founded upon this fact”

the author's central idea Colonialization is based on the fact that people are very poor.

Organizational pattern Sect.3 (para4--7) Ex.2

The Arabian government employee is as poor as a beggar.

Sect.4 (para8--15) Ex.3 1) the living conditions of the Jews

2) the hard work the Jews do 3) biased attitude against the Jews

Organizational pattern The specific example of the people

clamouring for a cigarette shows that the people are so poor, yet people still have rumours about them and have great prejudice against them.

Organizational pattern Sect.5 (para16--18) Ex.4 The country is very poor. The poverty was not noticed

by the white people. Because of their black color, the white people didn't even see them.

1> The soils are poor. " dried-up soil" " eroded soil" " desolate" "waste" " broken-up brick“

2> Everything is done by hand. "capital Ls“

Organizational pattern 3> The farming tools are rough.

"The plough is so frail, a rough iron spike which stirs the soil to a depth of about four inches.“

4> The farming animals are weak and the peasants calculate carefully.

5> The natural conditions are poor. "dry" They had to dig deep ditches.

Organizational pattern Sect.6 (para19--21) Ex.5

the miserable life of women The writer is describing objectively the

physical appearance of the old woman, yet his anger comes through. Notice his choice of words. ( poor; old; mummified; reduced to bones; leathery skin; bent double; crushing weight)

Organizational pattern Sect.7 (para22--26)

conclusiondescription of the black troops in general and one black soldier individually.

It won't be long for the white people to keep these black people in ignorance.

Language

1. simple words, simple statements to convey deeper meaning

2. the use of rhetorical questions which is very effective in conveying his anger

3. terse, lucid prose style.

4. good diction