Community Based Climate Change Community Based Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Reduction in AsiaAdaptation and Risk Reduction in Asia
Lessons and ChallengesLessons and Challenges
V. AnbumozhiAsian Development Bank Institutep
Climate Induced DisastersClimate Induced DisastersRegional distribution of disasters by origin 1991‐2005
Source: ISDR and CRED
Africa Americas Asia Europe OceaniaAsia is the Most Affected RegionAsia is the Most Affected Region
1900
Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania
1920
1940
dar Year
1960
Calend
1980
147 75 1693 103
2000
2010
Number of reported climate induced natural disasters from 1900 to 2010. Note the red numbers are the disasters in 2010 (Modified from EM-DAT)
Human Losses & Climate Induced DisastersHuman Losses & Climate Induced DisastersHuman Losses & Climate Induced DisastersHuman Losses & Climate Induced Disasters
5
6
All NaturalWater(M
illins)
4
d fatalities
FloodChina
2
3
of recorde
d
DroughtBangladesh
FloodChina
Drought
1
Num
ber o Drought
India EQ, Japan & Russia
01900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Calendar year
Recorded number of fatalities of natural and climate induced disasters in the world from 1900 to 2010 (source: EM-DAT, Feb 2012)
Economic Losses of All disastersEconomic Losses of All disasters
Event nameEvent name Loss Loss US$ (billion)US$ (billion)
GDP GDP %% FatalitiesFatalities
The Great East Japan The Great East Japan EQEQ 200200--300300 44
15,373 15,373 (7731)(7731)
(6/16)(6/16)
Sichuan EQ China Sichuan EQ China (2008)(2008) 100100 22 69,00069,000
Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina (2005)(2005) 125125 1.71.7 5,3365,336
Kobe EQ (1995)Kobe EQ (1995) 9595--147147 2.42.4 6,4376,437Kobe EQ (1995)Kobe EQ (1995) 9595 147147 2.42.4 6,4376,437
Ketsana Philippines Ketsana Philippines (2009)(2009) 1.091.09 2.72.7 747747
Sidr Bangladesh (2007)Sidr Bangladesh (2007) 1.71.7 2.82.8 3,3633,363
Nargis Myanmar (2008)Nargis Myanmar (2008) 11 8411 84 19 719 7 138 373 138 373 Commonality: Disproportionally Impacted the
P th Y d th Eld lNargis Myanmar (2008)Nargis Myanmar (2008) 11.8411.84 19.719.7 138,373 138,373
Efforts made have not been in vain….
Poor, the Young and the Elderly
Climate Change Impacts are unevenly g p ydistributed
22.5 million exposed per year
GDPcap US$31 267GDPcap. US$31,267
HDI =0.953
Mortality ratio = 1
16 million exposed 16 million exposed per year
GDP cap. US$5,137
HDI = 0.771
Mortality ratio = 17
Climate Risk Questions on solutionsClimate Risk Questions on solutions
VulnerabilityThe stronger the ytyphoon, the less effective vulnerability ff yreduction is
Exposure
Stronger typhoons
How Asia can Adapt to Climate Change RisksHow Asia can Adapt to Climate Change Risks
List of some countermeasuresList of some countermeasures
b k
How Asia can Adapt to Climate Change RisksHow Asia can Adapt to Climate Change Risks
Levees Embankments Cyclone shelters Early Warning Systems Awareness Hazard maps Building codes Afforestation Land use planning Community help Self help Relocationp Governance (laws, rules, planning, settlement
budget allocation for mgt etc) Risk sharing (insurance….)
CommunityCommunityyy
I th t t f Cli t i k In the context of Climate risk management, a community can be g , ydefined as people living in one
hi l h geographical area, who are exposed to common risks due to exposed to common risks due to their location.
Why engage the community?Why engage the community?Why engage the community?Why engage the community?
Golden 24 hours…… More and more disasters occur in the More and more disasters occur in the
community and they are the one’s largely affectedaffected
While there are risks brought about by climate change, there are also risks created by the community themselves
Engaging the community in adaptation is the most effective and cost efficient way to combat most effective and cost efficient way to combat the risks and effects of climate change
Asian Tsunami: 26 December 2004Asian Tsunami: 26 December 2004
11Source: http://www.esri.com
Tsunami: sudden and unexpected Tsunami: sudden and unexpected --ppregion unpreparedregion unprepared
No effective early warning system in place Most countries not part of early warning system Most countries not part of early warning system
Most affected countries, people and t d d f th governments unprepared and unaware of the
nature of a tsunami Some, such as Sri Lanka and Thailand, had never
experienced a strong tsunami in living – or even historical – memory
People went to inspect the exposed sea bed when sea water receded before coming back with the huge tsunami wave 12
Banda Aceh city, capital of Aceh Province, Indonesia: before Tsunamibefore Tsunami
13http://digitalglobe.com/tsunami_gallery.html
Banda Aceh: after the tsunamih i 6 d d 8 di l d f illi l i ceh province: 167,000 dead, over 800,000 displaced of 4 million population
14guardian.co.uk
Asian Tsunami Asian Tsunami ‐‐ and Japan 2011: and Japan 2011: ppImpact and CostsImpact and Costs
Country Dead and Missing
Displaced Economic damage (in US $ g g ( $billions)‐ as % of GDP within parenthesis
Indonesia 167,540 811,000 4.5 (2.0%), , ( )Sri Lanka 35,322 519,063 1.5 (7.5%)India 16,269 647,599 1.0 (0.2%)Th il d ( )Thailand 8,212 n.a. 1.7 (1.0%)Other 555 34,700 1.0‐1.5Total 227 898 1 768 260 >10Total 227,898 1,768,260 >10
Japan 2011 ≈20,000 ≈500,000 200‐300 (≈3.5‐5%)
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Local community responses Local community responses ‐‐ followed by followed by national and international actionnational and international actionnational and international actionnational and international action
First, immediate and, time‐wise critical responses came from local communities
f In many cases outside assistance came after 24 hours, sometimes – as in remote Aceh in Indonesia, after several days.days.
National governments acted to address the urgent assistance issues, followed by the largest international assistance issues, followed by the largest international effort ever following a natural disaster It was probably unavoidable that international assistance on p y
such a large scale and simultaneously in several countries would take some time to organise
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Emergency Relief and Assistance: Emergency Relief and Assistance: g yg yno second round disasterno second round disaster
Urgent medical aid, food, clean drinking water and temporary shelter was provided immediately by local communities
National governments, followed by international agencies followed up with emergency equipment and supplies, logistics, followed up with emergency equipment and supplies, logistics, clean up and delivery of assistanceThese efforts ensured that there were no serious secondary problems such as spread of diseases that often follow a climate induced disasters such as floods due to lack of medical care, clean water etc
17
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction: challenges and progresschallenges and progress
Moving from emergency assistance to medium and longer term rehabilitation and medium and longer term rehabilitation and reconstruction posed more complex challenges:challenges: Financing Institutional arrangements for planning coordination and Institutional arrangements for planning, coordination and
implementation Mode of delivery of assistancey ‘rebuild’ or ‘build back better’? No buildings near coast?
18
Financing Financing ––sourcessources
Massive international sympathy and large scale assistance from governments/institutional donors and private sources (often channelled through community based organization)channelled through community based organization) Direct assistance plus debt moratorium by Paris Club
Initial estimates suggested that international aid Initial estimates suggested that international aid adequate for bulk of reconstruction India accepted assistance from multilateral institutions only India accepted assistance from multilateral institutions only
(≈ USD 550 million) Thailand refused external funding for rebuilding (but got
substantial ‘technical’ assistance and donations from Thailand based foreign multinationals: ≈ USD 180 million)
19
Reconstruction fell behind targets: Reconstruction fell behind targets: gglimited capacity of institutionslimited capacity of institutions
Slow absorption and spending: government as well as international assistance not utilised government as well as international assistance not utilised
fully within stipulated periods
Institutions had limited capacity for planning and p y p gproject implementation
Many international agencies, including many NGOs, y g , g y ,affected by unexpected construction cost increases
20
Resilience and RecoveryResilience and RecoveryResilience and RecoveryResilience and Recovery
Communities coped with courage and resilience, markets and supply channels revived quicklypp y q y
Reconstruction activities facilitated broader recovery Reconstruction of key physical infrastructure – roads, y p y ,
bridges, communication facilities – helped revive local economies and provided livelihood support
D d fi h i (b ) l d i Damaged fishery equipment (boats etc) replaced quite quickly, and tourists started to return to Thailand) ‐ delayed in Sri Lanka until conflict finished
Peace came to Aceh
21
Preparing for the FuturePreparing for the Future
High probability‐ high cost disasters require: long term planning, investment of resources, building up g p g g p
local, national and international institutions and coordination mechanisms
Af 2004 A i T i l i i l After 2004 Asian Tsunami early warning systems put in place, community awareness programmes launched, disaster‐preparedness emphasised.p p p
But government and community awareness of potential for similar disasters was starting to fade
March 2011 Japanese tragedy – reminded people again: be prepared!
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Climate Change Adaptation In Climate Change Adaptation In BangladeshBangladesh
Bangladesh -Community Responses
Communities are using various coping g p gmechanisms in reaction to cyclone damage. These households resort to coping strategies that include:strategies that include:
Borrowing funds Relying on relief distributions and changing Relying on relief distributions and changing
the normal diet Reducing the frequency and quality of Reducing the frequency and quality of
meals
Climate Risk Climate Risk ‐‐ InstitutionsInstitutions
Uniqueness/Strengths of Bangladesh in ClimateUniqueness/Strengths of Bangladesh in ClimateUniqueness/Strengths of Bangladesh in Climate Uniqueness/Strengths of Bangladesh in Climate Risk ManagementRisk Management
Risk management institutions down to Union level; Participatory approaches to risk assessment (community risk
assessment,
Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) along the coast jointly operated by Government and Bangladesh Red Crescent Society
42 000 volunteers may be mobilized within one hour 42,000 volunteers may be mobilized within one hour Food warning system Evacuation to multipurpose shelters (2,000 built; another 2,000
being basuilt)being basuilt) Active roles of print and electronic media as well as the civil
society; Quick response/involvement of NGOs l d b ff d l f i i i d i Knowledge base affected people of coping crisis and its
management
ICDPP as a CBDRM Model ICDPP as a CBDRM Model ‐‐ PhilippinesPhilippines
GOAL: Safe and resilient communities
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
ess
Community-managed implementation
Proc
Participatory Disaster Risk Management Planning
Building and training of Community Disaster Risk Management Organization
PP P
Participatory Disaster Risk Assessment
Participatory Disaster Risk Management Planning
C it S l tiCD
P
Community Organization/ Rapport Building
Community SelectionIC
FunctionsFunctions• Planning/Land-use ・ Disaster Response Plan• Build Resilient Infrastructures ・ Stockpiling
Pre-emptive
Build Resilient Infrastructures Stockpiling• Disaster Drills / Training ・ Disaster Agreement• Education / Public Awareness ・ Prepare funds
• Evacuate/Rescue/Shelter ・ Recover the remains / Burial• Maintain Peace & Public Order ・ Medical / Health /
SanitationResponse • Inspection of Damages ・ Supply of Daily Goods
• Disaster loss Certificate ・ Support for Resettlement
• Analyze former plan and measures ・ Vitalize Local Economy/Industry
• Redevelopment plan / Land-useReg lation/De eg lationReconstruction • Regulation/Deregulation
• Rehabilitate or Reconstruct Infrastructures
Lesson LearntLesson Learnt Climate risk and community based adaptation have to be viewed
as a part of regular existence, not as an external threat. As such,they need to be integrated into national development planningthey need to be integrated into national development planningand specific development initiatives
Despite growing international recognition of the need for climaterisk, most funding still flows into disaster relief. A clear, new focus
i / d i d d ll l lon prevention/preparedness is needed at all levels. DRR and Adaptation to Climate Change are often viewed as two
separate issues, each with their own set of specialists. Yetpractical reality demands an overall approach combiningpractical reality demands an overall approach, combining“mitigation (enhancing resilience), recovery and response”.Workers in humanitarian aid and development cooperation needto coordinate and harmonize their activities.o oo o
Human aspects not being much addressed in terms of planning,management, institutionalized
IssuesIssuesIssuesIssues
Lack of Legal basis Bottom line: A Request from a municipality/village should come
firstFinancial burden National Gov: Cost shall be reimbursed from the damaged areas g
using special financial measures for activities according to NGO Act; May consider to include “back-up costs” to be reimbursed
Supporting municipalities: Many communities do not ask for i b S i i i lifi dreimbursement; Some activities were not qualified.
Lack of coordination or matching among communities National Gov: Local autonomy is important so that cannot forcey p Local Gov: If there was a coordination, the actions should have
been quicker and more efficientLack of Continuityac o Co t u ty
Adapting to Climate ChangeAdapting to Climate Changep g gp g g
Climate
Information
Decision Making
CapacitInformation Capacity
Adaptation Regional
Cooperation for
Financefor
Integrated Approach
ADBI Initiative ‐ Adaptative Capacity p p yProgram
http://www.adbi.org/book/2012/12/01/4825.climate.change.asia.pacific.countries.adapt/
Many challenges remain!Many challenges remain!
We owe it to the victims of these tragedies that lessons are learned and steps are taken to minimise suffering in steps are taken to minimise suffering in
future.f
Thank youThank you
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