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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
CHILEPART 1: FLOODS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILEDISASTERS IN CHILE
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILEDISASTERS IN CHILE
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
VOLCANOES
WILDFIRES
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s atmospheric-hydrospheric-lithospheric interactions create situations favorable for FLOODS
HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN A FLOOD
Entire communities;
People, property, infra-structure, business enterprise, government centers, crops, wildlife, and natural resources.
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS PREPAREDNESFOR THE EXPECTED AND UNEXPEDTED IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS
EARLY WARN-ING (THE ISS) AND EVACU-ATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL FLOODS
RECOVERY AND RECON-STRUCTION USUALLY TAKES LONGER THAN THOUGHT.
IMPACTS: MAY 22, 2008
• Heavy rains and flooding that killed five people and displaced 15 thousand in south-central Chile, collapsed road and rail bridges, closed the world's largest underground copper mine, and left many in Santiago (the capital) without drinking water.
IMPACTS: MAY 22, 2008
• Seven rivers burst their banks farther south, deluging thousands of homes.
• Route 5 (Chile's main north-south highway) was cut in three places.
• Landslides caused by the rains forced the shutdown of the giant El Teniente copper mine.
This flood disaster exposed Chile’s lack of flood-disaster planning and flood-resilient
infrastructure in 2000, leading to improvements.
The flooding, the result of weeks of heavy rain, the worst in Chile for more than 20 years, caused major damage to infra-
structure (mostly roads and bridges) with the cost
estimated to be as high as US $1.5 billion
JULY 29, 2000 FLOODING IMPACTS THE CAPITAL
• Torrential rains affected the capital, Santiago, swamping more than 75 percent of the metropolitan streets, including the city's main highway.
JULY 29, 2000 FLOODING IMPACTS THE CAPITAL
• A state of emergency was declared in the Santiago metropolitan region.
JULY 29, 2000 FLOODING IMPACTED THE CAPITAL
• Schools were forced to close, train services were cancelled and electricity was cut to many areas due to the accompanying high winds.
JULY 29, 2000 FLOODING IMPACTED THE CAPITAL
• Some areas of the city were at a virtual standstill as roads were blocked and bridges collapsed
JULY 29, 2000 FLOODING IMPACTED THE CAPITAL
• Many homes were wiped out as a result of the 90 kilometers per hour winds and the pouring rains, forcing thousands into shelters around Santiago.
IMPACTS ON EVACUEES
• Evacuees were forced to live in schools that were hastily turned into makeshift hostels, that proved to be so inadequate that many people were often returned to their waterlogged homes too early.
JULY 29, 2000 FLOODING IMPACTED THE CAPITAL
• Most of the metropolitan homeless come from the poorest regions of Santiago, including Pudahuel, El Monte, Talagante, Isla de Maipo, Maipu and San Ramon
IMPACTS IN OTHER PARTS OF CHILE
• The simultaneous flooding throughout Chile caused at least 17 deaths and forced an estimated 129,000 people into homelessness.
AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS
• The regions impacted by floods also included Chile's principal agricultural areas, the central and southern regions.
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE
• EROSION
• SCOUR
• MUDFLOWS
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH
CHILE’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH
CHILE’S COMMUNITIES
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., floods, earthquakes,…) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure can be LOST.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS
FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS
FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
CHILE’SCHILE’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
CHILE’SCHILE’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•FLOOD HAZARDS•PEOPLE & BLDGS. •VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
FLOOD RISK FLOOD RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: FLOOD DISASTER GOAL: FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS