1)a)b)c)d)

2)a)b)c)d)

3)

a)b)c)d)

4)

a)b)c)d)

5)a)b)c)d)

6)a)b)c)d)

7)

a)b)c)d)

8)a)b)c)d)

9)

a)b)c)d) white scum

The uneven distribution of developed grains within the emulsion of a processed X - ray film causes the subjective impression of:

grainnessstreaksspots

the atomic number of cathode materialthe atomic number of filament materialthe voltage different between the cathode & anodethe current flow in the rectifier circuit

X - ray tubesmaskaradation detection equipments

The velocity of eloctrons striking the target in an X ray tube is a function of:

the poission ratio value of the matterthe specific activity value of the source

The fact that gases, when bombarded by radation, ionize and become electrical conductors make them use ful in:

X - ray transformers

11"of steel or its equivalent

The absorption of gama rays from a given source when passing through matter depens on:the atomatic number, density and thicknes of the matterThe Young's modulus value of the matter

A cobalt - 60 gamma - ray has an approximate practical thickness limit of:2 1/2"of steel or its equivalent4"of steel or its equivalent9"of steel or its equivalent

Thulium - 170Iridium - 192Cesium - 137

If it were necessary to radiograph a 7"thick steel product, which of the following gammaray source would most likely be used?

Cobalt - 60

target

is also refered to as a heterogeneous X ray beamsis a beam containing only characteristic X radationis a beam consisting of a single wave length

LEVEL II QUESTIONS - RTLow voltage X ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of

focus cupfilament

A monochromatic X ray beam:

plasticberylliumglasslead

is a narrow beam used to produce high contrast radiographs

cathode

The general method of producing X ray involves the sudden decelaration of high velocity electron in a solid body called a:

10)

a)b)c)d)

11)

a)b)c)d)

12)a)b)c)d)

13)

a)b)c)d)

14)a)b)c)d)

15)a)b)c)d)

16)

a)b)c)d)

17)a)b)c)d)

18)a)b)c)

20 Minutes1 hour and 20 minutes6 hours

Exposer time should be about 31% longerExposer time should be about 62 to 100% longer

A source of Iridium - 192, whose half life is 75 days, provides an optimum exposer of a given test to a period of 20 minutes. Five month from now , what exposer time would be required for the same densith, under similar exposer conditions?

10 Minutes

Cobalt - 60 is reported to have a half life of 5.3 years. By how much should exposer time be increased used initially to produce excellent radiographs when the cobalt - 60 source was new. When the source old?

No change in exposer time is needed.Exposer time should be about 11% longer

Of the following, the source providing the most penetrating radation is:Cobalt - 60220 kVp X - ray tube15 Me V X - ray betatronelectron from iridium - 192

The gamma - ray intensity at one foot from a one curies source of radioactive cobalt - 60 is nearst:15 roentgens per hour1,000 roentgens per hour1 roentgens per hour10 milli roentgens per hour

The focal spot in an X ray tube:is inclined at angel of 30Deg from the normal to the tube axis.is maintained at ahigh negative voltage during operations.should be as large as possible to ensure a narrow beam of primary radation.should be as small as possible without unduly shortening the life of the tube.

In an X - ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential part of the:anodecathoderectiferX - ray transformer

The quantity of radiation which will produce, by means of ionization. One electrostatic unit of 0.001293grams of dry air is known as:

a millicuriea gammaa roentgena curie

The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in:million electron voltscurie per gramsroentgens per hourcounts per minutes.

Which of the following isotopes has the longest half life?Thulium - 170Cobalt - 60Iridium - 192

d)

19)

a)b)c)d)

20)

a)b)c)d)

21)a)b)c)d)

22)a)b)c)d)

23)

a)b)c)d)

24)a)b)c)d)

25)

a)b)c)d)

26)a)b)c)d)

27)

a)b)c)

they emit electrons when exposed to X - and gamma radiation which help darken the film

Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contactc with X - ray film during exposure increase film density because:The fluoresce and emit visible light which helps expose the filmthey absorbe the scatter radiationthey prevent back scattered radiation from fogging the film

increase the distance between the radiation source and the objectdecrease the distance between the object and the filmdecrese the wave length of the radiation from fogging the filmincrease development time within manufacturer's recommendations

less contrastgreater film density

An X - ray tube with a small focal spot is considerded better than one with a large focl spot when it is desired to obtain:

One methode of reducing radiographic contract is to:

to dissipate heat

areater penetrating powerbetter definition

The purpose for circuliting oil in some type of X - ray tube is:to lubricate moving partsto absorb secondary radiationto decrease the need for high current

Low contrastHigh speednone of the above

An X - ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition:

average gradientsdensity.

Poor definition

heat

The slope of a straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is known as the

Speed of the curveLatitude

The primary form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an X - ray tube results in the production

Primary X -m raysSecondary X - raysShort wavelength X - rays

Cesium - 137

X - ray tubes or often enclosed ina shockproof casing in order to:disspate heatprotect the operator from high - voltage shocksshield the tube from secondary radiationincrease the efficiency of the rectifier

A X - ray tube is rated for a maximum of 250 kVp. This tube may be operated at maximum of:250,000 volts peak voltage250 kv effective voltage250,000,000 volts rms voltage

d)

28)

a)b)c)d)

29)

a)b)c)d)

30)

a)b)c)d)

31)a)b)c)d)

32)

a)b)c)d)

33)

a)b)c)d)

34)a)b)c)d)

35)a)b)c)d)

36)a)b) filter short wavelength X - ray beams to provide "softer" radiation

greater amount of scatter radiation relative to primary beam intensity.none of the above

Filter used at the port of the X - ray tube:intensify the X - ray beam by contributing secondary radiation

inadequate rinsing after fixing.

adjusting the filament heating currentadjusting the target - to - cathode distanceinserting resistance in the anode leadopening the shutter on the X - ray tube port

The adjustment of tube current in conventional X - ray tube circuits is made by:

In comarision with lower - voltage radiograph, High - energy radiographs showsgreater contrastgreater latitude

When sharp, black, bird - foot sdaped marks which are known not to correspond with any discontinuties at random on radiographs, they are probably caused by:

prolonged development in old developerexposer of the film by natural cosmic ray showers during storage.static charge caused by friction

250 kv average voltage

A voltage selector consisting of an iron core transformer with a single winding having series of taps at various points on the winding is called:

a high - voltage transformera filament transformeran autotransformera power transformer

In X - ray radiography, alternating current must be changed to pulsating direct current in order toso need for unidirectional current. This change may be accomplished by:

transformerrectifiersanodescathodes

When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, an ASMT penetrameter for 2.5"steel has a thicnnessone - inch.2.5 mils5 mils

adjust the size of the target

Valve tubes are used in X ray equipment to:provide necessary rectification

50 mils

activate and deactivate the X - ray tube.heat the filments in the X - ray tube

8.8 minutes

A good cobalt - 60 radiograph is made on a 3"steel casting an exposer time of 10 minutes souce - to - film distance of 36". It it is necessary to change the source- to-film distance to 24"exposer time would produce a smilar radiograph if all other condition remains the same

1.6 minutes4.4 minutes6.4 minutes

c)d)

37)

a)b)c)d)

38)a)b)c)d)

39)

a)b)c)d)

40)a)b)c)d)

41)

a)b)c)d)

42)a)b)c)d)

43)a)

b)

c)

d)

44)

a)b)c)d)

45)

the thickness of the speicemen decreases

Image of discontinuties close to the source side of the specimen become less clearly defined as:

The inherent filteration of an X ray tube is a function of:

source to object to distance increasesthe thickness of the specimen increasesthe size of the focal spot decreases

inversely proporational to the object - to - film distance and directly proporational to the source to object distanceinversely proporational to the size of ths focal spot and object to film distance

directly proporational to the object - to - film distance and inversely proporational to the size of ths focal spotdirectly proporational to the size of the focal spot and inversely proporational to the source to object distance

The amount of unsharpness or blurring of a radiograph is:

thulium - 170

Almost all gamma radiograph is performed with:natural isotopes

radium

permit the use of higher speed filmdecrease the graininess in a radiograph

defination of a radiograph

iridium - 192 or cobalt - 60

The range of thickness over which densities are obtained that are satisfactory for interpretation is a measure of the:

subject contact of the radiographsensitivity of a radiographlatitude of a radiograph

by absorbing the back scatter radiationdecrease the graininess in a radiograph

decrease the source to film distance needed for a proper radiographprovide some image intensifying action

neither A nor B above

Filters placed between the X ray tube and specimen tend to reduce scatter radiation undercutting the specimen:

by absorbing the longer wavelengeth componentents of the primary beamby absorbing the shorter wavelength componentes of the primary beam

The kilovoltage applied to an X - ray tube affects:the quality of the beamthe intensity of the beamboth A and B above

5 mil thich Aluminium50 mil thich Aluminium or steel10 mil thick steel2 mil strip of any metallic material

provide the most readily adjusted means of modifying X - ray intensityfilter out :soft"radiation to provide a more homogeneous x - ray beam.

An ASTm penetrameter for use when inspecting a one - half inch thick steel plate to the 2 - 2T quality let a 15 - inch source - to - film distance would be made of:

Besides serving as a filter, screens of high atomic number, such as lead antominy, also

a)b)c)d)

46)a)b)c)d)

47)a)b)c)d)

48)a)b)c)d)

49)a)b)c)d)

50)

a)b)c)d)

51)

a)b)c)d)

52)

a)b)c)d)

53)

a)b)c)d)

54)a)

electrostatic belt generator

The purpose for including a disc- shaped target that rotates rapidly during operationin some X yays

decrease the voltage needed for a specific quality of radiationincrease the permissible loadnone of the above answer is correct

toroidal electro magnetic type tube

A device which is basically a combination of magnet and transformer designed to guide and accleratons in a circular orbit to very high energies is called a:

linear acceleratorbetatron

increase the intensity of X - radiation

the gamma ray flux to which it was exposedthe young's modulus valve of the material

The most commenly used target material in an X - ray tube iscoppercarboncarbidetungsten

film speed decreases

The specific activity of cobalt - 60 depends onthe time the material has been in the reactor.the atomic number of the material

As the effective energy of the radiation increases up to about 250 kvfilm graininess increasesfilm graininess decreasesradiographic definition increases

will produce radiograph with better defination than film with small grain sizehave slower speeds than those with relatively small grain sizehave higher speeds than those with relatively small grain sizewill take longer to expose properly than film with relatively small grainsize

the voltage setting of the instrumentthe source to object distancethe material used as a target

X - ray films with large grain size:

the thickness and composition of the X - ray tube port

Two isotopic source of a given strength have two diffenent specific activity values. The source with specific activity value will:

be a smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activityHave a shorter half life than than the source with a lower specific activityproduce harder gamma rays than the source with a lower specific activitybe a larger physical size than the source with a lower specific activity

A gas - filled region located in an electrical field created by electrodes across which a potential difference applied forms the major portion of:

a low voltage X - ray tubea meggera hot - cathode X - ray tubean ionization chamber

Two serious obstacles to high sensitivity fluoroscopy are:the inability to reproduce results and the need for periodic replacement of screens

b)c)d)

55)a)b)c)d)

56)

a)b)c)d)

57)a)b)c)d)

58)

a)b)c)d)

59)a)b)c)d)

60)

a)b)c)d)

61)a)b)c)d)d)

62)a)b)c)d)

63)

the limitted brightness and large grain size of fluoroscopic screenscost and slow speedthe need for using long wave length X - rays and intensity associated with this method

Image ampilifer or intensifierElectrostatic belt generator

In general, the quality of fluoroscopic equipment is best determined by:

In fluoroscopic testing, a fundamental difficulty is the relative low brightness level of the images for increasing brightness utlizes one of the following which converts light energy from the initial plan face to electronswhich are accelerated and focused into a smaller fluorescent screen

referance standards

BetatronElectron ampilifer

densitometer readingpenetrameter sensitivity measurementsdiscontinuity area measurements

the specimen must be of uniform thickness

In order to utilize the principles of geometric enlargement (placing the film at a distance from the specimen):

The X - ray absorbation of a specimen depend on:the thickness and density of the material.

the source to film distance should be one half the source to film distancethe source of the radiation should be extermely smalla magnetic focusing coil must be used near the port of the X - ray tube.

the atomic number of the material.both A and B aboveneither A nor B

The radiographic absorbation of a material will tend to become less dependent upon the composition of the material when:

the kilovoltage is increasedthe source to film distance is decreasedthe kilovoltage is decreaseda filter is used

a filter is used

The formula (milliamperes X time) divided distance square is:used to calculate the film gradient.

The load that can be handelled by an X ray tube focal spot is governed by:

the reciprocity lawused to determine radiographic contractthe exposer factor.

the composition of cathode.the size of focal spot and the efficency of the cooling system of the anode.the distance from the anode and cathodethe high voltage wave forms.

X - ray exposer holders and cassettes often incroporate a sheet of lead foil in the black which is not in

a)b)c)d)

64)

a)b)c)d)

65)a)

b)c)d)

66)

a)b)c)d)

67)

a)b)c)d)

68)a)b)c)

d)

69)

a)b)c)d)

70)a)b)c)d)

The absorbation of radiation by a material varies:directly with the square of the distance from the source

inversely with the amount of scattering in the materialin an approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material

directly with the thickness of the material

9.12 mA per minute21.12 mA per minute69.6 mA per minute16 mA per minute

A radiograph made with an exposer of 12mA per minute has a density of 0.8 in the regino of mainly intrest. It is desired to increase the density to 2.0 in this area. By referance to a characteristic curve of it is found that the difference in log E between a density of 0.8 is 0.76.The antilogarthm of log E. What must the new exposer time to be produced a radiograph with adensity2.0?

filter scatter radiation

intimate contact with film. The purpose of this sheet of lead foil is:to act as an intensifying screento protect the film from the backscatterboth A and B above

determine the approximate size of the focal spot

neither A nor B above

A lead sheet containing a pin hole may be placed half way between the X ray tube and the film in order to:

measure the intensity of the central ray

The most comman way of cooling the anode of a high power X ray tube is:

cooling by means of circulating cooled aircooling by circulating of water or oil in the anode.

soften the X radiation.

cooling by means of external finned radiators.

cooling by radiation, in which a solid tungesten anode attains such high temperature that it radiates an appreciable amount of heat

In certain case, it may be advantageous to pack lead shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing this isto prevent movement of the specimento increase the subject contractto generate smaller wavelength X - radiation.to decrease the effect of scattered radiation undercutting the specimen

The mottling caused by diffraction when radiographing fairly large grained metallic specimans can and in some case eliminated by:

raising the kilovoltage and using fluorescent screenslowering the kilovoltage and using lead foil screensraising the kilovoltage and using lead foil screenslowering the kilovoltage and using fluoresent screens.

the use of fluorescent screens would results in a radiograph of better quality than would lead foil screensthe use of lead foil screens will required a shorter exposer time than will fluorescent screens

When radiographing steel with a thickness than one inch:cobalt - 60 would be graeter radiographic sensitivity than a 250 kv x - ray machine.a 250 kv x - ray machine would give greater radiographic sensitivity than cobalt - 60

71)a)b)c)d)

72)a)

b)

c)

d)

73)a)b)c)d)

74)a)b)c)d)

75)

a)b)c)d)

76)

a)b)c)d)

77)

a)b)c)d)

78)a)b)c)d)

79)a)b)c)d)

Which of the following X - ray generator would produce the narrowest cone of X - radation?10 MeV15 MeV25 MeV1 MeV

equip operatores with special glassesplace a filter over the viewing screen.

change operators periodically.

In fluoroscopy the most commom means for minimizing operator fatiuge is to:

vary the intensity of the background light.

decrease the exposer timeboth A and B are methods for correcting excessive subject contract.

fogged filmlow film density

source absorptioncharacteristic filtration.

high film densitypoor definition

Excessive subject contract caused when the thickness range in the test specimen si too greate for the radiation quality used may be correct by:

fixing timehardening timeoxidation time

using a filter at X ray generators would produce the narrowest cone of X - radiationincreasing the kilovoltage

the radiographic procdure must be able to define the 2T hole in a penetrameter which is 2% of the thickness of the specimenthe radiographic procdure must be able to distingush a discontinuty with a length equilant to 2% of the specimen thickness.

The interval between the time a film is placed in a fixer solution and the time when the orginal diffuse milkiness dis appears is known as:

Improper geometric factors poor contract between film and lead foil screens, and graininess of film are possible causes of:

is primarily determined by the subject contract.

is independent of the type of film used.is independent of the quality of X - or gamma radiation.is drastically changed when the quality of X - ray radiations is changed.

inherent filtration

clearing time

For the partical purposes, the shape of the characterstic curve of an X - ray film:

In the microradiographic technique:soft X - ray are usually employed.a kilovoltage range of 5 to 50 kVis usually employed.

none of the above choices are correct.

The radiographic procdure has to be able to differentiate a 2% difference in specimen thickness

the photographic material is often finger grained than an ordinary X - ray filmall three above choices are correct

In order for a radiographic to have a penetrameter sensitivity of 2-2T or better

The term which describes the total absorption of the useful beam caused by the X - ray tube wall, the wall stray absorption

80)

a)b)c)d)

81)

a)b)c)d)

82)a)b)c)d)

83)a)b)c)d)

84)a)b)c)d)

85)

a)b)c)d)

86)

a)b)c)d)

87)a)b)c)d)

88)

a)

b)

tensile strength and yield strength.melting point and magnetic strength.electrical resistance and tensile strength.atomic number and melting point

The reason the exposer time must be increased by a factor of four when the source to film distance is double is:

the intensity of radiation decreases at an exponential rate when the source to film distance is increasedthe qualiy of radiation is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance from

Because of geometrical factors such as source size, sourced to specimen distance and specimen to film distance there can be a lack of prefect sharpness at the edge of indications. The unsharpness caused by geomatrical factors may be refered to as the:

astigmatic effect.

Two factors which greatly affect the suitability of the target material in an X - ray tube are

focus varation.none of the above

penumbral shadow.

1 1/2 "of steel or its equivalent3"of steel or its equivalent5"of steel or its equivalent16"of steel or its equivalent

the size of the filmthe total amount of radiation emitted by the X ray or gammaray sourcethe intensifying action of the screen

A 1,00k Vp X - ray machine used in conjunction with a lead foil screen has an approximate practical thickness limit of:

is directly proportional to intensity and inversely proportional to timevaries exponentially with time and directly with intensity.

Which is the following factor will not materially influence the image density of radiograph?the type of film used

there is no basic difference between the two

The quantity of radiation striking a unit area of film:is the product of radiation intensity and timeis the intensity per unit of time

A bassic difference between a radiograph and fluoroscopic image is:the fluoroscopic image is more sensitivethe fluoroscopic image is a positive whereas the radiograph is a negative transparency.the fluoroscopic image is brighter.

in correct exposer timeexcessive object film distancefailure to use a lead screen during exposer.excessive exposer to ultraviolet rays.

the graininess of the film will decrease significantly if a low - speed film is used.the graininess of the film will increase significantly if a class I film is used.there will be little significant change in the graininess of the film.

A radiograph of a sieel weldment is made using 15 Mev betatron. When the radiograph is developed, there isan over all film mottling. A possible cause for such mottling is:

the graininess of the film will increase significantly if a high - speed film is used.

A radiograph is taken at a voltage of 500kv. If the voltage is increased with a resultant increses in the energy of radiation while all other conditions remain the same:

c)

d)

89)a)b)c)d)

90)

a)b)c)d)

91)

a)b)c)d)

92)

a)b)c)d)

93)a)b)c)d)

94)a)b)c)d)

95)a)b)c)d)

96)a)b)c)d)

97)

be fire resistancebe shock proofbe twice as thich as normal storage container

Which of the following instruments would exhibit the best sensitivity and most likely be used to detect small leak in a radiation barrier.

The code Federal Regulations requires that all shipping containers for radioisotopes.Contains provision for sealing the lid of the container.

X - ray intensity curve.

A curve relating density with the logaritham of exposer or of relative exposure is called:a sensitivity curvea density exposure curvean H & D curve.

definitation.photagraphic density.flim contrast.radiographic contrast.

MilliampiragekilovoltageFocal point size

Films that are left between lead screens too long in a high temperature and high humidity atmosphere

The quantative measure of film blackening is refered to as:

0.35"of steel1.4"of steel1.0"of steel

Source to film distance

Which of the following technique variables is most commanly used to adjust subject contract?

show increased speed but decreased quality characteristics.become foggedbecome mottledshow tree shaped light area in the finished radiograph.

atomic number of the materialYoung's modulus of the material.

The approximate radiograph equilance factors for steel and copper at 220kv are 1.0 and 1.4 respectively it is desirable to radiograph a 0.5"plate of copper, what thickness of steel would required about the same exposcharacteristics?

0.7"of steel

the intensity of radiation is invearsely proportaional to the square of the distance from the source to film.

The most important factor for determining the amount of X - ray absorption of a specimen is the:thickness of the specimen.density of the specimen.

the scattered radiation effect is greater as the source to film distance increases.

the source to film.

a)b)c)d)

98)

a)b)c)d)

99)

a)b)c)d)

100)a)b)c)d)

101)

a)b)c)d)

102)

a)b)c)d)

103)

a)b)c)d)

104)a)b)c)d)

105)a)b)c)

Constant agitation of the developer during the developer during the development process by means of mechanical stirrers or circulating pumps may:

at least 40 gallons per hour

the active ingredients settle to the bottom of the tank.

In processing radiographs, the hourly fiow of water in the wash should be

causes reticulation

the parallel method of depth location

two to three times the volume of the tankfour to eight time the volume of the tank

The activity of the fixer diminshes after being used for a period of time becausethe active ingiredients evaporate.the active ingiredients are absorbed by the radiograph.the fixer solution accumulates soluble silver salts

film contrast

fluoroscopyzero - radiography

A special radiographic methode requering two radiographs taken during separate exposures from two different position to give the visual impression of a three dimensional display when viewed in an optical devsimultaneously is refered to as

parallel radiography

stereoradiographyzero - radiography

help replenish the developercause undesirable preferential flow of developer along certain paths

radiographic definitionradiographic contrast.

The depth of a discontiniuty may be estimated by making two exposures on a single film from two different positions of the X ray tube. The depth of the discontinuity is computed from the shift in the shadow of the discontinuity with respect to the image of fixed markers on the front and back of the spceimen. This methodrefferd to as:

speed the developing cycle

stereoradiography

radiographic contrastsubject contrast

The slope (steepness) of a characteristic curve is a measure of:Subject contrast

Boron

A quntative term often used to indicate the size of the smallest details which can be seen in a radiograph isradiographic sensitivityradiographic definition

At voltage above 400kV, the use of lead to provide protection may present serious problems. If this should be a serious problem, which of the following material would most likely be used as a substitute?

AluminumconcereteSteel

A film badgeA fountain pen type of inozation chamberA Geiger countainerA dosimeter

fluoroscopy

d)

106)

a)b)c)d)

107)

a)b)c)d)

108)a)b)c)d)

109)a)b)c)d)

110)a)b)c)d)

111)a)b)c)d)

112)

a)b)c)d)

113)a)b)c)

d)e)

114)

a)b)

PyrexLead glass

determine if the proper techenique has been used during an exposure

identify discontinuities and manufacturing devations which do not meet the applicable code or specification standards.

both C and D

Which of the following glasses would most likely be used as an X - ray barrier window on fluoroscopic equipment?

The function of a film interprete is to:find perfect parts which contains discontinutiesreject parts

Zeroradiography.fluoroscopic testingpolymorphic testingX - ray powder diffraction examination

low - voltage radiographyhigh voltage radiographyZeroradiography.

The fact that each solid crystalline substance produces its own characteristic X - ray patter is the

it is applicable to comprativiely thick or highly absorbing specimenall of the above are distinctive characteristics of high - voltage radiography.

Lead screen are used for almost all exposure when using:the fluoroscopic technique

there is little effect on the characteristic curve

A distinctive characteristic of high - voltage radiography isit results in comparatively high subject contrastit results in comparatively high radiographic contrast

As the development time increases:the characteristic curve grows steerer and moves to the leftthe characteristic curve grows steerer and moves to the rightthe characteristic curve remains the same in shape but move to the left

significantly decreses the average gradient of a characteristic curvesignificantly increase the average gradient of a characteristic curveincrease the slope of a characteristic curvehave little effect on the shape of a characteristic curve

become discolored and lose some of its brillancerequire a higher kilovoltage setting of the X ray generator to produce a satisfactory imageall of the above answer are correct

Increasing the x - ray or gamma ray energy will

compton absorptionboth A and Bneither A nor B

Attenuation of gamma rays in the energy range commonly used for testing takes place through:

varried continuously in proportion to the number of radiographs being developed.

photoelectric absorption

A zinc cadium sulfide fluoroscopic screen which is continually exposed to bright day light, sunlight, or a sources of ultraviolet radiation will:

need to be recharged to regain its orginal fluorescence

c)d)

115)

a)b)c)d)

116)

a)b)c)d)

117)

a)b)c)d)

118)

a)b)c)d)

119)

a)b)c)d)

120)a)b)c)d)

121)

122)

a)b)c)

Nature of the specimenThe radiation quality is usedType of film usedIntensity and distribution of the scattered radiation

21 1/3 R / hr.10 2/3 R / hr32 R / hr

Which of the following is not a factor in determining subject contrast?

a baddly fogged radiographa radiograph with poor resolution

The half value layer of lead for cobalt - 60 is approximately 0.5". If the radiation level on the source side of a 1.5"lead plate is 64 R/hr, the radiation level on the opposite side is:

8 R / hr.

back scatter.

A special form of scatter due to X - ray diffraction effect in a specimen with large of the specimen is noted. This is mostly due to:

A radiograph with poor contrasta radiograph of mottled apperance

When viewing a radiography, an image of the back of the cassette superimposed on image of the specimennoted. This is most likely due to:

undercutoverexposureX - ray intensity too high

Current cannot be changed at a liner rateScatter radiation does not vary at a proportional rate.

When other operating conditions are held constant, a change in tube current causes a change in radiation intesity emitted from an X - ray tube, the intensity being approximately proportional to tube current, What is the primary factor that prevents this from being exactly proportional?

about 3"per second

The voltage and voltage wave form of an X ray machine transformer varies with loadWave length changes are not exactly proportional

The maximum practical speed of scanning a test object for conventional fluroscopic inspection has been estimated to be:

about 7"per secondabout 1"per secondabout 12"per second

Optical glassBarium oxide glass

The half value layer of lead for cobalt - 60 is approximately 0.5". If the radiation level on the source side of a 1.5"lead plate is 64 R/hr, the radiation level on the opposite side is:

8 R / hr.21 1/3 R / hr.10 2/3 R / hr

d)

123)a)b)c)d)

124)

125)

a)b)c)d)

126)

a)b)c)d)

127)a)b)c)d)

128)a)b)c)d)

129)a)b)c)d)

130)

a)b)c)d)

131)a)b)c)d)

32 R / hr

Developer solution should be discarded when the quantity of replenisher added equals:the orginal quantity of developertwo to three times the orginal quantity of the developerfive to six months the orginal quantity of the developer.ten times the orginal quantity of developer

1 1/2 "of steel are equivalent2"of steel or its equivalent6"of steel or its equivalent7 1/2"of steel or its equivalent

A 250 K Vp X ray machine used in conjuction with a lead foil screen has an approximate practical limit of:

The degree of concentration of the radioactive material in a gamma - ray source is reffered to as:the specific activites of the sourcethe quality of the source.the atomic weight of the source.the half - life of the source.

offers no improvement in radiographic quality.

In million - voltage radiography, filtration at the tube:

The energy of gamma ray is expressed by which of the following units of measurment:cirie

increase the generation of short wave length X - rays.decrease the generation of short wavelength X - rays.improves the radiographic quality by decreasing scatter radiation.

RoentgenHalf - lifeKiloelectron volt (KeV) or milli electron vole (MeV)

Film selection for an X - ray exposure depends on:

the specimen should be moved farther from the film

thickness of the partthe material of the specimenthe voltage range of the X - ray machineall of the above

intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the scatter radiationall of the above

While using an X - ray tube radiography, the operater wishes to increase the radiation intensity. To do so the.

tube current should be decreased.

Lead screens are put in direct contact with the film to:increase the potographic action on the filmabsorb the longer wavelength scattered radiation

kilo voltage should be loweredtube current should be increased

132)a)b)c)d)

133)

a)b)c)d)

134)a)b)c)d)

135)a)b)c)d)

136)

a)b)c)d)

137)

a)b)c)d)

138)

a)b)c)d)

139)

a)b)c)d)

140)a)b)c)

5959,000

charasteristic curve

If one curie of iridium - 192 produces a dose rate of 5900mRper hour at one foot, how many mR will ten curie produce at the same distance?

590590,000

photographic density

When X - rays, gamma rays, light, or electrons strike the photographic emulision, a change takes place in the silver halide crystals. This change is refered to as:

photographic sensitivitylaten image

Mottling due to diffraction can be reduced and in some case eliminated by:rasing the kilovoltageusing lead foil screensboth of the abovenone of the above

none of the above

astimatic effectpenumberal shadowfocus variation

The main purpose of the X ray generator controls on the equipment is:to maintain the direction and width of the X - ray beam.to enable to operate to obtain the intensity, quality, and duration of expouser desired.to allow the operator to adjust film focal distance remotely.to change alternating current to increase X - ray intensity.

porosity

Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source to specimen distance, and specimen to film distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edge of indications. The unsharpness caused by tfactors may be reffered to as the:

Source activity, type of film, type of screensSource activity, size of film, thickness of material

Fluoroscopic screens, as mounted and used, are easily damaged by which of the following?Washing with a soft cotton clothExposure to ultravilent radiation or sunlightPoor handlingX - radiation

With respect to quality, what three factor must be considered in selecting a source to film distance?

On a radiograph of a pipe weld there is a very light irregularly - shaped smell image in the weld. This image would most likely be due to the presence of:

Source size, source activity, specimen to film distanceSource size, specimen thickness, geometric unsharpness

slag inclusiontungsten inclusioninadequate buildup

A large physical size source may produce an equilvalent quality radiograph if:The source to film distance is increasedmore backing lead is useda faster film is used

d)

141)a)b)c)d)

142)a)b)c)d)

143)

a)b)c)d)

144)a)b)c)d)

145)

a)b)c)d)

146)

a)b)c)d)

147)

a)b)c)d)

148)a)b)c)d)

149)a)b)c)d)

exposer time is decreased

A light image of backing "B" on a processed radiograph is probably caused by:excessive densitybackscatterkilovoltage set too low.poor film handling

Cobalt - 59 becomes cobalt - 60 when it is placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures:an electrona neutrona protoncontamination

When a faster speed film is substituted for a slower one to improve the ecnomic of the exposure, which of the following condition occur?

The film must receive special processingThe definition will improveThe image resolution will be reducedNone of the above will experinced

For a given change in the radiation exposure, film contrast is the inherent ability to showa difference in densityno graininessgraininessno appreciable change in density

penetrationThe ability of a material to block or partially block the passage of X rays and gamma rays is reffered to as:

absolutionabsorptionlatitude

Source size, specimen thickness that can be adequately recorded on the radiograph is reffered to as the:density of the radiographexposure of the radiographfilm sizeunsharpness recorded on the radiograph

The range of specimen thickness that can be adequetly recorded on the radiograph is reffered to as the:sensitivity of the radiographlatitude of the radiographaccuracy of the radiographintensity of the source

5.3 days5.3 years10.6 yearsnone of the above

Approximately how long would it take for a 10 curie cobalt - 60 source to decay 2 curie?

The photoelectric effect involves:the visible electromagnetic spectroman electric cameracomplete absorption of a photonall of the above

150)a)b)c)d)

151)a)b)c)d)

152)

a)b)

c)d)

153)a)b)c)d)

154)a)b)c)d)

155)a)b)c)d)

156)a)b)c)d)

157)a)b)c)d)

158)a)b) Wherec)d)

159)

latitudespeed

The slope of the H & D curve of a radiographic film is called:

526 days

Radiographic undercutting is caused by:side scatterpoor geometrylead screenfree clectrons

The developer solution is:acidalkilinesalinecolloidal

the x ray should proceed from large a focal spot as other consideration will allow

30 years

the film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed.

A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation states that:

the distance between the radation source and the material examined should be as small as practical.

the central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible, to preserve spatial relationships.

An iridium - 192 gamma - ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of:3"of steel or its equivalent4"of steel or its equivalent7 1/2 "of steel or its equivalents11"of steel or its equivalent

The half - life radioactive cesium - 137 is nearest:36 days6 years

gamma or gradientdensity

An x ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition:poor definetionlow contrasthigh speednone of the above

The projected area of the target of an X - ray tube is called:focal spotfocuseffective focal spotgeometric unsharpness

f = frequencys = speed of lightλ = wavelength

The relation ship between frequency, velocity, and wave length of an electromagnetic wave is normally ex - f = λcc = f λλ = fcλ = f / c

The correct equation for determining geometric unsharpness Ug is:

a)b) Wherec)d)

160)a)b)c)d)

1 B 41 C 81 C 121 B2 D 42 B 82 B 122 C3 C 43 B 83 A 123 B4 A 44 B 84 B 124 C5 C 45 A 85 C 125 B6 A 46 C 86 B 126 A7 D 47 A 87 D 127 D8 C 48 A 88 C 128 B9 A 49 D 89 129 D10 C 50 C 90 A 130 B11 C 51 C 91 C 131 D12 C 52 A 92 B 132 C13 A 53 D 93 B 133 B14 D 54 B 94 C 134 B15 B 55 B 95 D 135 B16 C 56 C 96 B 136 C17 B 57 D 97 C 137 D18 D 58 B 98 B 138 D19 D 59 C 99 A 139 C20 C 60 A 100 D 140 A21 B 61 D 101 C 141 B22 D 62 B 102 D 142 B23 B 63 B 103 C 143 C24 C 64 A 104 C 144 A25 D 65 C 105 B 145 C26 B 66 D 106 C 146 D27 A 67 C 107 B 147 B28 C 68 B 108 D 148 C29 B 69 C 109 A 149 C30 D 70 D 110 C 150 A31 A 71 D 111 C 151 B32 B 72 B 112 D 152 D33 C 73 B 113 E 153 A34 A 74 D 114 B 154 C35 B 75 A 115 D 155 C36 D 76 C 116 A 156 B37 C 77 B 117 D 157 C38 C 78 D 118 B 158 B39 A 79 C 119 A 159 D40 B 80 D 120 C 160 B

Ug = f / tdf = Ug t/d d = source to film distanceUg = dt / fUg = ft / d

t = object to film distancef = size of radiation source

reduce by approximately 99%

ANSWERS LEVEL II

An exposure technique is established to obtain a 2.0 density using type "D"film and automatic processing 81 reduce by approximately 30%increased by approximately 99%increased by approximately 30%