Levels of biological
organization and unicellular
organisms
8th grade science
9-14-2014
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Organism
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Macromolecules
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Cell
-
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Many
SystemsMany
Systems
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Organism
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.
Atom Molecule Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Cell
Organism
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“Many organs can form an organ system.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a living cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“Many organs can form an organ system.”
“Many organ systems working together can form
organisms.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
– The human body is made of 100 trillion cells
all working together.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Cell Theory
Confirmed discoveries that all scientists believe to be true about cells:
1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
2. All living things are made of cells.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
beforenucleus
truenucleus
Eukaryotes
1. Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope
2. Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes
3. Have membrane bound Organelles(golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc)
4. DNA –forms chromosomes (highly organized)
5. Can be unicellular OR multicellular organisms
6. Ex: animals, plants, fungi
These are
prokaryote
E. coli bacteria
on the head of
a steel pin.
Prokaryote cells are simply built
(example: E. coli)
capsule: slimy outer coating
cell wall: tougher middle layer
cell membrane: delicate inner skin
cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
DNA in one big loop
pilli: for sticking to things
flagella: for swimming
ribosomes: for building proteins
Prokaryote cells are simply built
(example: E. coli)
Prokaryote lifestyle
unicellular: all alone
colony: forms a film
filamentous: forms a chain of cells
Prokaryote Feeding
Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight
Parasitic: feed on living things
Decomposers: feed on dead things
Eukaryotes are bigger and more
complicated
Have organelles
Have chromosomes
can be multicellular
include animal and plant cells
Organelles are membrane-
bound cell parts
Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions
Located in cytoplasm
Organelles – Animal cell
Organelles – Plant Cell
Eukaryote cells can be
multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for one job
cells can work together as tissues
Tissues can work together as organs
Examples of specialized euk. cells
liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.
Mesophyll cell specialized to
capture as much light as possible
inside a leaf
Prokaryotes
1. NO nucleus
2. NO membrane bound organelles
3. ALL are unicellular
4. Much smaller than eukaryotic cells
5. Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller and more simple)
6. Circular DNA
7. Ex: ALL Bacteria
Prokaryote vs
eukaryote size
White blood cell
Red blood cell
Bacteria Cell
Not Living
Advantages of each kind of cell
architecture
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
simple and easy to grow can specialize
fast reproduction multicellularity
all the same can build large bodies
Atom
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Atom Molecule
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Atom MoleculeCell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Atom MoleculeCell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Atom MoleculeCell
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Multicellular organisms
Organism is made up of many cells
Cells are specialized to perform different functions
Cells don’t have to perform all functions
Death or injury of some cells does not effect the organism as a whole
The organism can attain a large size by increasing the number of cells
Generally long lifespan and slow reproduction
Only outer cells are exposed to the environment
We are multicellular organisms
Unicellular organisms
Organism is made up of one cell
A single cell carries out all functions
Injury of the cell is serious and often deadly
Very limited on size due to the limitations of diffusion
The entire organism is exposed to the environment
Short lifespan and fast reproduction
All bacteria are single cellular
Examples of unicellular organisms
BacteriaArchea
Protists
• Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the
most extreme environments on the planet.
• Image of acid mine drain filled with Archaea.
• Archaea also thrive in mud and they are
one reason it is usually smelly.
• Types of Archaea
• Archea are prokaryotes, meaning….
• Archea are prokaryotes, meaning….No
nucleus!
• Types of Archaea
– Methanogens: Ones that produce methane gas
as a waste product of their digestion.
• Types of Archaea
– Methanogens: Ones that produce methane gas
as a waste product of their digestion.
– Halophiles: Ones that live in salty environments.
• Types of Archaea
– Methanogens: Ones that produce methane gas
as a waste product of their digestion.
– Halophiles: Ones that live in salty environments.
– Thermophiles: They live at extremely hot
temperatures.
• Types of Archaea
– Methanogens: Ones that produce methane gas
as a waste product of their digestion.
– Halophiles: Ones that live in salty environments.
– Thermophiles: They live at extremely hot
temperatures.
– Psychrophiles: Those that live at unusually cold
temperatures.
Archea are rater pretty in large numbers